Re: [Crm-sig] Issue 307

[martin]

Dear Simon,

Thank you, nice reference indeed!

Your comment shows me that it is useless to describe what we mean in 
philosophically unambiguous adjectives. I prefer to use an intuitive 
interpretation. Otherwise, each CRM definition becomes a treatise in 
philosophy, provoking even more concerns. My concern and point of
view of observation has nothing to do with the question if we can truely 
observe objects or not ("close enough to the thing"), but if the method 
can be repeated and results be compared as long as the environment is 
sufficiently stable.


I tend to regard the whole discussion about the ability or inability to 
perceive the "things behind the sensory impressions" or if they are 
"real" in whatever sense or not as useless from a practical point of 
view (intellectually fascinating nevertheless!). I'd say science is 
about the ability to predict, and history is about possible pasts in 
terms of the same entities we successfully use to predict, including our 
own bodily presence. In the CRM we are concerned with these entities, as 
long as we can assign intersubjectively verifiable identities and 
diachronical stability to them, regardless theories about  realities. 
CRM is about reliable communication consistent with known constraints 
imposed by reality as we know it.


I wrote:
"Regardless whether a measurement is made by an instrument or by human 
senses, it represents the initial transition from physical reality to 
information without any other*documented information object* in between 
in the reasoning chain that would represent the result of the 
interaction of the observer or device with reality."


If this leaves any ambiguity about what I mean by immediate, it is 
worthwhile to consider other terms. Practically, it means that the 
physicist evaluates a bubble chamber photo, and does not observe the 
electron. If two scientists see the same electron path in the bubble chamber
without a photo, it's a nice personal experience but irrelevant for our 
applications.


Opinions?

Best,

Martin

On 8/12/2016 10:49 μμ, Simon Spero wrote:

[My in-house philosopher of science is currently zoned out under a cat]

There are a lot of theoretical issues involved in the ontological 
status of observations / observation reports / observation sentences, 
etc. See e.g. [1].


/Directly observable /can be a loaded term ; my cat-laden reference 
source notes the term is used by different philosophers to mean the 
kind of observations that their school of thought thinks is 
particularly good.


Immediate might also be problematic, as it may taken as meaning 
unaided (e.g. no telescopes).


Simon


[1] 
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/science-theory-observation/#WhaDoObsRepDes





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Re: [Crm-sig] Issue 307

[Simon Spero]

[My in-house philosopher of science is currently zoned out under a cat]

There are a lot of theoretical issues involved in the ontological status of
observations / observation reports / observation sentences, etc. See e.g.
[1].

*Directly observable *can be a loaded term ; my cat-laden reference source
notes the term is used by different philosophers to mean the kind of
observations that their school of thought thinks is particularly good.

Immediate might also be problematic, as it may taken as meaning unaided
(e.g. no telescopes).

Simon


[1]
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/science-theory-observation/#WhaDoObsRepDes

On Dec 8, 2016 3:09 PM, "Øyvind Eide"  wrote:

Dear Martin,

I understand your rationale. However, it is a tricky question as the words
are used in different ways in different disciplines.

Objectivity is used in this way in CRM before, so fine. Immediate is not.
To me the word ‘immediate’ indicates that the results are established
without human interaction — it is surely a language problem. Would ‘direct’
instead of ‘immediate’ work?

English first language’rs, any views?

Regards,

Øyvind

7. des. 2016 kl. 21:07 skrev martin :

Dear Oeyvind,

"objective" may be an overkill. I thought of using a yardstick, which
compare the Yardstick with the item by human senses. The method is
objective. Do you have examples of non-objective measurements? The term
"immediate" I would not like to drop, because I want to make clear that
evaluation of documents is not regarded as measurement. "Remote sensing"
still requires the sensors to be in place at the time. Astronomy is not a
priority domain for us, but "measuring" a Supernova at several thousand
light years distance would require measuring a Supernova signasl arriving
at us. So, for me measurement means being in immediate contact with the
measured.

Would that make sense?

Cheers,

Martin

On 7/12/2016 11:36 πμ, Øyvind Eide wrote:

Dear Martin,

I think the following claim is too strong: “a systematic, objective
procedure of immediate observation” I think both objective and immediate
have to be qualified in order to be used in this context. As the last
paragraph describes the process in some detail, the reference to
objectivity and immediateness can also just be removed.

All the best,

Øyvind

24. nov. 2016 kl. 17:04 skrev martin :

Dear All,

After consultation with Achille and Thanasi, here my proposed scope note
for E16. The idea is to introduce S4 Observation and Observable Entity into
CRM proper.

*Old Scope note:*

E16 Measurement

Subclass of:  E13 Attribute Assignment


Scope note: This class comprises actions measuring physical
properties and other values that can be determined by a systematic
procedure.


Examples include measuring the monetary value of a collection of coins or
the running time of a specific video cassette.


The E16 Measurement may use simple counting or tools, such as yardsticks or
radiation detection devices. The interest is in the method and care
applied, so that the reliability of the result may be judged at a later
stage, or research continued on the associated documents. The date of the
event is important for dimensions, which may change value over time, such
as the length of an object subject to shrinkage. Details of methods and
devices are best handled as free text, whereas basic techniques such as
"carbon 14 dating" should be encoded using *P2 has type (is type of:) E55
Type*.

Examples:

§   measurement of height of silver cup 232 on the 31st  August 1997

§   the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [an about
400.000 years old Palaeolithic complete wooden spear found in Schoeningen,
Niedersachsen, Germany in 1995]


In First Order Logic:

  E16(x) ⊃ E13(x)


Properties:

P39 measured (was measured by): E1 CRM Entity

P40 observed dimension (was observed in): E54 Dimension


*New Scope Note:*
E16 Measurement

Subclass of:  E13 Attribute Assignment


Scope note: This class comprises actions measuring quantitative
physical properties and other values that can be determined by a
systematic, objective procedure of immediate observation of particular
states of physical reality. Properties of instances of E90 Symbolic Object
may be measured via observing some of their representative carriers.


Examples include measuring the nominal monetary value of a collection of
coins or the running time of a movie on a specific video cassette.


The E16 Measurement may use simple counting or tools, such as yardsticks or
radiation detection devices. The interest is in the method and care
applied, so that the reliability of the result may be judged at a later
stage, or research continued on the associated documents. The date of the
event is important for dimensions, which may change value over time, such
as the length of an object subject to shrinkage. Methods  and devices
employed should be associated with instances of E16 Measurement by
properties 

Re: [Crm-sig] Issue 307

[martin]

By immediate I mean without mediator. Either instrument or human senses.
"Unmittelbar" in German, "amesa" in Greek...
(https://dict.leo.org/ende/index_de.html#/search=immediate=0=basic=on=0)
Don't know?

Cheers,

Martin

On 8/12/2016 6:27 μμ, Øyvind Eide wrote:

Dear Martin,

I understand your rationale. However, it is a tricky question as the 
words are used in different ways in different disciplines.


Objectivity is used in this way in CRM before, so fine. Immediate is 
not. To me the word ‘immediate’ indicates that the results are 
established without human interaction — it is surely a language 
problem. Would ‘direct’ instead of ‘immediate’ work?


English first language’rs, any views?

Regards,

Øyvind

7. des. 2016 kl. 21:07 skrev martin >:



Dear Oeyvind,

"objective" may be an overkill. I thought of using a yardstick, which 
compare the Yardstick with the item by human senses. The method is 
objective. Do you have examples of non-objective measurements? The 
term "immediate" I would not like to drop, because I want to make 
clear that evaluation of documents is not regarded as measurement. 
"Remote sensing" still requires the sensors to be in place at the 
time. Astronomy is not a priority domain for us, but "measuring" a 
Supernova at several thousand light years distance would require 
measuring a Supernova signasl arriving at us. So, for me measurement 
means being in immediate contact with the measured.


Would that make sense?

Cheers,

Martin

On 7/12/2016 11:36 πμ, Øyvind Eide wrote:

Dear Martin,

I think the following claim is too strong: “a systematic, objective 
procedure of immediate observation” I think both objective and 
immediate have to be qualified in order to be used in this context. 
As the last paragraph describes the process in some detail, the 
reference to objectivity and immediateness can also just be removed.


All the best,

Øyvind

24. nov. 2016 kl. 17:04 skrev martin >:



Dear All,

After consultation with Achille and Thanasi, here my proposed scope 
note for E16. The idea is to introduce S4 Observation and 
Observable Entity into CRM proper.


*Old Scope note:*


  E16 Measurement

Subclass of:E13  Attribute 
Assignment



Scope note: This class comprises actions measuring physical 
properties and other values that can be determined by a systematic 
procedure.



Examples include measuring the monetary value of a collection of 
coins or the running time of a specific video cassette.



The E16 Measurement may use simple counting or tools, such as 
yardsticks or radiation detection devices. The interest is in the 
method and care applied, so that the reliability of the result may 
be judged at a later stage, or research continued on the associated 
documents. The date of the event is important for dimensions, which 
may change value over time, such as the length of an object subject 
to shrinkage. Details of methods and devices are best handled as 
free text, whereas basic techniques such as "carbon 14 dating" 
should be encoded using /P2 has type (is type of:) E55 Type/.


Examples:

§measurement of height of silver cup 232 on the 31^st August 1997

§the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [an 
about 400.000 years old Palaeolithic complete wooden spear found in 
Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany in 1995]



In First Order Logic:

E16(x) ⊃E13(x)


Properties:

P39  measured 
(was measured by): E1  CRM Entity


P40  observed 
dimension (was observed in): E54  Dimension



*New Scope Note:*


  E16 Measurement

Subclass of:E13  Attribute 
Assignment



Scope note: This class comprises actions measuring quantitative 
physical properties and other values that can be determined by a 
systematic, objective procedure of immediate observation of 
particular states of physical reality. Properties of instances of 
E90 Symbolic Object may be measured via observing some of their 
representative carriers.



Examples include measuring the nominal monetary value of a 
collection of coins or the running time of a movie on a specific 
video cassette.



The E16 Measurement may use simple counting or tools, such as 
yardsticks or radiation detection devices. The interest is in the 
method and care applied, so that the reliability of the result may 
be judged at a later stage, or research continued on the associated 
documents. The date of the event is important for dimensions, which 
may change value over time, such as the length of an object subject 
to shrinkage. Methods and devices employed should be associated 
with instances of E16 Measurement by properties such as /P33 used 
specific technique,/ /P125 used object of type/,/P16 used specific 
object/, whereas basic techniques such as "carbon 14 dating" should 
be encoded using /P2 has type (is type of:) E55 Type/. Details of 
methods and devices reused or reusable in other instances of E16 
Measurement should be documented for these entities 

Re: [Crm-sig] Issue 307

[Øyvind Eide]

Dear Martin,

I understand your rationale. However, it is a tricky question as the words are 
used in different ways in different disciplines.

Objectivity is used in this way in CRM before, so fine. Immediate is not. To me 
the word ‘immediate’ indicates that the results are established without human 
interaction — it is surely a language problem. Would ‘direct’ instead of 
‘immediate’ work?

English first language’rs, any views?

Regards,

Øyvind

7. des. 2016 kl. 21:07 skrev martin :

> Dear Oeyvind,
> 
> "objective" may be an overkill. I thought of using a yardstick, which compare 
> the Yardstick with the item by human senses. The method is objective. Do you 
> have examples of non-objective measurements? The term "immediate" I would not 
> like to drop, because I want to make clear that evaluation of documents is 
> not regarded as measurement. "Remote sensing" still requires the sensors to 
> be in place at the time. Astronomy is not a priority domain for us, but 
> "measuring" a Supernova at several thousand light years distance would 
> require measuring a Supernova signasl arriving at us. So, for me measurement 
> means being in immediate contact with the measured.
> 
> Would that make sense?
> 
> Cheers,
> 
> Martin
> 
> On 7/12/2016 11:36 πμ, Øyvind Eide wrote:
>> Dear Martin,
>> 
>> I think the following claim is too strong: “a systematic, objective 
>> procedure of immediate observation” I think both objective and immediate 
>> have to be qualified in order to be used in this context. As the last 
>> paragraph describes the process in some detail, the reference to objectivity 
>> and immediateness can also just be removed. 
>> 
>> All the best, 
>> 
>> Øyvind
>> 
>> 24. nov. 2016 kl. 17:04 skrev martin :
>> 
>>> Dear All,
>>> 
>>> After consultation with Achille and Thanasi, here my proposed scope note 
>>> for E16. The idea is to introduce S4 Observation and Observable Entity into 
>>> CRM proper.
>>> 
>>> Old Scope note:
>>> E16 Measurement
>>> Subclass of:  E13 Attribute Assignment
>>>  
>>> Scope note: This class comprises actions measuring physical 
>>> properties and other values that can be determined by a systematic 
>>> procedure.
>>>  
>>> Examples include measuring the monetary value of a collection of coins or 
>>> the running time of a specific video cassette.
>>>  
>>> The E16 Measurement may use simple counting or tools, such as yardsticks or 
>>> radiation detection devices. The interest is in the method and care 
>>> applied, so that the reliability of the result may be judged at a later 
>>> stage, or research continued on the associated documents. The date of the 
>>> event is important for dimensions, which may change value over time, such 
>>> as the length of an object subject to shrinkage. Details of methods and 
>>> devices are best handled as free text, whereas basic techniques such as 
>>> "carbon 14 dating" should be encoded using P2 has type (is type of:) E55 
>>> Type.
>>> Examples:
>>> §   measurement of height of silver cup 232 on the 31st  August 1997
>>> §   the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [an about 
>>> 400.000 years old Palaeolithic complete wooden spear found in Schoeningen, 
>>> Niedersachsen, Germany in 1995]
>>>  
>>> In First Order Logic:
>>>   E16(x) ⊃ E13(x)
>>>  
>>> Properties:
>>> P39 measured (was measured by): E1 CRM Entity
>>> P40 observed dimension (was observed in): E54 Dimension
>>>  
>>> New Scope Note:
>>> E16 Measurement
>>> Subclass of:  E13 Attribute Assignment
>>>  
>>> Scope note: This class comprises actions measuring quantitative 
>>> physical properties and other values that can be determined by a 
>>> systematic, objective procedure of immediate observation of particular 
>>> states of physical reality. Properties of instances of E90 Symbolic Object 
>>> may be measured via observing some of their representative carriers.
>>>  
>>> Examples include measuring the nominal monetary value of a collection of 
>>> coins or the running time of a movie on a specific video cassette.
>>>  
>>> The E16 Measurement may use simple counting or tools, such as yardsticks or 
>>> radiation detection devices. The interest is in the method and care 
>>> applied, so that the reliability of the result may be judged at a later 
>>> stage, or research continued on the associated documents. The date of the 
>>> event is important for dimensions, which may change value over time, such 
>>> as the length of an object subject to shrinkage. Methods  and devices 
>>> employed should be associated with instances of E16 Measurement by 
>>> properties such as P33 used specific technique,  P125 used object of type, 
>>> P16 used specific object, whereas basic techniques such as "carbon 14 
>>> dating" should be encoded using P2 has type (is type of:) E55 Type. Details 
>>> of methods and devices reused or reusable in other instances of E16 
>>> Measurement should be documented 

Re: [Crm-sig] Issue 307

[van Leusen, P.M.]

Shouldn't a property 'has precision' be specified as well?

On Wed, Dec 7, 2016 at 10:36 AM, Øyvind Eide  wrote:

> Dear Martin,
>
> I think the following claim is too strong: “a systematic, objective
> procedure of immediate observation” I think both objective and immediate
> have to be qualified in order to be used in this context. As the last
> paragraph describes the process in some detail, the reference to
> objectivity and immediateness can also just be removed.
>
> All the best,
>
> Øyvind
>
> 24. nov. 2016 kl. 17:04 skrev martin :
>
> Dear All,
>
> After consultation with Achille and Thanasi, here my proposed scope note
> for E16. The idea is to introduce S4 Observation and Observable Entity into
> CRM proper.
>
> *Old Scope note:*
>
> E16 Measurement
>
> Subclass of:  E13 Attribute Assignment
>
>
>
> Scope note: This class comprises actions measuring physical
> properties and other values that can be determined by a systematic
> procedure.
>
>
>
> Examples include measuring the monetary value of a collection of coins or
> the running time of a specific video cassette.
>
>
>
> The E16 Measurement may use simple counting or tools, such as yardsticks
> or radiation detection devices. The interest is in the method and care
> applied, so that the reliability of the result may be judged at a later
> stage, or research continued on the associated documents. The date of the
> event is important for dimensions, which may change value over time, such
> as the length of an object subject to shrinkage. Details of methods and
> devices are best handled as free text, whereas basic techniques such as
> "carbon 14 dating" should be encoded using *P2 has type (is type of:) E55
> Type*.
>
> Examples:
>
> §   measurement of height of silver cup 232 on the 31st  August 1997
>
> §   the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [an about
> 400.000 years old Palaeolithic complete wooden spear found in Schoeningen,
> Niedersachsen, Germany in 1995]
>
>
>
> In First Order Logic:
>
>   E16(x) ⊃ E13(x)
>
>
>
> Properties:
>
> P39 measured (was measured by): E1 CRM Entity
>
> P40 observed dimension (was observed in): E54 Dimension
>
>
>
> *New Scope Note:*
> E16 Measurement
>
> Subclass of:  E13 Attribute Assignment
>
>
>
> Scope note: This class comprises actions measuring quantitative
> physical properties and other values that can be determined by a
> systematic, objective procedure of immediate observation of particular
> states of physical reality. Properties of instances of E90 Symbolic
> Object may be measured via observing some of their representative carriers.
>
>
>
> Examples include measuring the nominal monetary value of a collection of
> coins or the running time of a movie on a specific video cassette.
>
>
>
> The E16 Measurement may use simple counting or tools, such as yardsticks
> or radiation detection devices. The interest is in the method and care
> applied, so that the reliability of the result may be judged at a later
> stage, or research continued on the associated documents. The date of the
> event is important for dimensions, which may change value over time, such
> as the length of an object subject to shrinkage. Methods  and devices
> employed should be associated with instances of E16 Measurement by
> properties such as *P33 used specific technique,*  *P125 used object of
> type*,* P16 used specific object*, whereas basic techniques such as
> "carbon 14 dating" should be encoded using *P2 has type (is type of:) E55
> Type*. Details of methods and devices reused or reusable in other
> instances of E16 Measurement should be documented for these entities rather
> than the measurements themselves, whereas details of particular execution
> may be documented by free text or by instantiating adequate subactivities,
> if the detail may be of interest for an overarching query.
>
>
>
> Regardless whether a measurement is made by an instrument or by human
> senses, it represents the initial transition from physical reality to
> information without any other documented information object in between in
> the reasoning chain that would represent the result of the interaction of
> the observer or device with reality. Therefore, inferring properties of
> depicted items using image material, such as satellite images, is not
> regarded as instance of E16 Measurement, but as another form of subsequent
> attribute assignment. Rather, the production of the images themselves is
> regarded as instance of E16 Measurement. The same reasoning holds for other
> sensor data.
>
> Examples:
>
> §   measurement of height of silver cup 232 on the 31st  August 1997
>
> §   the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [an about
> 400.000 years old Palaeolithic complete wooden spear found in Schoeningen,
> Niedersachsen, Germany in 1995]
>
>
>
> In First Order Logic:
>
>   E16(x) ⊃ E13(x)
>
>
>
> Properties:
>
> P39 

Re: [Crm-sig] Issue 307

[martin]

Dear Oeyvind,

"objective" may be an overkill. I thought of using a yardstick, which 
compare the Yardstick with the item by human senses. The method is 
objective. Do you have examples of non-objective measurements? The term 
"immediate" I would not like to drop, because I want to make clear that 
evaluation of documents is not regarded as measurement. "Remote sensing" 
still requires the sensors to be in place at the time. Astronomy is not 
a priority domain for us, but "measuring" a Supernova at several 
thousand light years distance would require measuring a Supernova 
signasl arriving at us. So, for me measurement means being in immediate 
contact with the measured.


Would that make sense?

Cheers,

Martin

On 7/12/2016 11:36 πμ, Øyvind Eide wrote:

Dear Martin,

I think the following claim is too strong: “a systematic, objective 
procedure of immediate observation” I think both objective and 
immediate have to be qualified in order to be used in this context. As 
the last paragraph describes the process in some detail, the reference 
to objectivity and immediateness can also just be removed.


All the best,

Øyvind

24. nov. 2016 kl. 17:04 skrev martin >:



Dear All,

After consultation with Achille and Thanasi, here my proposed scope 
note for E16. The idea is to introduce S4 Observation and Observable 
Entity into CRM proper.


*Old Scope note:*


  E16 Measurement

Subclass of:E13  Attribute 
Assignment


Scope note: This class comprises actions measuring physical 
properties and other values that can be determined by a systematic 
procedure.


Examples include measuring the monetary value of a collection of 
coins or the running time of a specific video cassette.


The E16 Measurement may use simple counting or tools, such as 
yardsticks or radiation detection devices. The interest is in the 
method and care applied, so that the reliability of the result may be 
judged at a later stage, or research continued on the associated 
documents. The date of the event is important for dimensions, which 
may change value over time, such as the length of an object subject 
to shrinkage. Details of methods and devices are best handled as free 
text, whereas basic techniques such as "carbon 14 dating" should be 
encoded using /P2 has type (is type of:) E55 Type/.


Examples:

§measurement of height of silver cup 232 on the 31^st August 1997

§the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [an about 
400.000 years old Palaeolithic complete wooden spear found in 
Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany in 1995]


In First Order Logic:

E16(x) ⊃E13(x)

Properties:

P39  measured 
(was measured by): E1  CRM Entity


P40  observed 
dimension (was observed in): E54  Dimension


*New Scope Note:*


  E16 Measurement

Subclass of:E13  Attribute 
Assignment


Scope note: This class comprises actions measuring quantitative 
physical properties and other values that can be determined by a 
systematic, objective procedure of immediate observation of 
particular states of physical reality. Properties of instances of E90 
Symbolic Object may be measured via observing some of their 
representative carriers.


Examples include measuring the nominal monetary value of a collection 
of coins or the running time of a movie on a specific video cassette.


The E16 Measurement may use simple counting or tools, such as 
yardsticks or radiation detection devices. The interest is in the 
method and care applied, so that the reliability of the result may be 
judged at a later stage, or research continued on the associated 
documents. The date of the event is important for dimensions, which 
may change value over time, such as the length of an object subject 
to shrinkage. Methods and devices employed should be associated with 
instances of E16 Measurement by properties such as /P33 used specific 
technique,/ /P125 used object of type/,/P16 used specific object/, 
whereas basic techniques such as "carbon 14 dating" should be encoded 
using /P2 has type (is type of:) E55 Type/. Details of methods and 
devices reused or reusable in other instances of E16 Measurement 
should be documented for these entities rather than the measurements 
themselves, whereas details of particular execution may be documented 
by free text or by instantiating adequate subactivities, if the 
detail may be of interest for an overarching query.


Regardless whether a measurement is made by an instrument or by human 
senses, it represents the initial transition from physical reality to 
information without any other documented information object in 
between in the reasoning chain that would represent the result of the 
interaction of the observer or device with reality. Therefore, 
inferring properties of depicted items using image material, such as 
satellite images, is not regarded as instance of E16 Measurement, but 
as another form of subsequent attribute assignment. Rather, the 
production of the images 

Re: [Crm-sig] Issue 307

[Øyvind Eide]

Dear Martin,

I think the following claim is too strong: “a systematic, objective procedure 
of immediate observation” I think both objective and immediate have to be 
qualified in order to be used in this context. As the last paragraph describes 
the process in some detail, the reference to objectivity and immediateness can 
also just be removed. 

All the best, 

Øyvind

24. nov. 2016 kl. 17:04 skrev martin :

> Dear All,
> 
> After consultation with Achille and Thanasi, here my proposed scope note for 
> E16. The idea is to introduce S4 Observation and Observable Entity into CRM 
> proper.
> 
> Old Scope note:
> E16 Measurement
> Subclass of:  E13 Attribute Assignment
>  
> Scope note: This class comprises actions measuring physical 
> properties and other values that can be determined by a systematic procedure.
>  
> Examples include measuring the monetary value of a collection of coins or the 
> running time of a specific video cassette.
>  
> The E16 Measurement may use simple counting or tools, such as yardsticks or 
> radiation detection devices. The interest is in the method and care applied, 
> so that the reliability of the result may be judged at a later stage, or 
> research continued on the associated documents. The date of the event is 
> important for dimensions, which may change value over time, such as the 
> length of an object subject to shrinkage. Details of methods and devices are 
> best handled as free text, whereas basic techniques such as "carbon 14 
> dating" should be encoded using P2 has type (is type of:) E55 Type.
> Examples:
> §   measurement of height of silver cup 232 on the 31st  August 1997
> §   the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [an about 
> 400.000 years old Palaeolithic complete wooden spear found in Schoeningen, 
> Niedersachsen, Germany in 1995]
>  
> In First Order Logic:
>   E16(x) ⊃ E13(x)
>  
> Properties:
> P39 measured (was measured by): E1 CRM Entity
> P40 observed dimension (was observed in): E54 Dimension
>  
> New Scope Note:
> E16 Measurement
> Subclass of:  E13 Attribute Assignment
>  
> Scope note: This class comprises actions measuring quantitative 
> physical properties and other values that can be determined by a systematic,  
>  objective procedure of immediate observation of particular states of 
> physical reality. Properties of instances of E90 Symbolic Object may be 
> measured via observing some of their representative carriers.
>  
> Examples include measuring the nominal monetary value of a collection of 
> coins or the running time of a movie on a specific video cassette.
>  
> The E16 Measurement may use simple counting or tools, such as yardsticks or 
> radiation detection devices. The interest is in the method and care applied, 
> so that the reliability of the result may be judged at a later stage, or 
> research continued on the associated documents. The date of the event is 
> important for dimensions, which may change value over time, such as the 
> length of an object subject to shrinkage. Methods  and devices employed 
> should be associated with instances of E16 Measurement by properties such as 
> P33 used specific technique,  P125 used object of type, P16 used specific 
> object, whereas basic techniques such as "carbon 14 dating" should be encoded 
> using P2 has type (is type of:) E55 Type. Details of methods and devices 
> reused or reusable in other instances of E16 Measurement should be documented 
> for these entities rather than the measurements themselves, whereas details 
> of particular execution may be documented by free text or by instantiating 
> adequate subactivities, if the detail may be of interest for an overarching 
> query.
>  
> Regardless whether a measurement is made by an instrument or by human senses, 
> it represents the initial transition from physical reality to information 
> without any other documented information object in between in the reasoning 
> chain that would represent the result of the interaction of the observer or 
> device with reality. Therefore, inferring properties of depicted items using 
> image material, such as satellite images, is not regarded as instance of E16 
> Measurement, but as another form of subsequent attribute assignment. Rather, 
> the production of the images themselves is regarded as instance of E16 
> Measurement. The same reasoning holds for other sensor data.
> Examples:
> §   measurement of height of silver cup 232 on the 31st  August 1997
> §   the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [an about 
> 400.000 years old Palaeolithic complete wooden spear found in Schoeningen, 
> Niedersachsen, Germany in 1995]
>  
> In First Order Logic:
>   E16(x) ⊃ E13(x)
>  
> Properties:
> P39 measured (was measured by): E1 CRM Entity
> P40 observed dimension (was observed in): E54 Dimension
> 
> Best,
> 
> Martin
> -- 
> 
>