Hello, When I was trying to export a certificate from IE, it states a file extension of p7b. If this is a PKCS7 format certificate, what 's the difference between p7b and p7c? What is BER? I just know DER is Distinguished Encode Rules. In Openssl, I could (in many case) choose between DER and PEM format. What about BER? Is it something similar to DER and PEM? How can I 'use' it or 'view' it with Openssl? What does it mean 'This standard (PKCS7) compatible with Privacy-Enhanced Mail (PEM) in that signed-data and signed-and-enveloped-data content, constructed in a PEM-compatible mode, can be converted into PEM messages without any cryptographic operations.' (PKCS7 Document from RSA Lab, version 1.5) If PKCS7 encrypted and signed message can be PEM encoded without any cryptographic operations, does that imply PKCS7 encrypted signed message can't be DER encoded (directly)? Thanks for you advice! Yours, Raymond ______________________________________________________________________ OpenSSL Project http://www.openssl.org User Support Mailing List [EMAIL PROTECTED] Automated List Manager [EMAIL PROTECTED]