JC:
Further Response: I'm sorry but you are just ignorant about Indians,
Indian History and Indian Society; your reference to "nomadic way of
life" reveals your basic ignorance (Most Indian Nations formed stable settlements
and stable agricultural practices long before Mesopotamia, Babylonia
etc) I am not saying this as a slur. I am ignorant on so many topics
I couldn't even begin to list them--we are all ignorant, only on
different topics. But on the topic of Indians, you obviously know
absolutely nothing. Try doing some serious research before writing
on the topic. Perhjaps start with Weatherfords works, then go to Vine
Deloria's "Red Earth, White Lies", "Custer Died For Your Sins",
American Indians, American Justice" , then perhaps some of Ward
Churchill's Stuff and most of all, try going to the original sources
like George Bird Grinnell's "Blackfoot Lodge Tales".
RD:
Am a generalist by profession. You are the expert on Indian affairs.
We need experts, but the generalist, as we all know, has a better
view of the forest. New World Indians did not practice
agriculture before Mesopotamians, or Babylonians. The neolithic
revolution in the east is dated to about 10.5 thousand years ago.
In Mesoamerica to about 7, 000 years ago. Towns were already present
in the east 8000 years ago, if not earlier. But settled village life in
Mesoamerica began around 3.5 thousand years ago. (Perhaps because
agriculture was more sporadic, plus no large animals were
domesticated).
Now, what about North American Indians? The evidence
is that domestication there came even later. Permanent villages
eventually came, but never a civilization, or a state (as with the Aztecs,
or Incas). Meanwhile, many remained hunters and gatherers,
particularly in the northern regions. So, by and large, North American
Indians were nomadic. What's wrong with being nomadic?
ricardo
> ames M.S. Craven
> >
> > > James Craven
> > > Dept. of Economics,Clark College
> > > 1800 E. McLoughlin Blvd. Vancouver, WA. 98663
> > > [EMAIL PROTECTED]; Tel: (360) 992-2283 Fax: 992-2863
> > >
>------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> > > "The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards Indians; their land and
> > > property shall never be taken from them without their consent."
> > > (Northwest Ordinance, 1787, Ratified by Congress 1789)
> > >
> > > "...but this letter being unofficial and private, I may with safety give you a
>more
> > > extensive view of our policy respecting the Indians, that you may better
>comprehend
> > > the parts dealt to to you in detail through the official channel, and observing
>the
> > > system of which they make a part, conduct yourself in unison with it in cases
> > where
> > > you are obliged to act without instruction...When they withdraw themselves to
>the
> > > culture of a small piece of land, they will perceive how useless to them are
>their
> > > extensive forests, and will be willing to pare them off from time to time in
>exchange
> > > for necessaries for their farms and families. To promote this disposition to
>exchange
> > > lands, which they have to spare and we want, for necessaries which we have to
>spare
> > > and they want,we shall push our trading houses, and be glad to see the good and
> > > influencial individuals among them run in debt, because we observe that when
>these
> > > debts get beyond what the individuals can pay, they become willing to lop them
>off
> > > by cession of lands...In this way our settlements will gradually circumscribe
>and
> > > approach the Indians, and they will in time either incorporate with us as ci
> tizens
> > > of the United States, or remove beyond the Mississippi.The former is certainly
>the
> > > termination of their history most happy for themselves; but, in the whole course
> > > of this, it is essential to cultivate their love. As to their fear, we presume
>that
> > > our strength and their weakness is now so visible that they must see we have
>only to
> > > shut our hand to crush them..."
> > > (Classified Letter of President Thomas Jefferson ("libertarian"--for propertied
>white
> > > people) to William Henry Harrison, Feb. 27, 1803)
> > >
> > > *My Employer has no association with My Private and Protected Opinion*
> > >
>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> >
> >
> > James Craven
> > Dept. of Economics,Clark College
> > 1800 E. McLoughlin Blvd. Vancouver, WA. 98663
> > [EMAIL PROTECTED]; Tel: (360) 992-2283 Fax: 992-2863
> >
>------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> > "The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards Indians; their land and
> > property shall never be taken from them without their consent."
> > (Northwest Ordinance, 1787, Ratified by Congress 1789)
> >
> > "...but this letter being unofficial and private, I may with safety give you a more
> > extensive view of our policy respecting the Indians, that you may better
>comprehend
> > the parts dealt to to you in detail through the official channel, and observing
>the
> > system of which they make a part, conduct yourself in unison with it in cases
>where
> > you are obliged to act without instruction...When they withdraw themselves to the
> > culture of a small piece of land, they will perceive how useless to them are their
> > extensive forests, and will be willing to pare them off from time to time in
>exchange
> > for necessaries for their farms and families. To promote this disposition to
>exchange
> > lands, which they have to spare and we want, for necessaries which we have to
>spare
> > and they want,we shall push our trading houses, and be glad to see the good and
> > influencial individuals among them run in debt, because we observe that when these
> > debts get beyond what the individuals can pay, they become willing to lop them off
> > by cession of lands...In this way our settlements will gradually circumscribe and
> > approach the Indians, and they will in time either incorporate with us as citizens
> > of the United States, or remove beyond the Mississippi.The former is certainly the
> > termination of their history most happy for themselves; but, in the whole course
> > of this, it is essential to cultivate their love. As to their fear, we presume that
> > our strength and their weakness is now so visible that they must see we have only
>to
> > shut our hand to crush them..."
> > (Classified Letter of President Thomas Jefferson ("libertarian"--for propert
ied white
> > people) to William Henry Harrison, Feb. 27, 1803)
> >
> > *My Employer has no association with My Private and Protected Opinion*
> >
>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
>
>
> James Craven
> Dept. of Economics,Clark College
> 1800 E. McLoughlin Blvd. Vancouver, WA. 98663
> [EMAIL PROTECTED]; Tel: (360) 992-2283 Fax: 992-2863
>
>------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
> "The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards Indians; their land and
> property shall never be taken from them without their consent."
> (Northwest Ordinance, 1787, Ratified by Congress 1789)
>
> "...but this letter being unofficial and private, I may with safety give you a more
> extensive view of our policy respecting the Indians, that you may better comprehend
> the parts dealt to to you in detail through the official channel, and observing the
> system of which they make a part, conduct yourself in unison with it in cases where
> you are obliged to act without instruction...When they withdraw themselves to the
> culture of a small piece of land, they will perceive how useless to them are t
heir
> extensive forests, and will be willing to pare them off from time to time in
>exchange
> for necessaries for their farms and families. To promote this disposition to exchange
> lands, which they have to spare and we want, for necessaries which we have to spare
> and they want,we shall push our trading houses, and be glad to see the good and
> influencial individuals among them run in debt, because we observe that when these
> debts get beyond what the individuals can pay, they become willing to lop them off
> by cession of lands...In this way our settlements will gradually circumscribe and
> approach the Indians, and they will in time either incorporate with us as citizens
> of the United States, or remove beyond the Mississippi.The former is certainly t
> he
> termination of their history most happy for themselves; but, in the whole course
> of this, it is essential to cultivate their love. As to their fear, we presume that
> our strength and their weakness is now so visible that they must see we have only to
> shut our hand to crush them..."
> (Classified Letter of President Thomas Jefferson ("libertarian"--for propertied white
> people) to William Henry Harrison, Feb. 27, 1803)
>
> *My Employer has no association with My Private and Protected Opinion*
>
>--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
James Craven
Dept. of Economics,Clark College
1800 E. McLoughlin Blvd. Vancouver, WA. 98663
[EMAIL PROTECTED]; Tel: (360) 992-2283 Fax: 992-2863
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"The utmost good faith shall always be observed towards Indians; their land and
property shall never be taken from them without their consent."
(Northwest Ordinance, 1787, Ratified by Congress 1789)
"...but this letter being unofficial and private, I may with safety give you a more
extensive view of our policy respecting the Indians, that you may better comprehend
the parts dealt to to you in detail through the official channel, and observing the
system of which they make a part, conduct yourself in unison with it in cases where
you are obliged to act without instruction...When they withdraw themselves to the
culture of a small piece of land, they will perceive how useless to them are their
extensive forests, and will be willing to pare them off from time to time in exchange
for necessaries for their farms and families. To promote this disposition to exchange
lands, which they have to spare and we want, for necessaries which we have to spare
and they want,we shall push our trading houses, and be glad to see the good and
influencial individuals among them run in debt, because we observe that when these
debts get beyond what the individuals can pay, they become willing to lop them off
by cession of lands...In this way our settlements will gradually circumscribe an
d
approach the Indians, and they will in time either incorporate with us as citizens
of the United States, or remove beyond the Mississippi.The former is certainly the
termination of their history most happy for themselves; but, in the whole course
of this, it is essential to cultivate their love. As to their fear, we presume that
our strength and their weakness is now so visible that they must see we have only to
shut our hand to crush them..."
(Classified Letter of President Thomas Jefferson ("libertarian"--for propertied white
people) to William Henry Harrison, Feb. 27, 1803)
*My Employer has no association with My Private and Protected Opinion*
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
