For those who have been following here or whose web search on this 
problem hits this thread in the mail archive:

For my LTSP-PNP installation on *buntu 13.10 (but not older *buntu's), 
clients fail to boot.

After the splash screen, a text screen reads:
Error: socket failed: connection refused.
Exiting.

Then it dumps me to a working busybox (initramfs) shell prompt. The last 
messages on the screen:

Trying to load: pxelinux.cfg/default ok
mount: mounting /dev/nbd0 on /root failed: Invalid argument
/scripts/init-bottom/ltsp: line 27: panic: not found
chroot: can’t execute ‘/usr/bin/test’: No such file or directory
mount: mounting /root on /rofs failed: Invalid argument
mount: mounting /rofs on /root/rofs failed: Invalid argument
mount: mounting /dev /root/dev failed: No such file or directory
mount: mounting /sys on /root/sys failed: No such file or directory
mount: mounting /proc on /root/proc failed: No such file or directory
Target filesystem doesn’t have requested /sbin/init-ltsp.
No init found. Try passing init= bootarg.

--------------------------------------

Alkis G found the problem and solution in a whirlwind remote control 
session.

As indicated at 
https://bazaar.launchpad.net/~ltsp-upstream/ltsp/ltsp-trunk/revision/2509/client/Debian/share/initramfs-tools/scripts/init-premount/udhcp
 
<https://bazaar.launchpad.net/%7Eltsp-upstream/ltsp/ltsp-trunk/revision/2509/client/Debian/share/initramfs-tools/scripts/init-premount/udhcp>,
 
it seems that there is a new capitalization rule, or an old rule is now 
being enforced strictly.

The problem is fixed for Ubuntu 14.04 and for 12.04 in the Greek 
schools' ppa. The workaround for 13.10 on Ubuntu is to edit 
/usr/share/initramfs-tools/scripts/init-premount/udhcp as indicated in 
the 4 instances.

Then get the revised initrd image into play for clients. I'm not sure 
what the shortest/best method is for doing that and I tripped on it for 
a while when trying to recreate the fix on another test server. This 
should do it:
sudo update-initramfs -u
sudo ltsp-image-update -c /

But I'm thinking that Alkis probably just did "sudo update-initramfs -u" 
and then simply copied the current /boot/initrd.img-3.x.x-xx-generic 
image to /var/lib/tftpboot/ltsp/i386/.

Care to confirm/correct/comment on any of this, Alkis?

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