Dear All,
semoga LH lebih arif dalam menentukan kebijakan dan penerapan di lapangan
thd aplikasi co-burner di cement kiln...
kenyataan di lapangan PPLI juga menggandeng Semen Cibinong,
untuk limbah padat dg komposisi organik tinggi, PPLI masih menggunakan
teknologi landfill, yg sebenarnya tidak aplikatif dibanding co-burner.
Permasalahannya tarif PPLI dikenal relatif mahal??
dibanding dong-woo yg lebih murah, tapi di perusahaan korea tsb digunakan
incinerator, dimana energi yang dihasilkan terbuang percuma!!!
Kitapun harus bisa mendorong ke arah implementasi yang lebih sesuai dalam
final disposal dari limbah (terutama-B-3)
Apalagi Memiliki incinerator sendiri! lebih tidak efisien, terutama bila
jumlah limbah relatif sedikit...
Beban biaya investasi/ depresiasi menjadi tinggi
beban biaya monitoring... besar atau kecil relatif sama
beban biaya pembuangan abu masih juga harus dipertimbangkan!
Beban operasional... operator etc
Beban perawatan alat/ maintenance...?
Ttp yg saya dengar dan rasakan... mereka yg punya limbah relatif sedikit
belum menjadi perhatian dari penentu kebijakan maupun pihak industri
semen...
shg yg kecil-kecil tsb tetap harus melalui PPLI dulu....
Untuk yg gede spt kilang minyak... mungkin bisa deal direct sbg potensial
costumner...
Memang perlu pemikiran untuk juga memperhatikan yg kecil-kecil dg
karakteristik limbah yg tentunya bbrp diantaranya bisa di sub kelompokkan
berdasarkan karakteristik kecocokan untuk co-burner tsb...
Salam,
agus
Hendra Wijaya
<[EMAIL PROTECTED] To: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
o.com> cc:
Sent by: Subject: Re: [PB] Re: [Lingk] TSCA
Incinerator
[EMAIL PROTECTED]
.id
06/25/2004 05:57
PM
Please respond to
Pb
Mas-mas di HMP alhamdulillah sudah lebih enak dibaca
tulisannya, mudah-mudahan begitu seterusnya.
Pada waktu lalu saya sajikan data mengenai Waste
Incineration using Cement Kiln. Ada beberapa
keuntungan dari pemanfaatan cement kiln :
1. Temperatur bisa dipastikan mencapai 1400 oC karena
kalau tidak, semen nya nggak akan jadi clinker. (Lihat
kurva temperature zone cement kiln), waktu tinggal di
dalam kiln amatlah lama untuk ukuran sebuah
incinerator.
2. Heavy metal yang terbentuk atau tadinya ada pada
limbah yang dibakar akan terikut di matriks semen yang
akan tersolidifikasi menjadi matriks padat padat saat
semen digunakan.
3. Bahan organik yang ada pada limbah umumnya akan
teroksidasi hampir sempurna pada temperatur 1000 oC,
bahkan PCB, Furan, TCDD, PAH (tolong lihat di kurva
bahwa penurunan konsentrasi bahan organik tersebut
adalah asimptotis pada temperatur 1000 oC), sehingga
kekhawatiran yang ada akan dapat di antisipasi dengan
kondisi operasi yang lebih dari incinerator biasa)
4. Landfill bagi limbah yang mengandung bahan organik
tinggi (>50%) bukan solusi yang paling tepat karena
degradasi bahan organik tersebut terus berlangsung dan
mengharuskan adanya pemantauan minimal 30 tahun dari
sejak limbah tersebut ditempatkan (aturan landfill
limbah B3).
5. Pemanfaatan cement kiln ini masih dalam pembahasan
di kementrian lingkungan hidup, untuk itu masukan dari
rekan-rekan akan sangat berguna untuk dapat mengambil
keputusan yang tepat bagi masalah yang ada di sekitar
kita. Bayangkan disekitar jakarta ada berapa
industrial estate yang sampai hari ini belum tahu mau
dikemanakan limbah padatnya yang nota bene masih
mengandung bahan organik > 50%.
6. Kemampuan EP pabrik semen pada saat ini sudah dapat
mencapai emisi 50 mg/Nm3 di Indonesia, di luar negeri
bahkan sudah mencapai 25 mg/Nm3 atau 10 mg/Nm3.
Sehingga cemaran partikulat bisa lebih baik
dikendalikan pada pabrik semen dari pada insinerator
biasa.
7. Mekanisme automatic process shut down karena
berbagai kendala operasi sudah sedemikian terkendali
dibandingkan dengan otomatisasi sebuah insinerator
biasa.
8. Pengalaman di negara maju seperti jerman sudah
dapat memanfaatkan limbah sebagai supplemental fuel
pabrik semen dengan emisi terlampir pada artikel
terdahulu.
9. Tinggal kita menelaah apakah peluang pemanfaatan
insinerator semen dapat kita ambil dengan
memperhitungkan keselamatan masyarakat di sekitar
pabrik semen.
Hendra Wijaya
Pemerhati Lingkungan
--- HMP <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
> IMPACTS OF INCINERATION: EMISSIONS
>
> Existing data shows that burning hazardous waste,
> even in "state-of-the-art"
> incinerators, will lead to the release of three
> types of dangerous
> pollutants into the environment:
>
> Heavy metals
>
> Unburned toxic chemicals
>
> New pollutants - entirely new chemicals formed
> during the incineration
> process.
>
> Toxic Metals
>
> Metals are not destroyed during incineration and are
> often released into the
> environment in even more concentrated and dangerous
> forms than in the
> original waste. High-temperature combustion releases
> toxic metals such as
> lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury and chromium from
> wastes that contain these
> substances, including batteries, paints and certain
> plastics. They are
> released in the form of tiny particles or gases,
> increasing the risk of
> inhalation. An average-sized commercial incinerator
> (32,000 tonnes per year)
> burning hazardous waste with an average metals
> content emits these metals
> into the air at the rate of 92 tonnes a year (total
> for lead,cadmium,
> arsenic, mercury and chromium); another 304 tonnes a
> year will be found in
> residual ashes and liquids. Pollution control
> equipment can remove some but
> not all heavy metals from stack gases. But even then
> the metals do not
> disappear; they are merely transferred from the air
> into the ash, which is
> then landfilled.
>
> Subsequently, metals in the ash may leach into and
> contaminate soils and
> potentially groundwater. Presently, ash from
> incinerators is sometimes being
> used for construction purposes such as in asphalt,
> cement and for making
> paths. This practice can also have implications for
> the environment and for
> human health. For instance, metals can leach out of
> such construction
> materials. Ash from a municipal waste incinerator in
> Newcastle, UK, was used
> on local allotments and paths between 1994 and 1999.
> All of it had to be
> removed recently after it was found to contain
> unacceptably high levels of
> some heavy metals and dioxins.
>
> Unburned toxic chemicals
>
> No incinerator process operates at 100 per cent
> efficiency. Unburned
> chemicals are emitted in the stack gases of all
> hazardous waste
> incinerators. They also escape into the air as
> fugitive emissions during
> storage, handling and transport. While incinerators
> are designed to burn
> wastes, they also produce them in the form of ash
> and effluent from wet
> scrubbers and/or cooling processes. Incinerator ash
> carries many of the same
> pollutants that are emitted as stack gases. Studies
> have identified as many
> as 43 different semi-volatile organic chemicals in
> incinerator ash, and at
> least 16 organic chemicals in scrubber water from
> hazardous waste
> incinerators. Ash is commonly buried in landfill,
> while effluent is often
> treated before being discharged into rivers or
> lakes.
>
>
> New pollutants - dioxins and furans
> One of the most insidious aspects of incineration is
> the entirely new and
> highly toxic chemicals that can be formed during the
> combustion process.
>
> When fragments of partially burned waste chemicals
> recombine within
> incinerator furnaces, smokestacks, and/or pollution
> control devices,
> hundreds, even thousands, of new substances are
> created, many of which are
> more toxic than the original waste itself.
>
>
>
> There has been very little research on the
> identification of the multitude
> of pollutants emitted from incinerators. One study
> identified 250 volatile
> organic compounds, many of which are known to be
> highly toxic or
> carcinogenic, but it is likely that many other
> compounds are emitted which
> have yet to be identified.
>
> Among these are dioxins and furans (often referred
> to just as dioxins) a
> class of chemical compounds widely recognised to
> contain many highly toxic
> compounds including TCDD, a chemical which has been
> described as the most
> toxic chemical known to man. Dioxins are created
> when chlorine-containing
> materials are burned. They have no useful purpose
> and are associated with a
> wide range of health impacts including, cancer,
> altered sexual development,
> male and female reproductive problems, suppression
> of the immune system,
> diabetes, organ toxicity and a wide range of effects
> on hormones.
>
> DIOXINS - GLOBAL KILLERS
>
> Once emitted into the environment dioxins can
> travel vast distances on air
> and ocean currents, and because of this globe
> trotting ability are a global
> contaminant. In 1997, the International Agency for
> Research on cancer (IARC)
> classified TCDD, the most toxic dioxin as a human
> carcinogen.
>
> Dioxins are distributed into the environment as part
> of incinerator stack
> gases, bottom ash, fly ash and in the effluent of
> pollution control devices.
> The main route of exposure to dioxins in humans is
> through food intake. Once
> in the body they are only excreted very slowly and
> build up in fatty
> tissues. Studies suggest that people in the U.S. and
> some European countries
> now carry dioxins and furans that are at or near
> those levels which are
> suspected to cause health effects in humans.
>
> Dioxin released from an incinerator can be readily
> taken up by grazing
> animals and fish.
>
>
> In 1989, 16 dairy farmers downwind of a Rotterdam
> incinerator were banned
> from selling their milk, because it contained dioxin
> levels three times
> higher than anywhere else in the Netherlands.
>
>
> Residents of one property downwind of a chemical
> waste incinerator in
> Pontypool, South Wales, were advised not to consume
> duck or bantam eggs from
> their property.
>
> Fugitive Emissions
> Some waste is accidentally released when chemicals
> are removed from storage
> containers at the incinerator site, moved to
> transportation vehicles, or
> being shipped to and moved about within the
> incineration facility. An
> average incinerator burning 32,000 tonnes of waste
> per year will receive
> over 1500 tanker-truck shipments of wastes per year,
> or more than 28 trucks
> per week. According to the US EPA: "Fugitive
> emissions and accidental spills
> may release as much or more toxic material to the
> environment than direct
> emissions from incomplete waste incineration ..."
> There is also the risk of
> catastrophic waste releases in fires and explosions.
>
> Incinerator Ash is Hazardous Waste
>
> Leftover incinerator ash can be extremely toxic,
> containing concentrated
> amounts of lead, cadmium and other heavy metals, as
> well as dioxins and
>
=== message truncated ===
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