Re: [RE-wrenches] Assembly Protects Conductors?

2014-08-23 Thread Mark Frye

Ray,

I can't follow you all the way down that path.

Is an insulated wire conductor permitted to be use at 100% of it's 
rating under continuous operation? No. The ampacity is reduced and the 
conductor must be up-sized. Hence, for a defined load (Isc * 1.25), 
under continious operation, the conductor must be upsized to match 
(defined load * 1.25). I don't see how this can be changed by simply 
changing the nature of the OCP. I think the point of this exception is 
to allow cost savings by allow assemblies and OCP devices with lower 
ratings. The exception does not apply to every element of the circuit 
(the conductors) but only to the 100% rated assemblies and OCP themselves.


What am I missing?

Thanks,

Mark

On 8/22/2014 6:14 PM, Ray Walters wrote:
Most combiner boxes, DC rated breakers, and DC rated fuses and fuse 
holders we use today, qualify as assemblies for the 100% exception 
(Outback, Midnite, etc.) so you only have to size the OCP by 125% 
of short circuit current rating for edge of cloud effects.
Since the conductor is sized based on the overcurrent protection, you 
do not need to size it to 156% of the short circuit current rating, if 
you take advantage of 100% duty rated breakers and combiners.  Also, 
recombiners are still basically combiner boxes, and so all the same 
rules apply.  The additional 125% is only for breakers that are rated 
at 80%  (most AC breakers for example) .
For DC, the only time you would size for the full 156% would be if you 
were using something like an old QOU breaker, and those aren't rated 
for high enough voltage for today's arrays anyway.   I'm not aware of 
any other readily available DC rated breaker that is NOT 100% duty 
rated.   Some RK5 fuse assemblies may also not be 100% rated. (Wrench 
Colleagues please correct me on this)
Basically unless you are using surplus equipment from the stone age, 
(no offense to my fellow stone age wrenches)  you only need to 
oversize the conductors by 125%.  By the time you apply all the other 
applicable deratings for conduit fill, terminals rated at 75 C, and 
direct sunlight on roofs (table 310.15B3c)  and consider voltage drop, 
you really don't need to keep oversizing.


R.Ray Walters
CTO, Solarray, Inc
Nabcep Certified PV Installer,
Licensed Master Electrician
Solar Design Engineer
303 505-8760

On 8/22/2014 2:34 PM, ma...@berkeleysolar.com wrote:

Folks,

In looking at a circuit breaker based re-combiner for the first time, 
I am

now pondering the meaning of the Exception below:

NEC 2014 690.8 (B) Conductor Ampacity. PV system currents shall be
considered to be continuous. Circuit conductors shall be
sized to carry not less than the larger of 690.8(B)(1) or (2).

(1) One hundred and twenty-five percent of the maximum
currents calculated in 690.8(A) before the application of
adjustment and correction factors.

Exception: Circuits containing an assembly, together with
its overcurrent device(s), that is listed for continuous operation
at 100 percent of its rating shall be permitted to be
used at 100 percent of its rating.

Just to be clear, it is only the assembly that can be used at 100 
percent
of its rating. (Isc*number of strings*1.25) The conductors in the 
circuit

still have to be sized for continuous operation (Isc*number of
strings*1.25*1.25).

I ask because a vendor with a 100% circuit breaker re-combiner states in
their cut sheet that use of the device allow
smaller home run cable sizes from the string combiner to the 
inverter. Is

anyone aware of a means by which this claim can be substantiated?

Thanks,

Mark Frye
Berkeley Solar Electric Systems


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Re: [RE-wrenches] Assembly Protects Conductors?

2014-08-23 Thread jay peltz
HI Mark,

Ive been having this discussion with some others.

690.9B  I think means that the 2nd 125% is for breaker derating. 

I have looked and can't find anywhere in the code about conductors being 
derated for continuous use.  Other deratings yes, temp, conduit etc etc.
But there are many others out there way way better on code than me, and so 
correct me please.

IMHO, I think this 2nd 25% has been misinterpreted to mean conductor instead of 
breaker derating.  

jay

peltz power



On Aug 23, 2014, at 8:41 AM, Mark Frye wrote:

 Ray,
 
 I can't follow you all the way down that path.
 
 Is an insulated wire conductor permitted to be use at 100% of it's rating 
 under continuous operation? No. The ampacity is reduced and the conductor 
 must be up-sized. Hence, for a defined load (Isc * 1.25), under continious 
 operation, the conductor must be upsized to match (defined load * 1.25). I 
 don't see how this can be changed by simply changing the nature of the OCP. I 
 think the point of this exception is to allow cost savings by allow 
 assemblies and OCP devices with lower ratings. The exception does not apply 
 to every element of the circuit (the conductors) but only to the 100% rated 
 assemblies and OCP themselves.
 
 What am I missing?
 
 Thanks,
 
 Mark
 
 On 8/22/2014 6:14 PM, Ray Walters wrote:
 Most combiner boxes, DC rated breakers, and DC rated fuses and fuse holders 
 we use today, qualify as assemblies for the 100% exception (Outback, 
 Midnite, etc.) so you only have to size the OCP by 125% of short circuit 
 current rating for edge of cloud effects.
 Since the conductor is sized based on the overcurrent protection, you do not 
 need to size it to 156% of the short circuit current rating, if you take 
 advantage of 100% duty rated breakers and combiners.  Also, recombiners are 
 still basically combiner boxes, and so all the same rules apply.  The 
 additional 125% is only for breakers that are rated at 80%  (most AC 
 breakers for example) .
 For DC, the only time you would size for the full 156% would be if you were 
 using something like an old QOU breaker, and those aren't rated for high 
 enough voltage for today's arrays anyway.   I'm not aware of any other 
 readily available DC rated breaker that is NOT 100% duty rated.   Some RK5 
 fuse assemblies may also not be 100% rated. (Wrench Colleagues please 
 correct me on this)
 Basically unless you are using surplus equipment from the stone age, (no 
 offense to my fellow stone age wrenches)  you only need to oversize the 
 conductors by 125%.  By the time you apply all the other applicable 
 deratings for conduit fill, terminals rated at 75 C, and direct sunlight on 
 roofs (table 310.15B3c)  and consider voltage drop, you really don't need to 
 keep oversizing.
 
 R.Ray Walters
 CTO, Solarray, Inc
 Nabcep Certified PV Installer,
 Licensed Master Electrician
 Solar Design Engineer
 303 505-8760
 
 On 8/22/2014 2:34 PM, ma...@berkeleysolar.com wrote:
 Folks,
 
 In looking at a circuit breaker based re-combiner for the first time, I am
 now pondering the meaning of the Exception below:
 
 NEC 2014 690.8 (B) Conductor Ampacity. PV system currents shall be
 considered to be continuous. Circuit conductors shall be
 sized to carry not less than the larger of 690.8(B)(1) or (2).
 
 (1) One hundred and twenty-five percent of the maximum
 currents calculated in 690.8(A) before the application of
 adjustment and correction factors.
 
 Exception: Circuits containing an assembly, together with
 its overcurrent device(s), that is listed for continuous operation
 at 100 percent of its rating shall be permitted to be
 used at 100 percent of its rating.
 
 Just to be clear, it is only the assembly that can be used at 100 percent
 of its rating. (Isc*number of strings*1.25) The conductors in the circuit
 still have to be sized for continuous operation (Isc*number of
 strings*1.25*1.25).
 
 I ask because a vendor with a 100% circuit breaker re-combiner states in
 their cut sheet that use of the device allow
 smaller home run cable sizes from the string combiner to the inverter. Is
 anyone aware of a means by which this claim can be substantiated?
 
 Thanks,
 
 Mark Frye
 Berkeley Solar Electric Systems
 
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Re: [RE-wrenches] Assembly Protects Conductors?

2014-08-23 Thread Ray Walters

The 100% exception is listed in 2 places:
690.8(B)(1) which sizes the conductor, and 690.9(B) which sizes the OCD.
Article 210 doesn't apply, as that is for branch circuits, not PV source 
circuits.
690.8 basically walks you through conductor sizing.  690.8(B) requires 2 
calculations one for B(1)  which is simply  Asc x 125% ( 690.8(A)(1)  
the edge of cloud effect), and is exempted from any additional derating 
if using the 100% rated assemblies.
690.9(B)(2) then  takes Asc x 125% as well, and then applies all the 
previously mentioned adjustments and correction factors.

Which ever is larger is what you are required to use.

The 100% exemption basically means that 690.9(B)(2) will prevail, and 
you may end up with a bit less than the additional 125% (or not)
Basically, the days of multiplying  by 156% are mostly over with today's 
combiner boxes.
However, properly applying all the corrections and deratings on a roof 
is a different story, that has been covered by others more informed than I.

Check SolarPro magazine, and 310.15.

Later we can get into the debate of when to apply table 310.15(B)(17) 
ampacity ratings in free air..
Does it apply to array conductors before they transition into conduit?  
Does it apply (as some manufacturers claim) inside of enclosures, or for 
conductors run through less than24 of raceway?
Stay tuned, I'm still trying to figure that one out.  Does someone else 
want to jump in here?


R.Ray Walters
CTO, Solarray, Inc
Nabcep Certified PV Installer,
Licensed Master Electrician
Solar Design Engineer
303 505-8760

On 8/23/2014 9:41 AM, Mark Frye wrote:

Ray,

I can't follow you all the way down that path.

Is an insulated wire conductor permitted to be use at 100% of it's 
rating under continuous operation? No. The ampacity is reduced and the 
conductor must be up-sized. Hence, for a defined load (Isc * 1.25), 
under continious operation, the conductor must be upsized to match 
(defined load * 1.25). I don't see how this can be changed by simply 
changing the nature of the OCP. I think the point of this exception is 
to allow cost savings by allow assemblies and OCP devices with lower 
ratings. The exception does not apply to every element of the circuit 
(the conductors) but only to the 100% rated assemblies and OCP 
themselves.


What am I missing?

Thanks,

Mark

On 8/22/2014 6:14 PM, Ray Walters wrote:
Most combiner boxes, DC rated breakers, and DC rated fuses and fuse 
holders we use today, qualify as assemblies for the 100% exception 
(Outback, Midnite, etc.) so you only have to size the OCP by 125% 
of short circuit current rating for edge of cloud effects.
Since the conductor is sized based on the overcurrent protection, you 
do not need to size it to 156% of the short circuit current rating, 
if you take advantage of 100% duty rated breakers and combiners.  
Also, recombiners are still basically combiner boxes, and so all the 
same rules apply.  The additional 125% is only for breakers that are 
rated at 80%  (most AC breakers for example) .
For DC, the only time you would size for the full 156% would be if 
you were using something like an old QOU breaker, and those aren't 
rated for high enough voltage for today's arrays anyway.   I'm not 
aware of any other readily available DC rated breaker that is NOT 
100% duty rated.   Some RK5 fuse assemblies may also not be 100% 
rated. (Wrench Colleagues please correct me on this)
Basically unless you are using surplus equipment from the stone age, 
(no offense to my fellow stone age wrenches)  you only need to 
oversize the conductors by 125%.  By the time you apply all the other 
applicable deratings for conduit fill, terminals rated at 75 C, and 
direct sunlight on roofs (table 310.15B3c)  and consider voltage 
drop, you really don't need to keep oversizing.


R.Ray Walters
CTO, Solarray, Inc
Nabcep Certified PV Installer,
Licensed Master Electrician
Solar Design Engineer
303 505-8760

On 8/22/2014 2:34 PM, ma...@berkeleysolar.com wrote:

Folks,

In looking at a circuit breaker based re-combiner for the first 
time, I am

now pondering the meaning of the Exception below:

NEC 2014 690.8 (B) Conductor Ampacity. PV system currents shall be
considered to be continuous. Circuit conductors shall be
sized to carry not less than the larger of 690.8(B)(1) or (2).

(1) One hundred and twenty-five percent of the maximum
currents calculated in 690.8(A) before the application of
adjustment and correction factors.

Exception: Circuits containing an assembly, together with
its overcurrent device(s), that is listed for continuous operation
at 100 percent of its rating shall be permitted to be
used at 100 percent of its rating.

Just to be clear, it is only the assembly that can be used at 100 
percent
of its rating. (Isc*number of strings*1.25) The conductors in the 
circuit

still have to be sized for continuous operation (Isc*number of
strings*1.25*1.25).

I ask because a vendor with a 100% circuit breaker re-combiner 

Re: [RE-wrenches] Assembly Protects Conductors?

2014-08-23 Thread Mark Frye

Wow. OK Ray.

This issue of 100% rated under continious use is interesting. Thanks for 
helping me get my head around it.


The exception in 210.19 is certainly explicit. Too bad, for this one 
man, the exception in 690.8 is less so.


Mark

On 8/23/2014 10:35 AM, Ray Walters wrote:

The 100% exception is listed in 2 places:
690.8(B)(1) which sizes the conductor, and 690.9(B) which sizes the OCD.
Article 210 doesn't apply, as that is for branch circuits, not PV 
source circuits.
690.8 basically walks you through conductor sizing.  690.8(B) requires 
2 calculations one for B(1)  which is simply  Asc x 125% ( 
690.8(A)(1)  the edge of cloud effect), and is exempted from any 
additional derating if using the 100% rated assemblies.
690.9(B)(2) then  takes Asc x 125% as well, and then applies all the 
previously mentioned adjustments and correction factors.

Which ever is larger is what you are required to use.

The 100% exemption basically means that 690.9(B)(2) will prevail, and 
you may end up with a bit less than the additional 125% (or not)
Basically, the days of multiplying  by 156% are mostly over with 
today's combiner boxes.
However, properly applying all the corrections and deratings on a roof 
is a different story, that has been covered by others more informed 
than I.

Check SolarPro magazine, and 310.15.

Later we can get into the debate of when to apply table 310.15(B)(17) 
ampacity ratings in free air..
Does it apply to array conductors before they transition into 
conduit?  Does it apply (as some manufacturers claim) inside of 
enclosures, or for conductors run through less than24 of raceway?
Stay tuned, I'm still trying to figure that one out.  Does someone 
else want to jump in here?


R.Ray Walters
CTO, Solarray, Inc
Nabcep Certified PV Installer,
Licensed Master Electrician
Solar Design Engineer
303 505-8760

On 8/23/2014 9:41 AM, Mark Frye wrote:

Ray,

I can't follow you all the way down that path.

Is an insulated wire conductor permitted to be use at 100% of it's 
rating under continuous operation? No. The ampacity is reduced and 
the conductor must be up-sized. Hence, for a defined load (Isc * 
1.25), under continious operation, the conductor must be upsized to 
match (defined load * 1.25). I don't see how this can be changed by 
simply changing the nature of the OCP. I think the point of this 
exception is to allow cost savings by allow assemblies and OCP 
devices with lower ratings. The exception does not apply to every 
element of the circuit (the conductors) but only to the 100% rated 
assemblies and OCP themselves.


What am I missing?

Thanks,

Mark

On 8/22/2014 6:14 PM, Ray Walters wrote:
Most combiner boxes, DC rated breakers, and DC rated fuses and fuse 
holders we use today, qualify as assemblies for the 100% exception 
(Outback, Midnite, etc.) so you only have to size the OCP by 
125% of short circuit current rating for edge of cloud effects.
Since the conductor is sized based on the overcurrent protection, 
you do not need to size it to 156% of the short circuit current 
rating, if you take advantage of 100% duty rated breakers and 
combiners.  Also, recombiners are still basically combiner boxes, 
and so all the same rules apply. The additional 125% is only for 
breakers that are rated at 80%  (most AC breakers for example) .
For DC, the only time you would size for the full 156% would be if 
you were using something like an old QOU breaker, and those aren't 
rated for high enough voltage for today's arrays anyway.   I'm not 
aware of any other readily available DC rated breaker that is NOT 
100% duty rated.   Some RK5 fuse assemblies may also not be 100% 
rated. (Wrench Colleagues please correct me on this)
Basically unless you are using surplus equipment from the stone age, 
(no offense to my fellow stone age wrenches)  you only need to 
oversize the conductors by 125%.  By the time you apply all the 
other applicable deratings for conduit fill, terminals rated at 75 
C, and direct sunlight on roofs (table 310.15B3c)  and consider 
voltage drop, you really don't need to keep oversizing.


R.Ray Walters
CTO, Solarray, Inc
Nabcep Certified PV Installer,
Licensed Master Electrician
Solar Design Engineer
303 505-8760

On 8/22/2014 2:34 PM, ma...@berkeleysolar.com wrote:

Folks,

In looking at a circuit breaker based re-combiner for the first 
time, I am

now pondering the meaning of the Exception below:

NEC 2014 690.8 (B) Conductor Ampacity. PV system currents shall be
considered to be continuous. Circuit conductors shall be
sized to carry not less than the larger of 690.8(B)(1) or (2).

(1) One hundred and twenty-five percent of the maximum
currents calculated in 690.8(A) before the application of
adjustment and correction factors.

Exception: Circuits containing an assembly, together with
its overcurrent device(s), that is listed for continuous operation
at 100 percent of its rating shall be permitted to be
used at 100 percent of its rating.

Just to be 

[RE-wrenches] Assembly Protects Conductors?

2014-08-22 Thread markf
Folks,

In looking at a circuit breaker based re-combiner for the first time, I am
now pondering the meaning of the Exception below:

NEC 2014 690.8 (B) Conductor Ampacity. PV system currents shall be
considered to be continuous. Circuit conductors shall be
sized to carry not less than the larger of 690.8(B)(1) or (2).

(1) One hundred and twenty-five percent of the maximum
currents calculated in 690.8(A) before the application of
adjustment and correction factors.

Exception: Circuits containing an assembly, together with
its overcurrent device(s), that is listed for continuous operation
at 100 percent of its rating shall be permitted to be
used at 100 percent of its rating.

Just to be clear, it is only the assembly that can be used at 100 percent
of its rating. (Isc*number of strings*1.25) The conductors in the circuit
still have to be sized for continuous operation (Isc*number of
strings*1.25*1.25).

I ask because a vendor with a 100% circuit breaker re-combiner states in
their cut sheet that use of the device allow
smaller home run cable sizes from the string combiner to the inverter. Is
anyone aware of a means by which this claim can be substantiated?

Thanks,

Mark Frye
Berkeley Solar Electric Systems


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Re: [RE-wrenches] Assembly Protects Conductors?

2014-08-22 Thread markf
Thanks Chris,

It's one of those great things about the solar industry that there is
always more stuff going on than one man can keep track of:

http://www.bentek.com/solar-products/recombiners/circuit-breaker/



 Mark,
 The term recombiner to me is an electrical panel used on the AC output
 of
 multiple inverters to combine their electrical outputs.
 That is different to a combiner which connects solar strings through
 fuses to a busbar for connection to the inverter using one conductor pair.

 In grid tied systems, you will probably not find breakers that can be used
 in combiners as the 600V or 1,000v max DC voltage is above what most
 breakers can operate at, hence the use of touch safe fuses.

 I don't think the NEC recognizes recombiners panels as existing at all.
 Standard rules require the breakers to be 125% rated as the output is
 continuous.

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Re: [RE-wrenches] Assembly Protects Conductors?

2014-08-22 Thread Ray Walters
Most combiner boxes, DC rated breakers, and DC rated fuses and fuse 
holders we use today, qualify as assemblies for the 100% exception 
(Outback, Midnite, etc.) so you only have to size the OCP by 125% of 
short circuit current rating for edge of cloud effects.
Since the conductor is sized based on the overcurrent protection, you do 
not need to size it to 156% of the short circuit current rating, if you 
take advantage of 100% duty rated breakers and combiners.  Also, 
recombiners are still basically combiner boxes, and so all the same 
rules apply.  The additional 125% is only for breakers that are rated at 
80%  (most AC breakers for example) .
For DC, the only time you would size for the full 156% would be if you 
were using something like an old QOU breaker, and those aren't rated for 
high enough voltage for today's arrays anyway.   I'm not aware of any 
other readily available DC rated breaker that is NOT 100% duty rated.   
Some RK5 fuse assemblies may also not be 100% rated. (Wrench Colleagues 
please correct me on this)
Basically unless you are using surplus equipment from the stone age, (no 
offense to my fellow stone age wrenches)  you only need to oversize the 
conductors by 125%.  By the time you apply all the other applicable 
deratings for conduit fill, terminals rated at 75 C, and direct sunlight 
on roofs (table 310.15B3c)  and consider voltage drop, you really don't 
need to keep oversizing.


R.Ray Walters
CTO, Solarray, Inc
Nabcep Certified PV Installer,
Licensed Master Electrician
Solar Design Engineer
303 505-8760

On 8/22/2014 2:34 PM, ma...@berkeleysolar.com wrote:

Folks,

In looking at a circuit breaker based re-combiner for the first time, I am
now pondering the meaning of the Exception below:

NEC 2014 690.8 (B) Conductor Ampacity. PV system currents shall be
considered to be continuous. Circuit conductors shall be
sized to carry not less than the larger of 690.8(B)(1) or (2).

(1) One hundred and twenty-five percent of the maximum
currents calculated in 690.8(A) before the application of
adjustment and correction factors.

Exception: Circuits containing an assembly, together with
its overcurrent device(s), that is listed for continuous operation
at 100 percent of its rating shall be permitted to be
used at 100 percent of its rating.

Just to be clear, it is only the assembly that can be used at 100 percent
of its rating. (Isc*number of strings*1.25) The conductors in the circuit
still have to be sized for continuous operation (Isc*number of
strings*1.25*1.25).

I ask because a vendor with a 100% circuit breaker re-combiner states in
their cut sheet that use of the device allow
smaller home run cable sizes from the string combiner to the inverter. Is
anyone aware of a means by which this claim can be substantiated?

Thanks,

Mark Frye
Berkeley Solar Electric Systems


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Re: [RE-wrenches] Assembly Protects Conductors?

2014-08-22 Thread Brian Teitelbaum
To at least partially answer Ray's question about Class-R fuses: Square-D
Heavy Duty fused disconnects, commonly used as DC discos for PV arrays and
which use Class-R fuses, are only rated for 80% duty. The non-fused HD
discos are 100% rated in PV systems. I'm not sure if that is because of
the fuse rating or the fuse holder rating though.

Brian Teitelbaum
AEE Solar



-Original Message-
From: RE-wrenches [mailto:re-wrenches-boun...@lists.re-wrenches.org] On
Behalf Of Ray Walters
Sent: Friday, August 22, 2014 6:14 PM
To: RE-wrenches
Subject: Re: [RE-wrenches] Assembly Protects Conductors?

Most combiner boxes, DC rated breakers, and DC rated fuses and fuse
holders we use today, qualify as assemblies for the 100% exception
(Outback, Midnite, etc.) so you only have to size the OCP by 125% of
short circuit current rating for edge of cloud effects.
Since the conductor is sized based on the overcurrent protection, you do
not need to size it to 156% of the short circuit current rating, if you
take advantage of 100% duty rated breakers and combiners.  Also,
recombiners are still basically combiner boxes, and so all the same rules
apply.  The additional 125% is only for breakers that are rated at 80%
(most AC breakers for example) .
For DC, the only time you would size for the full 156% would be if you
were using something like an old QOU breaker, and those aren't rated for
high enough voltage for today's arrays anyway.   I'm not aware of any
other readily available DC rated breaker that is NOT 100% duty rated.
Some RK5 fuse assemblies may also not be 100% rated. (Wrench Colleagues
please correct me on this) Basically unless you are using surplus
equipment from the stone age, (no offense to my fellow stone age wrenches)
you only need to oversize the conductors by 125%.  By the time you apply
all the other applicable deratings for conduit fill, terminals rated at 75
C, and direct sunlight on roofs (table 310.15B3c)  and consider voltage
drop, you really don't need to keep oversizing.

R.Ray Walters
CTO, Solarray, Inc
Nabcep Certified PV Installer,
Licensed Master Electrician
Solar Design Engineer
303 505-8760

On 8/22/2014 2:34 PM, ma...@berkeleysolar.com wrote:
 Folks,

 In looking at a circuit breaker based re-combiner for the first time,
 I am now pondering the meaning of the Exception below:

 NEC 2014 690.8 (B) Conductor Ampacity. PV system currents shall be
 considered to be continuous. Circuit conductors shall be sized to
 carry not less than the larger of 690.8(B)(1) or (2).

 (1) One hundred and twenty-five percent of the maximum currents
 calculated in 690.8(A) before the application of adjustment and
 correction factors.

 Exception: Circuits containing an assembly, together with its
 overcurrent device(s), that is listed for continuous operation at 100
 percent of its rating shall be permitted to be used at 100 percent of
 its rating.

 Just to be clear, it is only the assembly that can be used at 100
 percent of its rating. (Isc*number of strings*1.25) The conductors in
 the circuit still have to be sized for continuous operation
 (Isc*number of strings*1.25*1.25).

 I ask because a vendor with a 100% circuit breaker re-combiner states
 in their cut sheet that use of the device allow smaller home run
 cable sizes from the string combiner to the inverter. Is anyone aware
 of a means by which this claim can be substantiated?

 Thanks,

 Mark Frye
 Berkeley Solar Electric Systems


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