Saat orang kafir sibuk memajukan ilmu pengetahuan, orang Islam asyik
membuang-buang waktunya untuk sembahyang, artinya tunggang tunggik kayak onta
dientoin jirapah.
Atau zikir.
Atau bikin onar seperti yang dilakukan FPI.
-----
Web address:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/
080715165520.htm
Pathologists Believe They Have Pinpointed Achilles Heel Of HIV
Scientists in UT Houston laboratory of Sudhir Paul, Ph.D., may have uncovered a
chink the armor of the deadly HIV virus. Pictured from left to right are: Paul,
Yasuhiro Nishiyama, Ph.D., and Stephanie Planque. (Credit: Image courtesy of
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston)
ScienceDaily (July 16, 2008) — Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) researchers
at The University of Texas Medical School at Houston believe they have
uncovered the Achilles heel in the armor of the virus that continues to kill
millions.
The weak spot is hidden in the HIV envelope protein gp120. This protein is
essential for HIV attachment to host cells, which initiate infection and
eventually lead to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or AIDS. Normally the
body’s immune defenses can ward off viruses by making proteins called
antibodies that bind the virus. However, HIV is a constantly changing and
mutating virus, and the antibodies produced after infection do not control
disease progression to AIDS. For the same reason, no HIV preventative vaccine
that stimulates production of protective antibodies is available.
The Achilles heel, a tiny stretch of amino acids numbered 421-433 on gp120, is
now under study as a target for therapeutic intervention. Sudhir Paul, Ph.D.,
pathology professor in the UT Medical School, said, “Unlike the changeable
regions of its envelope, HIV needs at least one region that must remain
constant to attach to cells. If this region changes, HIV cannot infect cells.
Equally important, HIV does not want this constant region to provoke the body’s
defense system. So, HIV uses the same constant cellular attachment site to
silence B lymphocytes - the antibody producing cells. The result is that the
body is fooled into making abundant antibodies to the changeable regions of HIV
but not to its cellular attachment site. Immunologists call such regions
superantigens. HIV’s cleverness is unmatched. No other virus uses this trick to
evade the body’s defenses.”
Paul is the senior author on a paper about this theory in a June issue of the
journal Autoimmunity Reviews. Additional data supporting the theory are to be
presented at the XVII International AIDS Conference Aug. 3-8 in Mexico City in
two studies titled “Survivors of HIV infection produce potent, broadly
neutralizing IgAs directed to the superantigenic region of the gp120 CD4
binding site” and “Prospective clinical utility and evolutionary implication of
broadly neutralizing antibody fragments to HIV gp120 superantigenic epitope.”
First reported in the early 1980s, HIV has spread across the world,
particularly in developing countries. In 2007, 33 million people were living
with AIDS, according to a report by the World Health Organization and the
United Nations.
Paul’s group has engineered antibodies with enzymatic activity, also known as
abzymes, which can attack the Achilles heel of the virus in a precise way. “The
abzymes recognize essentially all of the diverse HIV forms found across the
world. This solves the problem of HIV changeability. The next step is to
confirm our theory in human clinical trials," Paul said.
Unlike regular antibodies, abzymes degrade the virus permanently. A single
abzyme molecule inactivates thousands of virus particles. Regular antibodies
inactivate only one virus particle, and their anti-viral HIV effect is weaker.
“The work of Dr. Paul’s group is highly innovative. They have identified
antibodies that, instead of passively binding to the target molecule, are able
to fragment it and destroy its function. Their recent work indicates that
naturally occurring catalytic antibodies, particularly those of the IgA
subtype, may be useful in the treatment and prevention of HIV infection,” said
Steven J. Norris, Ph..D., holder of the Robert Greer Professorship in the
Biomedical Sciences and vice chair for research in the Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine at the UT Medical School at Houston.
The abzymes are derived from HIV negative people with the autoimmune disease
lupus and a small number of HIV positive people who do not require treatment
and do not get AIDS. Stephanie Planque, lead author and UT Medical School at
Houston graduate student, said, “We discovered that disturbed immunological
events in lupus patients can generate abzymes to the Achilles heel of HIV. The
human genome has accumulated over millions of years of evolution a lot of viral
fragments called endogenous retroviral sequences. These endogenous retroviral
sequences are overproduced in people with lupus, and an immune response to such
a sequence that resembles the Achilles heel can explain the production of
abzymes in lupus. A small minority of HIV positive people also start producing
the abzymes after decades of the infection. The immune system in some people
can cope with HIV after all.”
Carl Hanson, Ph.D., who heads the Retrovirus Diagnostic Section of the Viral
and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory of the California Department of Public
Health, has shown that the abzymes neutralize infection of human blood cells by
diverse strains of HIV from various parts of the world. Human blood cells are
the only cells that HIV infects.
“This is an entirely new finding. It is a novel antibody that appears to be
very effective in killing the HIV virus. The main question now is if this can
be applied to developing vaccine and possibly used as a microbicide to prevent
sexual transmission,” said David C. Montefiori, Ph.D., director of the
Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine Research & Development at Duke University Medical
Center. The abzymes are now under development for HIV immunotherapy by infusion
into blood. They could also be used to guard against sexual HIV transmission as
topical vaginal or rectal formulations.
“HIV is an international priority because we have no defense against it,” Paul
said. “Left unchecked, it will likely evolve into even more virulent forms. We
have learned a lot from this research about how to induce the production of the
protective abzymes on demand. This is the Holy Grail of HIV research --
development of a preventative HIV vaccine.”
Major contributors to the research from the UT Medical School include Yasuhiro
Nishiyama, Ph.D., and Hiroaki Taguchi, Ph.D., both with the Department of
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and Miguel Escobar, M.D., of the Department
of Pediatrics. Maria Salas and Hanson, both with the Viral and Rickettsial
Disease Laboratory, contributed.
The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Texas
Higher Education Coordinating Board.
Journal references:
1. Planque et al. Catalytic antibodies to HIV: Physiological role and
potential clinical utility. Autoimmunity Reviews, 2008; 7 (6): 473 DOI:
10.1016/j.autrev.2008.04.002
2. Stephanie Planque et al. Catalytic antibodies to HIV: Physiological role
and potential clinical utility. Autoimmunity Reviews, 2008; 7 (6): 473 DOI:
10.1016/j.autrev.2008.04.002
Adapted from materials provided by University of Texas Health Science Center at
Houston.
Need to cite this story in your essay, paper, or report? Use one of the
following formats:
APA
MLA
University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (2008, July 16).
Pathologists Believe They Have Pinpointed Achilles Heel Of HIV. ScienceDaily.
Retrieved July 16, 2008, from http://www.sciencedaily.com
/releases/2008/07/080715165520.htm
---------------
Jusfiq Hadjar gelar Sutan Maradjo Lelo
Allah yang disembah orang Islam tipikal dan yang digambarkan oleh al-Mushaf itu
dungu, buas, kejam, keji, ganas, zalim lagi biadab hanyalah Allah fiktif.
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