Anupam, Your question, even after looking at other messages, remains a bit unclear.
What do you mean by "labels"? What you mean by variables and values and how is that related to factors? An example or two would be helpful so we can say more than PROBABLY. Otherwise, you risk having many people here waste lots of time sending answers to questions you did not ask. And why an insistence on not using packages? If you are doing something for a class, sure, you may need to use the basics you were supposedly taught in class or a textbook. Otherwise, a good set of packages makes code much easier to write and often more reliable. Realistically, quite a bit of what some call base R is actually packages deemed useful enough to be included at startup and that can change. If you are new to R, note you can attach arbitrary attributes to a variable and you can have things like named lists where some or all the items have names as an attribute. Factors are part of base R and are a completely different concept. You can use base R to get or set the base levels of a factor and many other things and there are advantages sometimes in using a vector in factor mode than plain but also sometimes disadvantages. If you ask a more specific and properly explained question, maybe we can help you. Specifically, please tell us how you plan on using your labels. As an example, if I make a named list like this: mylist <- list(pi=3.14, e=2.7, 666) then I can access all elements as in mylist[[2]] without a name but mylist$pi lets me access that item by name and mylist[["e"]] and I can also change the current values similarly. But without explaining what you want, my explanation likely is not what you need. But do note that even if you do not USE a package, you can sometimes use it indirectly by examining the code for a function you like. If it is primarily written in R, you may see how it does something and take a part of the code and use it yourself. -----Original Message----- From: R-help <r-help-boun...@r-project.org> On Behalf Of Anupam Tyagi Sent: Tuesday, July 11, 2023 11:49 PM To: r-help mailing list <r-help@r-project.org> Subject: [R] Variable and value labels Hello, is there an easy way to do variable and value labels (for factor variables) in base-R, without using a package. If not, what is an easy and good way to do labels, using an add-on package. -- Anupam. [[alternative HTML version deleted]] ______________________________________________ R-help@r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code. ______________________________________________ R-help@r-project.org mailing list -- To UNSUBSCRIBE and more, see https://stat.ethz.ch/mailman/listinfo/r-help PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-guide.html and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.