Re: Importing data from excel sheet
Hi, sam You can try to export table to file from Excel in CSV format. And then import data from this file to mysql. Something like this should help you: LOAD DATA INFILE 'yourtabledata.txt' INTO TABLE yourtable FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' ENCLOSED BY '' LINES TERMINATED BY '\r\n'; sam rumaizan wrote: I have created table in mysql with 12 fields Field1Field2 Field3 Field4 ……… Field12 I have an excel sheet with 12 columns and 150 rows. My question is how can I import all of the columns from the excel sheet to my table without losing any information. - Don't be flakey. Get Yahoo! Mail for Mobile and always stay connected to friends. -- Andrew Dashin -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: Importing data from MS Access
Its my understanding you need InnoDB table types, but I do not know of the single foreign key per table. I have a DB with multiple foreign keys per table and its seems to work fine. Bob -Original Message- From: Paun [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Tuesday, January 11, 2005 5:19 PM To: mysql@lists.mysql.com Subject: Importing data from MS Access I use MySQL-Front 2.5 (freeware) for importing data from MSAccess databaase in MySQL 4.1.7. Of course, there is no possibility to import foreign keys from MSAccess. Question: If I read properly documentation in MYSql is possible to use only one foreing key per table, and fields with foreign key must be on ordered on the same way in booth tables, and only in InnoDB type of tables. I have tables with many foreign key connectons (e.g. members / streets, members/occupations, members/state of membership) between tables, and it was easier way to keep data in database in proper order with less programing. Is that is not possible in MYSQL? Of course, I am very new in MYSQL. Thanks. -- No virus found in this outgoing message. Checked by AVG Anti-Virus. Version: 7.0.296 / Virus Database: 265.6.9 - Release Date: 1/6/2005 -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED] -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: Importing data from MS Access
Using a data modelling tool (like Dezign from Datanamic) or a scripting tool (like DbScripter), all you need do, I think, is load the Access database into the tool, configure the tool to create an export script for MySQL (say, using InnoDB to enable FKs), touch up as desired, and generate the script. PB Paun wrote: I use MySQL-Front 2.5 (freeware) for importing data from MSAccess databaase in MySQL 4.1.7. Of course, there is no possibility to import foreign keys from MSAccess. Question: If I read properly documentation in MYSql is possible to use only one foreing key per table, and fields with foreign key must be on ordered on the same way in booth tables, and only in InnoDB type of tables. I have tables with many foreign key connectons (e.g. members / streets, members/occupations, members/state of membership) between tables, and it was easier way to keep data in database in proper order with less programing. Is that is not possible in MYSQL? Of course, I am very new in MYSQL. Thanks. -- No virus found in this outgoing message. Checked by AVG Anti-Virus. Version: 7.0.296 / Virus Database: 265.6.9 - Release Date: 1/6/2005 -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: Importing data from MS Access
I found SQLyog Enterprise (www.webyog.com) to be the best when importing data from ODBC to MySQL. Karam --- Peter Brawley [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Using a data modelling tool (like Dezign from Datanamic) or a scripting tool (like DbScripter), all you need do, I think, is load the Access database into the tool, configure the tool to create an export script for MySQL (say, using InnoDB to enable FKs), touch up as desired, and generate the script. PB Paun wrote: I use MySQL-Front 2.5 (freeware) for importing data from MSAccess databaase in MySQL 4.1.7. Of course, there is no possibility to import foreign keys from MSAccess. Question: If I read properly documentation in MYSql is possible to use only one foreing key per table, and fields with foreign key must be on ordered on the same way in booth tables, and only in InnoDB type of tables. I have tables with many foreign key connectons (e.g. members / streets, members/occupations, members/state of membership) between tables, and it was easier way to keep data in database in proper order with less programing. Is that is not possible in MYSQL? Of course, I am very new in MYSQL. Thanks. -- No virus found in this outgoing message. Checked by AVG Anti-Virus. Version: 7.0.296 / Virus Database: 265.6.9 - Release Date: 1/6/2005 -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe: http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED] __ Do you Yahoo!? Meet the all-new My Yahoo! - Try it today! http://my.yahoo.com -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: importing data
Hi, An SQL-statement that is conceptually equal to the following caused some astonishment. UPDATE table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table2.ID=table2.ID_table1 SET table2.value=table2.value-IF(table1.condition=7,1,0), table1.condition=8 WHERE table1.ID=$id My problem is the IF condition, which alway evaluates to false no matter what conditions value was before the query. My explanation is, that MySQL first updates table1 and uses the changed values to update table2. In the meantime I solved it on application-level, but up to now I consindered a multi table update an atomic operation. Is this behavior correct? Greetings Kai -- This signature is left as an exercise for the reader. Unsatz des Jahres: $POLITIKER ruft $PARTEI zur Geschlossenheit. -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: importing data
I didn't, but I'll give it a shot and see what happens. Curtis Michael J. Pawlowsky wrote: Curtis Maurand wrote: If I create one of the databases and then put the files for that database from the old installation in place of the newly created ones, the database is recognized, but i get errors saying that the columns in the tables are not recognized. I'd really like to get this data back is there a way? Did you try simply repairing the table? http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/REPAIR_TABLE.html -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: importing data
OK, now I really feel stupid. It helps to change the ownership of the files to mysql:mysqlduh. Curtis Curtis Maurand wrote: I didn't, but I'll give it a shot and see what happens. Curtis Michael J. Pawlowsky wrote: Curtis Maurand wrote: If I create one of the databases and then put the files for that database from the old installation in place of the newly created ones, the database is recognized, but i get errors saying that the columns in the tables are not recognized. I'd really like to get this data back is there a way? Did you try simply repairing the table? http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/REPAIR_TABLE.html -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: importing data
One reason may be due to your ON condition. ON table2.ID=table2.ID_table1 You reference table 2 twice and I doubt that on the table2 table id equals id_table1 very often. Because table2 is LEFT JOINed to table1, you will only be able to update the rows that match your ON condition. Again, that would mean that you have nothing to update which would cause no changes to table2 so it would appear that the IF() is always false. You can LEFT JOIN only those records you want to change. That way you can avoid the IF() and not worry about updating any other records. I think it should look something like this: UPDATE table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table1.ID=table2.ID_table1 AND table1.condition=7 SET table2.value=table2.value-1, table1.condition=8 WHERE table1.ID=$id Shawn Green Database Administrator Unimin Corporation - Spruce Pine Kai Ruhnau [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote on 12/28/2004 04:22:34 AM: Hi, An SQL-statement that is conceptually equal to the following caused some astonishment. UPDATE table1 LEFT JOIN table2 ON table2.ID=table2.ID_table1 SET table2.value=table2.value-IF(table1.condition=7,1,0), table1.condition=8 WHERE table1.ID=$id My problem is the IF condition, which alway evaluates to false no matter what conditions value was before the query. My explanation is, that MySQL first updates table1 and uses the changed values to update table2. In the meantime I solved it on application-level, but up to now I consindered a multi table update an atomic operation. Is this behavior correct? Greetings Kai -- This signature is left as an exercise for the reader. Unsatz des Jahres: $POLITIKER ruft $PARTEI zur Geschlossenheit. -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: importing data
Curtis Maurand wrote: If I create one of the databases and then put the files for that database from the old installation in place of the newly created ones, the database is recognized, but i get errors saying that the columns in the tables are not recognized. I'd really like to get this data back is there a way? Did you try simply repairing the table? http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/REPAIR_TABLE.html -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: Importing data from a file
There's a tool called mysqlimport. I recommend using that. Or, if you have to extract data from a larger set, you could write a program. But, mysqlimport is the easiest way. If you're on a UNIX machine, run 'man mysqlimport' for more information. Good luck, Brian -Original Message- From: Manuel J. Contreras Maya [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Monday, October 25, 2004 10:00 AM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Importing data from a file Hello, I am new in mysql and I woul like to ask what is the best way to import data from a file. Cheers, Manuel -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe: http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED] -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: Importing data from a file
I managed to do it using mysql load data infile '/home/manuel/databases/import.txt' - into table countries - fields terminated by ';'; Query OK, 240 rows affected (0.01 sec) Records: 240 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 18 (I will check the warnings...) I guess my system do not have mysqlimport, [EMAIL PROTECTED] manuel]$ man mysqlimport No manual entry for mysqlimport Thanks a lot! Manuel Brian Abbott wrote: There's a tool called mysqlimport. I recommend using that. Or, if you have to extract data from a larger set, you could write a program. But, mysqlimport is the easiest way. If you're on a UNIX machine, run 'man mysqlimport' for more information. Good luck, Brian -Original Message- From: Manuel J. Contreras Maya [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Monday, October 25, 2004 10:00 AM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Importing data from a file Hello, I am new in mysql and I woul like to ask what is the best way to import data from a file. Cheers, Manuel -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: Importing data from a file
I've used the 'load data infile' command to import data from a file and it worked well for my purposes. See http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/LOAD_DATA.html for the full syntax. Rhino - Original Message - From: Manuel J. Contreras Maya [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Monday, October 25, 2004 1:59 PM Subject: Importing data from a file Hello, I am new in mysql and I woul like to ask what is the best way to import data from a file. Cheers, Manuel -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED] -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: importing data into mysql from oracle using a text file
In article [EMAIL PROTECTED], [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes: Thanks, it is working for the mentioned format. Is there any method for importing directly the spooled file from oracle without changing the file format into the required format like using tab and newline. I don't know Oracle, but maybe two named pipes might work: mkfifo pipe1 mkfifo pipe2 oracleexport pipe1 mysql db -e load data infile 'pipe2' sed -e whatever pipe1 pipe2 -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: importing data into mysql from oracle using a text file
Can you post one or 2 sample lines from alarm.txt ? Regards, Andrey P.S. (i am not on [EMAIL PROTECTED] so add me to the CC:) [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hi, I tried with the spool option to get the data from the tables in the oracle. For this go to pl/sql editor, go to file menu, select spool, asks for a file name give the file name you want, later type the select command from which you want the data. and select spool of option from the file menu. eg; select * from alarm; After spooling i got the file alarm.LST as the attached (it will be there in C:/orant/bin). Save that file as .txt file. Now go to mysql prompt as a root user. 1) choose any of the default database by using the command eg: use test 2) create the table alarm using the same columns, data types (here data types may differ) as in oracle eg; mysql CREATE TABLE ALARM ( -ARRIVED DATE NULL, -DETECTED DATE NULL, -NAME VARCHAR(20) NULL, -TYPE INTEGER(1) NULL, -ALARMLEVEL INTEGER(1) NULL, -VERIFIED INTEGER(1) NULL, -DISCLOSEDINTEGER(1) NULL, -CATEGORY_NUM INTEGER(1) NULL, -EVENTID INTEGER(5) NOT NULL, -REASON VARCHAR(60) NULL - ); 3) Use the LOAD DAT INFILE command for data to import from .txt file (copy the alarm.txt file into c:\mysql\data\test (if we use test database)) eg; mysql LOAD DATA INFILE 'alarm.txt' INTO TABLE alarm; Here the data is not inserting properly: Bcs 1) The data in the alarm.txt file should be like each colum data should be seperated by \t and each row should be separated by \n . and from spool the data is not coming in the desired format. I did not find any suitable command/option to get the spooling file with the desired delimiters. Colud any one suggest me here. 2) The date format is different in oracle and mysql. This also i took care externally. 3) Even i tried by formating the data in the required (see the attached alarm.txt for the format), getting the result as the following . Not inserting the data properly. mysql LOAD DATA INFILE 'alarm.txt' INTO TABLE alarm; Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec) Records: 1 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 1 mysql select * from alarm; ++++--++--+---+--+-+--- -+ | ARRIVED| DETECTED | NAME | TYPE | ALARMLEVEL | VERIFIED | DISCLOSED | CATEGORY_NUM | EVENTID | REASON | ++++--++--+---+--+-+--- -+ | 2004-09-27 | -00-00 | 2004-09-27 |0 | 0 |0 | 0 |0 | 0 | | ++++--++--+---+--+-+--- -+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql I tried with another command mysqlimport. but that command also seems to be work with the above format only. Please give me a solution for this. Is there any other way to do this from oracle. My aim is dumping the data from oracle to mysql. Thanks, Narasimha -Original Message- From: Praneesh Prakashan (WT01 - TELECOM SOLUTIONS) Sent: Tue 9/28/2004 9:48 AM To: Lakshmi NarasimhaRao (WT01 - TELECOM SOLUTIONS); Jathish Maruthoormana Jayanthan (WT01 - TELECOM SOLUTIONS) Cc: Deepak Nagarajan (WT01 - TELECOM SOLUTIONS) Subject: RE: Using XML with my Sql Hi Narasim, In the Pro* C files (dbids.pc, dbtutil.pc), synonyms are being used. regards, - Praneesh -Original Message- From: Lakshmi NarasimhaRao (WT01 - TELECOM SOLUTIONS) Sent: Monday, September 27, 2004 10:07 PM To: Jathish Maruthoormana Jayanthan (WT01 - TELECOM SOLUTIONS) Cc: Praneesh Prakashan (WT01 - TELECOM SOLUTIONS); Deepak Nagarajan (WT01 - TELECOM SOLUTIONS) Subject: RE: Using XML with my Sql Hi, As per our discussion, You can create an alias or synonym for a MyISAM table by defining a MERGE table that maps to that single table. Synonym is an alias for any table, view or other object in database. May i know where in the code they used synonyms?. Attached i sthe document for merging tables. Thanks, Narasimha -Original Message- From: Jathish Maruthoormana Jayanthan (WT01 - TELECOM SOLUTIONS) Sent: Fri 9/24/2004 7:44 PM To: Lakshmi NarasimhaRao (WT01 - TELECOM SOLUTIONS) Cc: Subject: FW: Using XML with my Sql XML Support for MySQL support -Original Message- From: Bishnu Prasad Panda (WT01 - TELECOM SOLUTIONS) Sent: Thursday, September 16, 2004 6:32 PM To: Deepak Nagarajan (WT01 - TELECOM SOLUTIONS); Jathish
RE: importing data into mysql from oracle using a text file
Title: Re: importing data into mysql from oracle using a text file The sample lines are like this in alarm.txt ARRIVED DETECTED NAME TYPE ALARMLEVEL V DISCLOSED CATEGORY_NUM EVENTID - - - -- - - - REASON 27-SEP-04 27-SEP-04 alaram 0 0 N 0 2 1 27-SEP-04 27-SEP-04 MiTel 0 0 N 0 2 2 The above lines i am not able to insert into mysql. After changing the format as below(as in the sample.txt)i am able to insert into mysql but not correclty. Couls you please help me in this. 2004-09-27\t2004-09-27\talaram\t0\t0\tN\t0\t2\t1\n thanks, narasimha Confidentiality Notice The information contained in this electronic message and any attachments to this message are intendedfor the exclusive use of the addressee(s) and may contain confidential or privileged information. Ifyou are not the intended recipient, please notify the sender at Wipro or [EMAIL PROTECTED] immediatelyand destroy all copies of this message and any attachments. ARRIVED DETECTED NAME TYPE ALARMLEVEL V DISCLOSED CATEGORY_NUM EVENTID - - - -- - - - REASON 27-SEP-04 27-SEP-04 alaram 0 0 N 02 1 27-SEP-04 27-SEP-04 MiTel0 0 N 02 2 2004-09-27 \t 2004-09-27 \t alaram \t 0 \t 0 \t N \t 0 \t 2 \t 1 \n-- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: importing data into mysql from oracle using a text file
Hi, I did imported your data im my server but I had to do some changes to sample.txt. I have replaced in a text editor tab\t with empty string. tab is a real tab while \t is just a text. Additional change was to replace \n (which is text but not newline with empty string). The I did the following (before that I have created the table) : mysql load data local infile /home/andrey/Desktop/sample2.txt into table ALARM FIELDS ESCAPED BY '\\'; Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.03 sec) Records: 1 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 1 mysql show warnings; +-+--++ | Level | Code | Message| +-+--++ | Warning | 1261 | Row 1 doesn't contain data for all columns | +-+--++ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql select * FROM ALARM; ++++--++--+---+--+-++ | ARRIVED| DETECTED | NAME | TYPE | ALARMLEVEL | VERIFIED | DISCLOSED | CATEGORY_NUM | EVENTID | REASON | ++++--++--+---+--+-++ | 2004-09-27 | 2004-09-27 | alaram |0 | 0 | NULL | 0 | 2 | 1 | NULL | ++++--++--+---+--+-++ 1 row in set (0.02 sec) You can see the warning since the number of fields was less the needed. Or maybe you wanted by having \n to express NULL? Last thing to do over sample.text is to mark all places where NULL should appear with \N . Hope this helps, Andrey [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Tha sample lines are like this in alarm.txt ARRIVED DETECTED NAME TYPE ALARMLEVEL V DISCLOSED CATEGORY_NUM EVENTID - - - -- - - - REASON 27-SEP-04 27-SEP-04 alaram 0 0 N 02 1 27-SEP-04 27-SEP-04 MiTel0 0 N 02 2 The above lines i am not able to insert into mysql. After changing the format as below(as in the sample.txt) i am able to insert into mysql but not correclty. Couls you please help me in this. 2004-09-27 \t 2004-09-27 \t alaram \t 0 \t 0 \t N \t 0 \t 2 \t 1 \n thanks, narasimha -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: importing data into mysql from oracle using a text file
Thanks, it is working for the mentioned format. Is there any method for importing directly the spooled file from oracle without changing the file format into the required format like using tab and newline. thanks, narasimha -Original Message- From: Andrey Hristov [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Thu 9/30/2004 2:01 AM To: Lakshmi NarasimhaRao (WT01 - TELECOM SOLUTIONS) Cc: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Re: importing data into mysql from oracle using a text file Hi, I did imported your data im my server but I had to do some changes to sample.txt. I have replaced in a text editor tab\t with empty string. tab is a real tab while \t is just a text. Additional change was to replace \n (which is text but not newline with empty string). The I did the following (before that I have created the table) : mysql load data local infile /home/andrey/Desktop/sample2.txt into table ALARM FIELDS ESCAPED BY '\\'; Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.03 sec) Records: 1 Deleted: 0 Skipped: 0 Warnings: 1 mysql show warnings; +-+--++ | Level | Code | Message| +-+--++ | Warning | 1261 | Row 1 doesn't contain data for all columns | +-+--++ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) mysql select * FROM ALARM; ++++--++--+---+--+-++ | ARRIVED| DETECTED | NAME | TYPE | ALARMLEVEL | VERIFIED | DISCLOSED | CATEGORY_NUM | EVENTID | REASON | ++++--++--+---+--+-++ | 2004-09-27 | 2004-09-27 | alaram |0 | 0 | NULL | 0 | 2 | 1 | NULL | ++++--++--+---+--+-++ 1 row in set (0.02 sec) You can see the warning since the number of fields was less the needed. Or maybe you wanted by having \n to express NULL? Last thing to do over sample.text is to mark all places where NULL should appear with \N . Hope this helps, Andrey [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Tha sample lines are like this in alarm.txt ARRIVED DETECTED NAME TYPE ALARMLEVEL V DISCLOSED CATEGORY_NUM EVENTID - - - -- - - - REASON 27-SEP-04 27-SEP-04 alaram 0 0 N 0 2 1 27-SEP-04 27-SEP-04 MiTel0 0 N 0 2 2 The above lines i am not able to insert into mysql. After changing the format as below(as in the sample.txt) i am able to insert into mysql but not correclty. Couls you please help me in this. 2004-09-27 \t 2004-09-27 \t alaram \t 0 \t 0 \t N \t 0 \t 2 \t 1 \n thanks, narasimha Confidentiality Notice The information contained in this electronic message and any attachments to this message are intended for the exclusive use of the addressee(s) and may contain confidential or privileged information. If you are not the intended recipient, please notify the sender at Wipro or [EMAIL PROTECTED] immediately and destroy all copies of this message and any attachments.
Re: Importing data, indexes, and analyzing tables.
After a day of looking, I answered my own questions, and I'll post those answers here in case anyone else was interested in the answer. First, LOAD DATA + ALTER TABLE ADD INDEX... seems to be slower than a mysqldump + ANALYZE TABLE. Of course, you don't always have a mysql dump file. After importing a mysql dump file, it's wise to analyze all tables imported. I found that SHOW INDEX FROM table; would show the cardinality (the number of unique values) of an index. The more unique the data being indexed, the faster the index is. Another way to put it, if you set up an equation like, (# of rows in table) divided by (cardinality of an index) you would want a number that is as close to 1 as possible (there will never be more unique values in a table than there are rows). The lower that ratio is (the closer to 1), the more efficient the index becomes. Here's an example of the cardinality after a dump but before an ANALYZE TABLE, and after an ANALYZE TABLE (these two indexes are on the same table) from our database; there are 502055 rows in this table. Index names have been changed to protect the innocent: Before the ANALYZE, index1 has a cardinality of 81214 index2 has a cardinality of 81214 After the ANALYZE index1 has a cardinality of 97192 index2 has a cardinality of 20248 If no analyze was done, and someone did an equi-join on the column indexed by index1 and a second join on the column indexed by index2, the optimizer would use some other criteria for selecting an index other than the cardinality (perhaps the data-type of the column, the alphabetical order of the column, etc - anyone know what that criteria would be?). After the analyze, you can see that the cardinality of index1 has gone up, while index2 has gone down. Index1 is now a far better choice for the optimizer to use (remember, MySQL can only use one index per table per query, so it has to pick the most efficient one), and should result in faster results. Hope that provides some insight for anyone interested. David. David Griffiths wrote: We have a somewhat large database, with a snapshot of the data that we import into the database. Normally, we create a database, create the tables, import the data with LOAD DATA, add the indexes, and then the foreign keys (we are using InnoDB, 4.0.18). We call this the load-data-method. Sometimes we dump the data with mysqldump, create a new database, and pipe the dump file into the new database. We call this the mysqldump-method. I was wondering about the time it takes to import either one. The mysqldump-method takes about 45 minutes. Tables, indexes and foreign keys are created. The load-data-method takes two to three hours. Using LOAD DATA is supposed to be the fastest way to get data into MySQL. We use the ALTER TABLE ADD INDEX (), ADD INDEX() ... method, which is supposed to be the fastest way to add indexes to a table. So I'm curious as to why it takes so much longer. I suspect that the mysqldump-method needs an ANALYZE TABLE ... (for each table in the database) at the end of it, to rebuild the statistics for the tables, and if that was done, then the load-data-method would be comparitively faster. Is this correct, or am I off-base with this? Are the statistics for the indexes in InnoDB correct or incorrect after a mysqldump file is imported into the db. This brings my next question - as I was looking around, trying to get some insight, I was reading the mysql documentation on SHOW INDEX FROM tablename, which is supposed to show key-distribution across a table (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/ANALYZE_TABLE.html). I've run it, and I'm a bit confused about inferring anything from the results of the SHOW INDEX... statement (http://dev.mysql.com/doc/mysql/en/SHOW_INDEX.html). The most interesting column in the result set seems to be the cardinality column, which stores the number of unique values in an index, but on large tables, it's tough to know if that's accurate if the index is not unique. Is there any way to read the results of a SHOW INDEX to be able to figure out if a table needs analyzing? MySQL (Paul DuBois) was written before ANALYZE TABLE was relevant for InnoDB, and High Performance MySQL (Jeremy Zawodny and Derek Balling) doesn't delve into the details about the circumstances where tables (and indexes) need to be re-analyzed. Thanks in advance for any replies. David. -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: importing data
This is just my experience. But if you are doing this sort of work, it may well pay to construct your own import program. There are many ways of doing this, like parsing an email message, or using a XML/SOAP server. This will probably pay on the long run, as you can introduce filters, data checks, security and pre-processing. Ben. Paul Kruger wrote: Hello.. Im a new sql user so if this is a common prob Please be kind Im trying to set up mysql 4.0.13 With a database that contains 60k records The client wants to import 6 records a week With near 4mill records in a database My problem is I dont want to give ssh access to The machine So iv tried phpmyadmin And access to import the data but it seems to get to 40k records And then fails or times out What methods do you all use to import super large amounts of data? Thanks in advance Paul --- Outgoing mail is certified Virus Free. Checked by AVG anti-virus system (http://www.grisoft.com). Version: 6.0.690 / Virus Database: 451 - Release Date: 5/22/2004 -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: Importing Data into MySQL
If I understand correctly, your text file does not have an ID for each row, but the table does have an ID column. Good. Your table should have the record ID column defined as AUTO_INCREMENT. Something like CREATE TABLE table_name ( ID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT, other column definitions... In that case, simply leave ID out of the columns you are importing to have mysql automatically fill in the ID with unique values. That's the point of AUTO_INCREMENT. The AUTO_INCREMENT column gets a unique number assigned by mysql if you leave it out or if you assign it the (non) value NULL. See Using AUTO_INCREMENT http://www.mysql.com/doc/en/example-AUTO_INCREMENT.html and CREATE TABLE Syntax, http://www.mysql.com/doc/en/CREATE_TABLE.html and mysqlimport, Importing Data from Text Files http://www.mysql.com/doc/en/mysqlimport.html in the manual for more. Michael Bob Cohen wrote: Sorry in advance for the dumb newbie question but . . . I'm using a content management system and want to avoid the hassle of entering data by hand when I've already got it in a delimited text file. I get the basic concept of using mysqlimport. However, the source file's data doesn't match the target file's structure. Of particular concern for me is that the target table has record id files the would need to be incremented. I get the task on the conceptual level. E.g., map the incoming columns with the appropriate fields in the target table and increment the record id number. I'm a web designer not a programmer. I'm not at all sure how to accomplish this task. Though I would like to learn. Any help would be appreciated. Thanks. Bob Cohen b.p.e.Creative http://www.bpecreative.com Design and production services for the web Put creative minds to work for you -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
RE: Importing data
[snip] How can i import table structure and data which is there in a text file to database say test_database using phpmyadmin. I m asking using phpMyadmin as i don have shell access and hence can't use mysql commands. [/snip] What format is the table structure in? As for the data it should be fairly straighht forward. Even as text it should be delimited (either by comma, tab, or other similar delimeter). Once the tables are created you can import in phpmyadmin by viewing the table properties page and clicking the 'Insert data from a textfile into table' link and following the directions. -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: Importing Data
* Trevor after a bit of help on how to import data from a pastel accounting database into mysql, i also need to remove some lines out of the pastel txt file before importing into mysql You are defining your new problem to be something to be sorted out before mysql is involved, in which case this list is the wrong forum. You would use a programming language or text stream editor tool, or maybe even a text editor, if the amount of data is small. Which of those you would choose depends on your OS and your previous knowledge. However, your problem can probably also be solved within mysql. eg 1 *PC\CC-ABS533 ,COMPUCON Abacus Celeron/Pentium PC ,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,, has to end up with this data *PC\CC-ABS533 ,COMPUCON Abacus Celeron/Pentium PC ,0 eg2 NCHW\IQISW050R ,iNEQ Wireless BB Rou. USB PrnServer ,218,217,0,0,239.8,238.7,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,, has to end up with this data NCHW\IQISW050R ,iNEQ Wireless BB Rou. USB PrnServer,218 Looks like you wish to drop many of the columns? You can do that after the import, using the ALTER TABLE statement, or you can avoid importing them in the first place, using a field list in the LOAD DATA statement. URL: http://www.mysql.com/doc/en/ALTER_TABLE.html URL: http://www.mysql.com/doc/en/LOAD_DATA.html in the same file it has line as follows, they have a common factor zz, these lines need to be deleted ZVPX\ARDX550 ,zz BenQ DX550 1200 Lum. XGA DLP AV-Box You can delete rows after the data is imported, using a DELETE statement. If the column was named ProdName and the table was named Products: DELETE FROM Products WHERE ProdName LIKE zz%; URL: http://www.mysql.com/doc/en/DELETE.html -- Roger -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: importing data
Hello Sir, thanks for the reply. i have one more doubt. i want to import 2 tables from one database to another database like the tables structure and as well as its records. have a nice day, Naren. --- Egor Egorov [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Rajendra Kumar [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: i know little bit about mysql. i use mysql to use the webportal system of phpnuke. can anyone help me to import data in mysql. for exams i have a file nuke.sql which contains like tables design and there records. how to call this file when i am having sql prompt. i use redhat linux for mysql. Execute from the shell: mysql -uuser_name -p database_name nuke.sql and enter the user password. -- For technical support contracts, goto https://order.mysql.com/?ref=ensita This email is sponsored by Ensita.net http://www.ensita.net/ __ ___ ___ __ / |/ /_ __/ __/ __ \/ /Egor Egorov / /|_/ / // /\ \/ /_/ / /__ [EMAIL PROTECTED] /_/ /_/\_, /___/\___\_\___/ MySQL AB / Ensita.net ___/ www.mysql.com -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe: http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED] Missed your favourite TV serial last night? Try the new, Yahoo! TV. visit http://in.tv.yahoo.com -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: importing data
Sorry hit the wrong reply button ;-) Hi Rajendra, In case you are new to mysql the easiest way would be to do it on the command line base : 1) shutdown the server 2) go to your data directory f.e /var/lib/mysql/dbname1 3) copy the table files to the folder of dbname2 f.e cp -r * ../dbname2 4) change the ownership of the copied tables in ../dbname2 to the Linux mysql account chown -r username tablename chgrp -r usergrp tablename 5) start your mysql server again Thats not the most professional way , put for beginners the easiest way to do it. Best regards Nils Valentin Tokyo/Japan 2003 5 30 11:24Rajendra Kumar : Hello Sir, thanks for the reply. i have one more doubt. i want to import 2 tables from one database to another database like the tables structure and as well as its records. have a nice day, Naren. --- Egor Egorov [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Rajendra Kumar [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: i know little bit about mysql. i use mysql to use the webportal system of phpnuke. can anyone help me to import data in mysql. for exams i have a file nuke.sql which contains like tables design and there records. how to call this file when i am having sql prompt. i use redhat linux for mysql. Execute from the shell: mysql -uuser_name -p database_name nuke.sql and enter the user password. -- For technical support contracts, goto https://order.mysql.com/?ref=ensita This email is sponsored by Ensita.net http://www.ensita.net/ __ ___ ___ __ / |/ /_ __/ __/ __ \/ /Egor Egorov / /|_/ / // /\ \/ /_/ / /__ [EMAIL PROTECTED] /_/ /_/\_, /___/\___\_\___/ MySQL AB / Ensita.net ___/ www.mysql.com -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe: http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED] Missed your favourite TV serial last night? Try the new, Yahoo! TV. visit http://in.tv.yahoo.com -- Valentin Nils Internet Technology E-Mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] URL: http://www.knowd.co.jp/staff/nils 182-0024 4-6-1 7F Phone: 0424-40-7912 Fax: 0424-40-7913 URL: http://www.knowd.co.jp -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: importing data
Rajendra Kumar [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: i know little bit about mysql. i use mysql to use the webportal system of phpnuke. can anyone help me to import data in mysql. for exams i have a file nuke.sql which contains like tables design and there records. how to call this file when i am having sql prompt. i use redhat linux for mysql. Execute from the shell: mysql -uuser_name -p database_name nuke.sql and enter the user password. -- For technical support contracts, goto https://order.mysql.com/?ref=ensita This email is sponsored by Ensita.net http://www.ensita.net/ __ ___ ___ __ / |/ /_ __/ __/ __ \/ /Egor Egorov / /|_/ / // /\ \/ /_/ / /__ [EMAIL PROTECTED] /_/ /_/\_, /___/\___\_\___/ MySQL AB / Ensita.net ___/ www.mysql.com -- MySQL General Mailing List For list archives: http://lists.mysql.com/mysql To unsubscribe:http://lists.mysql.com/[EMAIL PROTECTED]
Re: importing data from pervasvie to MySQL
Hi all, Hi, I have a database in Pervasive and I want to import it to MySQL. I tried to convert the Pervasive data to a text file and then import it into MySQL but it failed. Is there any tool to do this directly? Does MySQLCC provide any export option through which I can get the data from Pervasive? Try Perl. You can do everything You need. Best regards, Maciej Bobrowski - Before posting, please check: http://www.mysql.com/manual.php (the manual) http://lists.mysql.com/ (the list archive) To request this thread, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] To unsubscribe, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] Trouble unsubscribing? Try: http://lists.mysql.com/php/unsubscribe.php
Re: importing data
Dear Kevin, check the online manual (www.mysql.com/documentation) for mysqlimport and for load data infile. Regards, -- Stefan Hinz Geschäftsführer / CEO iConnect e-commerce solutions GmbH # www.js-webShop.com www.iConnect.de # Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin # Tel: +49-30-46307-382 Fax: +49-30-46307-388 - Original Message - From: Bing Du [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Tuesday, August 07, 2001 9:03 PM Subject: Re: importing data Please see section 6.17 of http://www.mysql.com/doc/index.html. Bing Bing Du [EMAIL PROTECTED], 979-845-9577 Texas AM University, CIS, Operating Systems, Unix Kevin Fonner [EMAIL PROTECTED] 08/07/01 10:08AM Is there an easy way or perhaps a utility to import a tab delimeted text file of data into a mysql table Thanks, -- Kevin Fonner - Before posting, please check: http://www.mysql.com/manual.php (the manual) http://lists.mysql.com/ (the list archive) To request this thread, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] To unsubscribe, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] Trouble unsubscribing? Try: http://lists.mysql.com/php/unsubscribe.php - Before posting, please check: http://www.mysql.com/manual.php (the manual) http://lists.mysql.com/ (the list archive) To request this thread, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] To unsubscribe, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] Trouble unsubscribing? Try: http://lists.mysql.com/php/unsubscribe.php - Before posting, please check: http://www.mysql.com/manual.php (the manual) http://lists.mysql.com/ (the list archive) To request this thread, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] To unsubscribe, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] Trouble unsubscribing? Try: http://lists.mysql.com/php/unsubscribe.php
RE: importing data
Look up IMPORT DATA INFILE in the manual / Carsten -- Carsten H. Pedersen keeper and maintainer of the bitbybit.dk MySQL FAQ http://www.bitbybit.dk/mysqlfaq -Original Message- From: Kevin Fonner [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]] Sent: Tuesday, August 07, 2001 5:09 PM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: importing data Is there an easy way or perhaps a utility to import a tab delimeted text file of data into a mysql table Thanks, -- Kevin Fonner - Before posting, please check: http://www.mysql.com/manual.php (the manual) http://lists.mysql.com/ (the list archive) To request this thread, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] To unsubscribe, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] Trouble unsubscribing? Try: http://lists.mysql.com/php/unsubscribe.php - Before posting, please check: http://www.mysql.com/manual.php (the manual) http://lists.mysql.com/ (the list archive) To request this thread, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] To unsubscribe, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] Trouble unsubscribing? Try: http://lists.mysql.com/php/unsubscribe.php
Re: importing data
http://www.mysql.com/doc/L/O/LOAD_DATA.html http://www.mysql.com/doc/m/y/mysqlimport.html http://www.mysql.com/doc/L/o/Loading_tables.html On Tue, 7 Aug 2001, Kevin Fonner wrote: Is there an easy way or perhaps a utility to import a tab delimeted text file of data into a mysql table Thanks, -- Kevin Fonner - Before posting, please check: http://www.mysql.com/manual.php (the manual) http://lists.mysql.com/ (the list archive) To request this thread, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] To unsubscribe, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] Trouble unsubscribing? Try: http://lists.mysql.com/php/unsubscribe.php - Before posting, please check: http://www.mysql.com/manual.php (the manual) http://lists.mysql.com/ (the list archive) To request this thread, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] To unsubscribe, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] Trouble unsubscribing? Try: http://lists.mysql.com/php/unsubscribe.php
Re: importing data
Please see section 6.17 of http://www.mysql.com/doc/index.html. Bing Bing Du [EMAIL PROTECTED], 979-845-9577 Texas AM University, CIS, Operating Systems, Unix Kevin Fonner [EMAIL PROTECTED] 08/07/01 10:08AM Is there an easy way or perhaps a utility to import a tab delimeted text file of data into a mysql table Thanks, -- Kevin Fonner - Before posting, please check: http://www.mysql.com/manual.php (the manual) http://lists.mysql.com/ (the list archive) To request this thread, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] To unsubscribe, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] Trouble unsubscribing? Try: http://lists.mysql.com/php/unsubscribe.php - Before posting, please check: http://www.mysql.com/manual.php (the manual) http://lists.mysql.com/ (the list archive) To request this thread, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] To unsubscribe, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] Trouble unsubscribing? Try: http://lists.mysql.com/php/unsubscribe.php
Re: importing data
Dear Kevin, Is there an easy way or perhaps a utility to import a tab delimeted text file of data into a mysql table Try PhpMyAdmin (www.phpmyadmin.com). Great browser based utility. You need to have PHP installed in order to use it. You may as well use the LOAD DATA INFILE command. Check http://www.mysql.com/doc/L/O/LOAD_DATA.html for details. Regards, -- Stefan Hinz Geschäftsführer / CEO iConnect e-commerce solutions GmbH # www.js-webShop.com www.iConnect.de # Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin # Tel: +49-30-46307-382 Fax: +49-30-46307-388 - Original Message - From: Kevin Fonner [EMAIL PROTECTED] To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Tuesday, August 07, 2001 5:08 PM Subject: importing data Is there an easy way or perhaps a utility to import a tab delimeted text file of data into a mysql table Thanks, -- Kevin Fonner - Before posting, please check: http://www.mysql.com/manual.php (the manual) http://lists.mysql.com/ (the list archive) To request this thread, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] To unsubscribe, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] Trouble unsubscribing? Try: http://lists.mysql.com/php/unsubscribe.php - Before posting, please check: http://www.mysql.com/manual.php (the manual) http://lists.mysql.com/ (the list archive) To request this thread, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] To unsubscribe, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] Trouble unsubscribing? Try: http://lists.mysql.com/php/unsubscribe.php
Re: importing data from FileMaker Pro to MySQL
Hi, I have to import Datas From FileMaker Pro to MySQL . Unfortunately, the FileMaker web site is speaking about plugins to export databases, but the access page gives error 500 (!). Plug-ins? You don't need any plug-ins to export data to MySQL. The only plug-in for Filemaker I've ever heard of concerning MySQL is one that allowed you to access MySQL data through Filemaker. Then, I try this mailling list, and there is my question : is there any defined tool to import datas into MySQL Databases, that may also read the FileMakerPro Format, or any standard CSV format ? MySQL will import data from CSV format quite happily, with no extras required. I thought about developping something myself, in Perl (quite easy to use ...), but there is also no Perl module avaliable for FileMaker ... I would be extremely surprised if there was! I think you're getting into extremely muddy waters here. What you're trying to do is very simple. Just open your Filemaker database, export the fields you want to a tab-seperated text file, transfer that file to your MySQL server (make sure you convert Mac line breaks to UNIX too) and import the file using the LOAD DATA statement in the MySQL command-line client. Regards, Basil Hussain ([EMAIL PROTECTED]) - Before posting, please check: http://www.mysql.com/manual.php (the manual) http://lists.mysql.com/ (the list archive) To request this thread, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] To unsubscribe, e-mail [EMAIL PROTECTED] Trouble unsubscribing? Try: http://lists.mysql.com/php/unsubscribe.php
Re: importing data from excel
On Thu, 4 Jan 2001, TEXLID_SUPPORT wrote:
Could anyone please let me know how I can transfer data from excel to
a mysql database? If it is possible. The data is stored in an excel
file on my PC. And I want to transfer the contents (about 500 records
with 20 fields) of this excel file to a mysql table on a remote linux
server.
Edd,
export from EXCEL to *.csv format. Then pipe it though the program below.
Depending on your data some additional quoting with sed might be needed.
Resulting TAB separated file is easily read with "load data infile". You
have to write the CREATE clause manually.
Thomas
/*
* csv - preprocess *.csv files
*
* AUTHOR: Thomas Spahni ([EMAIL PROTECTED])
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
* as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
* of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
*
*/
#include stdio.h
#include stdlib.h
/*
* Files in *.csv format can be a pain to process with sed when they
* contain '\n' ( newline or line-feed ) characters within quoted
* data fields.
*
* This filter will go through the file and determine if a newline is
* part of the data or indicates the end of a record. Any newline
* found as data is converted to '\r' or carriage-return and existing
* carriage-returns are deleted. At the same time this is a conversion
* from DOS to unix style.
*
* Functions performed:
* - field separating semicolons are replaced by tab
* - field delimiting semicolons are deleted
* - newlines within quoted data fields become '\r'
* - preexisting carriage returns are deleted
*
*/
int main (int argc, char *argv[])
{
int c;
/*
* quoted_data is a switch to indicate whether we are in a quoted
* data field or not. 0 = normal outside, 1 = within data field
*/
int quoted_data = 0;
/*
* hanging_quote is a switch to remember if we have already
* seen the first one of a pair of double quotes.
*/
int hanging_quote = 0;
while ((c = getchar()) != EOF) {
if ( c == '"' ) {
/*
* quoted_data status does not matter if it is a quote;
* this quote could be the beginning or the end of a
* data field or it is the beginning of a quote ""
*/
if ( hanging_quote ) {
/* this is definitely a complete quote now */
hanging_quote = 0;
putchar(c);
} else {
hanging_quote = 1; /* wait to see what follows */
}
} else {
/* not a quote character */
if ( quoted_data ) {
/* we are within a quoted data field */
if ( hanging_quote ) {
/* it's a single quote terminating quoted data */
quoted_data = 0;
hanging_quote = 0;
if ( c == ';' ) {
putchar('\t');
} else if ( c != '\r' ) {
putchar(c);
}
} else {
/* within quoted data, special rules apply */
if ( c == '\n' ) {
putchar('\r');
} else if ( c != '\r' ) {
putchar(c);
}
}
} else {
if ( hanging_quote ) {
/* it's a single quote starting quoted data */
quoted_data = 1;
hanging_quote = 0;
}
if ( c == ';' ) {
putchar('\t');
} else if ( c != '\r' ) {
putchar(c);
}
}
}
} /* wend */
fflush(stdout);
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}
-
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