I suspect that a society can never successfully fight racism or discrimination directly, even with strong organizations dedicated specifically to that objective. I think that you need a backbone of other sorts of organizations. Does this study support my perspective? Baker, Michael and Nicole M. Fortin. 1999. "Women's Wages in Women's Work: A U.S./Canada Comparison of the Roles of Unions and "Public Goods" Sector Jobs." American Economic Review, 89: 2 (May): pp. 198-203. They say that women's wages are almost as high as men's in Canada, but not in the United States. The reason they give is the higher rate of unionization in Canada. -- Michael Perelman Economics Department California State University Chico, CA 95929 Tel. 530-898-5321 E-Mail [EMAIL PROTECTED]