FYI Berita tentang pemboman di Paris pakai pressure cooker..
http://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/16/news/16iht-paris_9.html?pagewanted=2 This copy is for your personal, noncommercial use only. You can order presentation-ready copies for distribution to your colleagues, clients or customers, please click here or use the "Reprints" tool that appears next to any article. Visit www.nytreprints.com for samples and additional information. Order a reprint of this article now. » September 16, 1995 As Police Hunt Bombers, Paris Is Cautiously Normal By Barry James PARIS— This is a city where police dogs sniff for bombs on the Métro among nonchalant riders, where imposing barriers protect schools as laughing children dart to the playground, where police ban a popular downtown festival but restaurants and department stores seem as busy as ever. After a series of so-far inexplicable terrorist bombings, Paris is an odd mixture of everyday normality and a palpable air of caution and anxiety. Despite their outward indifference, Parisians sense that, for the first time, they are facing a dangerously amorphous form of domestic terrorism. Many are deeply concerned that the Algerian civil war may have penetrated the large immigrant community here. In their hunt for the bombers, the police are focusing on North Africans living in France, and this has created racial friction and resentment. "The Parisians are holding their breath," said Michel Wieviorka, a sociologist and author of "The Making of Terrorism," and "Arena of Racism." He said that people were getting on with their lives, but being more cautious when taking public transport, letting their children play in crowded parks or visiting the big stores. "Mostly they are accepting the controls and the restrictions with good grace," he said. "But it is important not to forget that the immigrant part of the population certainly does not have the same reaction." Françoise Rudetzki, victim of a terrorist attack in 1983 who has set up an organization for victims, said the emerging indications of fundamentalist penetration into the Islamic community had made terrorism potentially much more dangerous and destabilizing. She is puzzled, she said, that there "are no claims, no clear messages." So far, Mr. Wieviorka added, the French have been reassured by the impression, widely inculcated by the government, that the "police are hot on the trail" of a petty ex-convict whose fingerprints were on one bomb, and an Algerian opposition figure detained in Sweden. But if these leads prove false, or if there is another bombing, that optimism would rapidly evaporate, he said. A decade ago, when Paris was targeted by Middle East terrorists, the threat seemed easier to understand. The killers who put bombs in stores, restaurants and other public places were shadowy, but they were obviously a foreign enemy with some kind of an agenda. The terrorists who placed four bombs in Paris in recent weeks, set off a car bomb outside a Jewish school in a suburb of Lyon, and attempted to blast a high-speed train have no stated agenda or clear political aims. Nor, as yet, do they have an identity, although the available evidence points to the Armed Islamic Group, the most radical fundamentalist element in the Algerian civil strife. Bruce Hoffman, director of the Center for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence at the University of St. Andrews, said the Paris bombings "bring home how much terrorism has changed in the last decade." "Then it was perpetrated by professionals and collective groups," he said. "Now it is carried out by amateur terrorists and amorphous organizations with no clear goals. Terrorism has become accessible to anyone. You just buy a cooking pot and fill it with nails." A series of highly publicized raids around Paris, Lyon and Grenoble this week has left the public with the strong impression that the bombers may be hiding in one of the troubled housing developments with strong North African immigrant populations. More than 1 million people in France have Algerian passports. President Jacques Chirac, who was prime minister during the series of bombings in 1986, has reacted now as he did then by ordering a heavy and highly visible security presence in public places, tightening border controls and chivying the police and security services to work together better. Xavier Raufer, a professor at the Institute of Criminology at the University of Paris, said the deployment of force was intended partly to reassure the public, and partly to try to push the terrorists into committing mistakes. With no ready intelligence on the terrorists, "it is the only option they have for the time being," he said. "It is not exactly a matter of despair, but it is not too far from it." Putting into effect a plan first drawn up during the Gulf War, police have banned parking and placed barriers outside schools, places of worship, theaters and other places where crowds gather. In three days, they moved or towed away more than 1,500 cars parked in sensitive zones. After the Lyon bombing, the chief of police in Paris said security at schools, as children returned from vacation this week, was the government's top priority. Police have banned some major events in Paris, including a popular wine festival in Avenue Montaigne that was to have taken place Thursday evening. Last year the festival attracted 40,000 visitors in three hours. Tales of minor inconveniences abound. In Paris, the streets and Métro stations look a bit messier because trash containers that could hold a bomb have been sealed. The number of passengers on the Paris Métro and suburban trains dipped after a bomb on a train killed seven persons at the Saint-Michel station July 26, but officials said ridership has returned to normal. Even before the train bombing, there were warnings of trouble, such as the seizure of arms caches and the assassination of an influential Algerian imam, or religious leader, in Paris in July. The terrorist bombs are crude but potentially deadly, with nails, nuts and bolts and homemade explosives packed into gas canisters or pressure cookers. In Paris, two of the bombs - on the train and near the Arc de Triomphe - went off, another partly exploded in a busy market and a fourth failed to explode. Investigating the imam's murder, police discovered that three men had earlier bought bomb-making equipment at a hardware store in Paris. The police have arrested dozens of people in the immigrant quarters, quickly releasing most of them, but a magistrate also is questioning three North African scientists, seeking clues about the leadership of the terrorism movement. Police have named only one definite suspect in France, Khaled Kelkal, a convicted car thief whose fingerprints were found on the bomb that failed to explode on the railway track near Lyon. The director of the national police, Claude Guént, said terrorist ringleaders appeared to be using "young delinquents" from the immigrant quarters to carry out their aims. The stepped-up pressure on the immigrant zones and constant searching of anyone of North African appearance has caused resentment among the people who are most likely to be the first to suffer from any extension of the Algerian conflict to French soil. A call-in program on Beur FM, a radio station directed at North African listeners, revealed that most callers understood the necessity for police controls. What some callers objected to, however, was what they described as the rude or disrespectful way in which the document controls are sometimes conducted. A joint appeal for tolerance and understanding by the leaders of the major religions this week highlighted the concern that hostility toward people of North African origin, many of them French citizens, could lead to an open fracture in society, or even violence against North Africans. "How do we make people listen and understand that we condemn these acts and suffer from this blind violence?" said Soraya Nini, a French novelist whose parents are Algerian. She said each new bomb attack brings "a new wave of suspicion, rejection and shame" to the Islamic community. * Copyright 2013 The New York Times Company * Home * Privacy Policy * Search * Corrections * XML * Help * Contact Us * Back to Top [Non-text portions of this message have been removed] ------------------------------------ Post message: prole...@egroups.com Subscribe : proletar-subscr...@egroups.com Unsubscribe : proletar-unsubscr...@egroups.com List owner : proletar-ow...@egroups.com Homepage : http://proletar.8m.com/Yahoo! Groups Links <*> To visit your group on the web, go to: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/proletar/ <*> Your email settings: Individual Email | Traditional <*> To change settings online go to: http://groups.yahoo.com/group/proletar/join (Yahoo! 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