Makes perfect sense.  Thank you.   So far I've used op amps for a few 
simple things but still need lots of study and practice to become more 
proficient with them.

        To date my experience with op amps has all been cookie-cutter cookbook 
applications.   They work, but much more study is required.  At least I now 
know a little more

        about the proper way to tie off the unused ones.   Thanks.   -Chuck
         

        ---- Original Message ----
        From: "gregebert" <gregeb...@hotmail.com>
        Sent: 4/1/2021 7:36:20 PM
        To: "neonixie-l" <neonixie-l@googlegroups.com>
        Subject: Re: [neonixie-l] LM-324 op amp
        
        An op-amp is a high-gain amplifier, so if both inputs are tied to the 
same voltage, then noise will amplified thru the op-amp and cause the output to 
jump around. As others have said, this can lead to oscillation. Noise is not 
just what is present at the inputs; it's also inherent in the op-amp itself. 
Even the pullup or pulldown resistors you use are a source of noise.

         

        By tying the unused output to the inverting input, you have a stable 
unity-gain amplifier, thanks to the internal compensation. You can then tie the 
non-inverting input to gnd, vcc, or preferably something inbetween.

        
        
                 
        
                
                 


        
                On Thursday, April 1, 2021 at 12:21:55 PM UTC-7 jrehwin wrote:
        
                > That actually sounds kind of like the old military practice 
of grounding unused TTL inputs through a 1k resistor.
                
                I thought the military practice was to tie unused inputs high 
(instead of grounding them) through a resistor: TTL takes less current to pull 
high than to pull low.
                
                - John
                 


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