Re: [Elecraft] HRD cw copy

2009-01-23 Thread Gary NL7Y


I've used the CW decoder ring function on my K3 a few times, but that's not
why I bought the rig. Good code, with a likewise good S/N ratio, yields good
machine copy. So does my brain to some extent. The spoilers are those ops
that send CW in a continuous unbroken stream, and high noise levels relative
to the CW signal.  

The former apparently like sending a stream via a key, or more likely a
keyboard, and hopefully there's a very experienced op or PC program at the
other end to make sense of it all. Some folks talk that way as well.

The challenge in a high noise environment is the ability to set the signal
threshold just above the noise to prevent the generation of random
extraterrestrial code = E's and T's. Yes I use and peak the K3's noise
blankers, and sometimes the NR with a wide filter, but it's those brief
noise pops that bleed through that ruin the CW soup. Somehow improving that
aspect will improve the machine copy I believe.

73 Gary NL7Y
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Re: [Elecraft] HRD cw copy

2009-01-22 Thread Tom Price


Julian, G4ILO wrote:
> 
> 
> 
> Sverre Holm-3 wrote:
>> 
>> It is interesting to see the responses to my statement on the difficulty 
>> of machines copying CW better than humans. Although this is a little 
>> off-topic here, I hope we can have a short discussion of it anyway.
>> 
>> First, the success of negative SNR communications methods such as 
>> Olivia,JT65, and PSK31, are evidence that a well-designed computer 
>> algorithm should perform better than a human. But it is on codes that 
>> have been designed for machine decoding.
>> 
>> Second, 'better' may mean many things: faster, many QSOs in parallel, or 
>> - what I imply - at lower SNR and under difficult conditions with fading 
>> and interference. There is no doubt that a computer has much more 
>> capacity for speed and parallel decoding than a human.
>> 
>> The steps that a good algorithm needs to do are something like this:
>> - real-time frequency analysis and filtering
>> - detect morse signal and lock on to a particular frequency
>> - adaptive estimation of datarate and adaptive matched filtering for 
>> optimal detection
>> - decoding of dashes/dots/spaces into letters
>> - decoding into words
>> 
>> The first steps are signal processing such as filtering, detection and 
>> adaptivity. See e.g. 
>> http://www.journal.au.edu/ijcim/jan99/ijcim_ar1.html for some ideas on 
>> the adaptive estimation. As a side remark, Coherent CW, was a way of 
>> avoiding the adaptation to variable rate and ease machine decoding, but 
>> it does not seem to be a success.
>> 
>> I believe that it takes an extraordinary algorithm to lock onto a very 
>> weak signal reliably, but even more so to do the last and maybe even the 
>> second last step, and that this is where the similarity with speech 
>> recognition is largest. As an example, say that my call is a weak 
>> DX-call and I'm sending CQ de LA3ZA LA3ZA LA3ZA. On the receiver end you 
>> hear DA---, LA3-T, L-3ZA due to fading and interference. This is where a 
>> good operator is able to use a priori information on the syntax of a 
>> callsign, similarities between morse codes for various letters, and the 
>> three partial calls to piece this together to LA3ZA.
>> 
>> I'm not saying this is not doable, only that it may take more than a 
>> month for a good programmer to do this, and maybe much more also.
>> 
> 
> Weak signal modes like WSPR, JT65, MFSK etc work as well as they do and
> can dig below the noise because they use different tones, rather than
> tone/no tone as in CW. The timing of the signal elements is also precisely
> known.
> 
> Even with computer sent morse the program does not know the speed at which
> it is being sent, so it has to work that out before it can start. The
> vagaries of propagation then throw their spanner in the works, as the
> decoding algorithm does not know if absence of a tone is a valid signal
> element, or QSB. If you then throw in the imprecision of timing caused by
> hand sent morse, then you can see the computer algorithm really has a hard
> job to do.
> 
> Computer morse decoding algorithms in use currently go no further than
> assuming the tones are clearly distinguishable from the spaces and that
> the timing of the elements are predictable.
> 
> To improve the decoding performance would I think require the application
> of artificial intelligence to get the computer to reasses what it first
> thinks it receives in the light of what makes sense in the context of an
> amateur QSO. This is pretty much what we do when we receive code by ear. 
> 
> First of all the human brain is probably more adaptive to irregular
> element timing - left footed sending - than a computer algorithm. It
> "learns" the guy's rhythm and uses that to decode what he is sending,
> rather than the rigid symbol lengths of computer generated morse.
> 
> Secondly the human brain uses context and knowledge to fill in the gaps
> and make sense of what is received. If someone sends "QTH IS" you expect a
> place name to follow. If you miss a couple of letters or what you got
> doesn't look like a word you use your knowledge to work out what it would
> be.
> 
> It probably would be possible to write a computer program to do that but
> it would be an incredibly challenging piece of programming that would need
> an extremely keen mind and a great deal of time to accomplish. It would
> probably be a PhD level project.
> 

I have probably less than a rudimentary understanding of the codec used to
decode analog signals from a hard drive but maybe the PRML algorithm could
be used here. I am sure the hard drive noise is significantly different but
the signal to noise probably is not. It might be helpful to use a previously
invented wheel (PRML:Partial Read Maximum Likelyhood) Also the hardware
might be available or modifiable cheaply, after all every hard drive
(millions) has a PRML codec involved in it's circuitry. PRML might be usable
here at the first layer somehow.

Tom Price
WA6SUS

-- 
View th

Re: [Elecraft] HRD cw copy

2009-01-22 Thread Brett Howard
Me thinks you've hit upon one of the man's loves! :)

On Thu, 2009-01-22 at 09:18 -0800, wayne burdick wrote:
> Dan Romanchik KB6NU wrote:
> 
> > But copying CW isn't like trying to understand natural language.  If
> > computers can now beat grandmasters at chess, computers should be able
> > to copy any code that a good operator can decipher.  I don't even
> > think we need more powerful computers; we just need better algorithms.
> 
> Humans use lexicographical and semantic clues to fill in dropped CW 
> characters, and computers can do the same. But this goes way beyond the 
> simple signal processing used in, say, the K3's present CW decoder or 
> the one used in HRD. (I studied natural language recognition in college 
> and was anxious to play with either neural networks or traditional AI 
> methods as the foundation for CW decoding, but my other classes got in 
> the way :) <.>

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Re: [Elecraft] HRD cw copy

2009-01-22 Thread Adam Koczarski
> -Original Message-
> From: elecraft-boun...@mailman.qth.net [mailto:elecraft-
> boun...@mailman.qth.net] On Behalf Of wayne burdick
> Sent: Thursday, January 22, 2009 9:18 AM
> To: Dan Romanchik KB6NU
> Cc: Elecraft Mailing List
> Subject: Re: [Elecraft] HRD cw copy
> 
> The actual implementation is left as an exercise for the reader. If you
> come up with an algorithm written in 'C', let me know and I'll try to
> port it to the K3's PIC.
> 

Sounds simple! I'm busy today, so would  please get on this so I
can try it out this weekend?

Thanks! ;-)

Adam - ka7ark



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Re: [Elecraft] HRD cw copy

2009-01-22 Thread Simon (HB9DRV)
- Original Message - 
From: "Dan Romanchik KB6NU" 
> I don't even  
> think we need more powerful computers; we just need better algorithms.

Exactly!

Simon Brown, HB9DRV
www.ham-radio-deluxe.com
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Re: [Elecraft] HRD cw copy

2009-01-22 Thread Julian, G4ILO



Sverre Holm-3 wrote:
> 
> It is interesting to see the responses to my statement on the difficulty 
> of machines copying CW better than humans. Although this is a little 
> off-topic here, I hope we can have a short discussion of it anyway.
> 
> First, the success of negative SNR communications methods such as 
> Olivia,JT65, and PSK31, are evidence that a well-designed computer 
> algorithm should perform better than a human. But it is on codes that 
> have been designed for machine decoding.
> 
> Second, 'better' may mean many things: faster, many QSOs in parallel, or 
> - what I imply - at lower SNR and under difficult conditions with fading 
> and interference. There is no doubt that a computer has much more 
> capacity for speed and parallel decoding than a human.
> 
> The steps that a good algorithm needs to do are something like this:
> - real-time frequency analysis and filtering
> - detect morse signal and lock on to a particular frequency
> - adaptive estimation of datarate and adaptive matched filtering for 
> optimal detection
> - decoding of dashes/dots/spaces into letters
> - decoding into words
> 
> The first steps are signal processing such as filtering, detection and 
> adaptivity. See e.g. 
> http://www.journal.au.edu/ijcim/jan99/ijcim_ar1.html for some ideas on 
> the adaptive estimation. As a side remark, Coherent CW, was a way of 
> avoiding the adaptation to variable rate and ease machine decoding, but 
> it does not seem to be a success.
> 
> I believe that it takes an extraordinary algorithm to lock onto a very 
> weak signal reliably, but even more so to do the last and maybe even the 
> second last step, and that this is where the similarity with speech 
> recognition is largest. As an example, say that my call is a weak 
> DX-call and I'm sending CQ de LA3ZA LA3ZA LA3ZA. On the receiver end you 
> hear DA---, LA3-T, L-3ZA due to fading and interference. This is where a 
> good operator is able to use a priori information on the syntax of a 
> callsign, similarities between morse codes for various letters, and the 
> three partial calls to piece this together to LA3ZA.
> 
> I'm not saying this is not doable, only that it may take more than a 
> month for a good programmer to do this, and maybe much more also.
> 

Weak signal modes like WSPR, JT65, MFSK etc work as well as they do and can
dig below the noise because they use different tones, rather than tone/no
tone as in CW. The timing of the signal elements is also precisely known.

Even with computer sent morse the program does not know the speed at which
it is being sent, so it has to work that out before it can start. The
vagaries of propagation then throw their spanner in the works, as the
decoding algorithm does not know if absence of a tone is a valid signal
element, or QSB. If you then throw in the imprecision of timing caused by
hand sent morse, then you can see the computer algorithm really has a hard
job to do.

Computer morse decoding algorithms in use currently go no further than
assuming the tones are clearly distinguishable from the spaces and that the
timing of the elements are predictable.

To improve the decoding performance would I think require the application of
artificial intelligence to get the computer to reasses what it first thinks
it receives in the light of what makes sense in the context of an amateur
QSO. This is pretty much what we do when we receive code by ear. 

First of all the human brain is probably more adaptive to irregular element
timing - left footed sending - than a computer algorithm. It "learns" the
guy's rhythm and uses that to decode what he is sending, rather than the
rigid symbol lengths of computer generated morse.

Secondly the human brain uses context and knowledge to fill in the gaps and
make sense of what is received. If someone sends "QTH IS" you expect a place
name to follow. If you miss a couple of letters or what you got doesn't look
like a word you use your knowledge to work out what it would be.

It probably would be possible to write a computer program to do that but it
would be an incredibly challenging piece of programming that would need an
extremely keen mind and a great deal of time to accomplish. It would
probably be a PhD level project.

-
Julian, G4ILO. K2 #392  K3 #222.
http://www.g4ilo.com/ G4ILO's Shack   http://www.ham-directory.com/ Ham
Directoryhttp://www.g4ilo.com/kcomm.html KComm for Elecraft K2 and K3 
-- 
View this message in context: 
http://n2.nabble.com/HRD-cw-copy-tp2195214p2198992.html
Sent from the Elecraft mailing list archive at Nabble.com.

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Re: [Elecraft] HRD cw copy

2009-01-22 Thread wayne burdick
Dan Romanchik KB6NU wrote:

> But copying CW isn't like trying to understand natural language.  If
> computers can now beat grandmasters at chess, computers should be able
> to copy any code that a good operator can decipher.  I don't even
> think we need more powerful computers; we just need better algorithms.

Humans use lexicographical and semantic clues to fill in dropped CW 
characters, and computers can do the same. But this goes way beyond the 
simple signal processing used in, say, the K3's present CW decoder or 
the one used in HRD. (I studied natural language recognition in college 
and was anxious to play with either neural networks or traditional AI 
methods as the foundation for CW decoding, but my other classes got in 
the way :)

One idea from the early days of AI is the so-called "blackboard" model. 
Imagine a garbled sentence on a blackboard, with various experts 
offering their opinions about what each letter and word is based on 
their specialized knowledge of word morphology, letter frequency, 
syntax, semantics, etc. You weigh these opinions based on degree of 
confidence, and once there's enough evidence for a letter or word, you 
fill it in, which in turn offers additional information to the 
highest-level expert, who might be considering the actual meaning of a 
phrase. His predictions can then strengthen the evidence for lower 
level symbols, and so on. Such methods are very algorithm-intensive, 
but might be useful for some aspects of CW stream parsing.

A neural network could handle this, too, and has the advantage of 
self-organization. This is how I'd approach it (assuming unlimited free 
time--not!). You could use any of several different types of networks 
that have been proven successful at NLP (natural language processing).

For example, you might take the incoming CW, break it into samples (say 
a few samples per bit at the highest code speed to be processed), shift 
the serial data representing 5 to 20 letters into a serial-to-parallel 
shift register, then feed the parallel data to the network's inputs. Or 
you could use a network with internal feedback (memory), with just one 
input, which itself could be "fuzzy" (the analog voltage from an 
envelope detector) or digital (0 or 1 depending on the output of a 
comparator, looking at the CW stream). The output might be a parallel 
binary word, perhaps ASCII, or a single output with multiple levels, 
where the voltage itself represents a symbol.

To make this work, you need at least three things: an input 
representation that provides adequate context (e.g., if you want to 
decode a letter, the input should contain at least a few letters on 
either side of the target); a sufficiently complex network; and a large 
corpus of clean text with which to train the network (probably 
thousands of words, drawn from actual on-air content).

One classic method of training the network involves placing known-good 
signals at the input, then comparing the desired outputs to the actual 
outputs, and "back-propagating" the resulting error through the 
network--from outputs to hidden layers to inputs--so that the network's 
nodes gradually acquire the proper "weights." Once the network has been 
trained to the point that it perfectly copies clean CW, you can then 
present it with a noisy signal stream. A well-designed network would be 
able to correct dropped CW elements or even letters if its internal 
representation is highly evolved. The network will have learned 
language-specific rules, and you don't have to know how it works, 
anymore than you know how your own brain does it.

The actual implementation is left as an exercise for the reader. If you 
come up with an algorithm written in 'C', let me know and I'll try to 
port it to the K3's PIC.

Wayne
N6KR


---

http://www.elecraft.com

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Re: [Elecraft] HRD cw copy

2009-01-22 Thread Sverre Holm
It is interesting to see the responses to my statement on the difficulty 
of machines copying CW better than humans. Although this is a little 
off-topic here, I hope we can have a short discussion of it anyway.

First, the success of negative SNR communications methods such as 
Olivia,JT65, and PSK31, are evidence that a well-designed computer 
algorithm should perform better than a human. But it is on codes that 
have been designed for machine decoding.

Second, 'better' may mean many things: faster, many QSOs in parallel, or 
- what I imply - at lower SNR and under difficult conditions with fading 
and interference. There is no doubt that a computer has much more 
capacity for speed and parallel decoding than a human.

The steps that a good algorithm needs to do are something like this:
- real-time frequency analysis and filtering
- detect morse signal and lock on to a particular frequency
- adaptive estimation of datarate and adaptive matched filtering for 
optimal detection
- decoding of dashes/dots/spaces into letters
- decoding into words

The first steps are signal processing such as filtering, detection and 
adaptivity. See e.g. 
http://www.journal.au.edu/ijcim/jan99/ijcim_ar1.html for some ideas on 
the adaptive estimation. As a side remark, Coherent CW, was a way of 
avoiding the adaptation to variable rate and ease machine decoding, but 
it does not seem to be a success.

I believe that it takes an extraordinary algorithm to lock onto a very 
weak signal reliably, but even more so to do the last and maybe even the 
second last step, and that this is where the similarity with speech 
recognition is largest. As an example, say that my call is a weak 
DX-call and I'm sending CQ de LA3ZA LA3ZA LA3ZA. On the receiver end you 
hear DA---, LA3-T, L-3ZA due to fading and interference. This is where a 
good operator is able to use a priori information on the syntax of a 
callsign, similarities between morse codes for various letters, and the 
three partial calls to piece this together to LA3ZA.

I'm not saying this is not doable, only that it may take more than a 
month for a good programmer to do this, and maybe much more also.

-- 
Sverre
2008/2009: F/LA3ZA


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Re: [Elecraft] HRD cw copy

2009-01-22 Thread Dan Romanchik KB6NU
But copying CW isn't like trying to understand natural language.  If  
computers can now beat grandmasters at chess, computers should be able  
to copy any code that a good operator can decipher.  I don't even  
think we need more powerful computers; we just need better algorithms.

73!

Dan KB6NU
--
CW Geek and ARRL Volunteer Instructor
Read my ham radio blog at http://www.kb6nu.com
LET'S REALLY MAKE THE ARRL THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR HAM RADIO


On Jan 21, 2009, at 6:18 PM, Sverre Holm wrote:

> Simon (HB9DRV)  wrote:
>
>>> ...but the Morse code decoding needs some work.
>
>> I agree - I would love to have a month later this year to work on CW
>> decoding. I have no doubts that a computer can decode better than a  
>> human,
>> just needs someone (!) to write the decoder.
>
> Oh, ye of great faith!
>
> Just think of what a hard time computers have with tough processing  
> problems like recognition of natural language,
> i.e. freely spoken speech with a machine  that is not trained by  
> that particular speaker. How easy it is for a human, and
> how hard it is for a machine even after decades of work by lots of  
> people.
>
>
> Sverre
> LA3ZA
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Re: [Elecraft] HRD cw copy

2009-01-21 Thread Alan Bloom
On Wed, 2009-01-21 at 17:18, WILLIS COOKE wrote:
...
> And, I don't know any humans that can copy RTTY by ear,
>  or PSK-31 and the computer manages to do that.

Years ago I met a fellow visiting W1AW who could copy RTTY by ear.  He
couldn't keep up with tape-sent RTTY at 60 wpm but could copy somebody
hunt-and-pecking on a keyboard.  At that time I could identify by ear
"RYRYRYRY" and "QST DE W1AW" but not much more than that.

Al N1AL


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Re: [Elecraft] HRD cw copy

2009-01-21 Thread Ron D'Eau Claire
Cookie wrote:

And, I don't know any humans that can copy RTTY by ear, or PSK-31 and the
computer manages to do that.


---

Computers today can read perfect machine-sent Morse too, if the S/N ratio is
good. (Similarly, RTTY has always gone to pot when the signals aren't
stable, whether it's the old mechanical encoder/decoders or modern
computers.)

What humans can do that no machine has even approached yet is read human
generated Morse, yet humans can do it with ease given adequate experience,
just as humans can understand speech with adequate experience while
computers still flail and make absurd errors no matter how long they work at
it. 

Ron AC7AC 


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Re: [Elecraft] HRD cw copy

2009-01-21 Thread WILLIS COOKE
Programmers got to believe Sverre or nothing will get done.  And Simon is a 
programmer!  So, it it can be done, Simon will do it.  If it can't be done, he 
will come closer than the rest.  And, I don't know any humans that can copy 
RTTY by ear, or PSK-31 and the computer manages to do that.

Willis 'Cookie' Cooke 
K5EWJ


--- On Wed, 1/21/09, Sverre Holm  wrote:

> From: Sverre Holm 
> Subject: [Elecraft]  HRD cw copy
> To: elecraft@mailman.qth.net
> Date: Wednesday, January 21, 2009, 3:18 PM
> Simon (HB9DRV)  wrote:
> 
> >> ...but the Morse code decoding needs some work.
> 
> > I agree - I would love to have a month later this year
> to work on CW
> > decoding. I have no doubts that a computer can decode
> better than a human,
> > just needs someone (!) to write the decoder.
> 
> Oh, ye of great faith!
> 
> Just think of what a hard time computers have with tough
> processing problems like recognition of natural language,
> i.e. freely spoken speech with a machine  that is not
> trained by that particular speaker. How easy it is for a
> human, and
> how hard it is for a machine even after decades of work by
> lots of people.
> 
> 
> Sverre
> LA3ZA
> 
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Re: [Elecraft] HRD cw copy

2009-01-21 Thread Simon (HB9DRV)
- Original Message - 
From: "Mark, KJ7BS" 

> ...but the Morse code decoding needs some work.

I agree - I would love to have a month later this year to work on CW 
decoding. I have no doubts that a computer can decode better than a human, 
just needs someone (!) to write the decoder.

Simon Brown, HB9DRV
www.ham-radio-deluxe.com 

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Re: [Elecraft] HRD cw copy

2009-01-21 Thread KC9QQ



Great! What is the setup for "copy cw". I must be overlooking it

Don...


In HRD click the DM780 button.  After DM780 starts there will be a pull down
above the water fall display which has CW as one of the options.  Select the
CW option and then click on one of the signals in the waterfall display to
start receiving CW.

Fred, KC9QQ

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Re: [Elecraft] HRD cw copy

2009-01-21 Thread Fred Keller
Don,

Yes, I have used HRD to copy CW.  Of course it is like all CW copying
software: the quality of the copy is dependent on the noise level and
quality of the CW being sent.

Fred, KC9QQ

On Wed, Jan 21, 2009 at 11:05 AM, W2XB  wrote:

>
> Hello Group,
> Just setting up HRD. All is working fine. Can HRD copy "cw" ?
>
> Don...w2xb
> --
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Re: [Elecraft] HRD cw copy

2009-01-21 Thread Mark, KJ7BS
HRD does not decode Morse code.  However, its sister product DM780 (Digital 
Master 780) does decode Morse code.  HRD is bundled with DM780 so you get it 
with the download.

When you select the CW mode, the CW tones are decoded in the receive window.  
There are some controls at the top of the receive window to "help" DM780 better 
decode Morse code.

I've run a side by side test of DM780 and CWGet and I have to tell you, CWGet 
does a much better job of decoding Morse code.  I find DM780 best decodes 
machine generated code and forget about a straight key, but it does better with 
bug and keyer generated Morse code.  The closer you get to perfectly sent Morse 
code the better DM780 does in decoding it.  CWGet does a much better job 
decoding Morse code, even from a straight key and it has a better tuning 
indicator, too.

The software to properly decode CW cannot be trivial.  Don't get me wrong, I 
think HRD/DM780 is the best "one stop" solution for logging, rig control, 
digital work on the market today, and the price is right, FREE, but the Morse 
code decoding needs some work.

 Simon has a real love for amateur radio to put so much time into a great 
product.
--
Mark, KJ7BS
Glendale, AZ
Editor, The SKCC Centurion
Elecraft K2 S/N 0539
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SKCC # 2240 C56 T20
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AZ ScQRPions
COGRC Emergency Communications


 W2XB  wrote: 

=

Hello Group,
Just setting up HRD. All is working fine. Can HRD copy "cw" ?

Don...w2xb
-- 
View this message in context: 
http://n2.nabble.com/HRD-cw-copy-tp2192917p2192917.html
Sent from the Elecraft mailing list archive at Nabble.com.

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Re: [Elecraft] HRD cw copy

2009-01-21 Thread W2XB

Great! What is the setup for "copy cw". I must be overlooking it

Don...



R. Kevin Stover wrote:
> 
> Don,
> 
> HRD/DM780 can copy CW.
> 
> 
> W2XB wrote:
>> Hello Group,
>> Just setting up HRD. All is working fine. Can HRD copy "cw" ?
>>
>> Don...w2xb
>>   
> 
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> 

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Re: [Elecraft] HRD cw copy

2009-01-21 Thread Kevin
Don,

HRD/DM780 can copy CW.


W2XB wrote:
> Hello Group,
> Just setting up HRD. All is working fine. Can HRD copy "cw" ?
>
> Don...w2xb
>   

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