N< p This problem was first studied in detail by the Japanese statistician Ito, about 50 years ago (for a valid Q-mode version of Hotelling's T-test). Subsequently J. C. Gower (1966, Biometrika) covered the field for Q-mode canonical variate analysis as a codicil to his Q-mode "principal components".
Richard A. Reyment -- Replies will be sent to the list. For more information visit http://www.morphometrics.org
