[biofuel] asking
i'm want to know more about biofuels production by enzyme for example rhyzopus arrhizus lipase Yahoo! Groups Sponsor -~--> Buy Stock for $4 and no minimums. FREE Money 2002. http://us.click.yahoo.com/orkH0C/n97DAA/ySSFAA/FGYolB/TM -~-> Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Please do NOT send "unsubscribe" messages to the list address. To unsubscribe, send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
[biofuel] Filter cones
Had a new record on SVO conversion at last weekendÕs workshop Ð under six hours, 85 Golf. Would have been finihed in about 5 , but for the need to troubleshoot a power supply problem (insufficient current to the fuel valve on the first connection point used). A great time in GibsonÕs, on the beautiful Sunshine Coast of BC. What a setting for a workshop! Finished up and made a run for the ferry back to Vancouver and then a fast trip back home through the mountains. We tried the new filter cones, and they worked great. Filtering down to 0.5 microns, also some neutralization of the oil. We got 100 litres through one cone, at about 40 C. Also used a new pump, and torture tested the ÒwaterÓ spec. impeller and seals they usually are sold with...nope! A few days later back home, the impeller let go. This was after a few hundred litres. So, this is why we ship them with the Viton! Also posted some pics of our SVO kit on my Merc. Later! Regards Edward Beggs www.biofuels.ca [Non-text portions of this message have been removed] Yahoo! Groups Sponsor -~--> Buy Stock for $4 and no minimums. FREE Money 2002. http://us.click.yahoo.com/k6cvND/n97DAA/ySSFAA/FGYolB/TM -~-> Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Please do NOT send "unsubscribe" messages to the list address. To unsubscribe, send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
Re: [biofuel] murky
Christian, If it's been three days, I would do two things. One would be to heat a liter to ~120*F and see if any water drops and the fuel clears. Should be no need to heat any higher. The second would be to take the fuel you've heated, let it cool, then subject it to a new single stage base reaction all over again to see if any more glycerin drops out. You could do that with a quarter or half liter, instead of a full liter. Even if you can get the fuel to clear with heat, it doesn't necessarily mean that the haze wasn't contributed to by a small percent of unreacted glycerides. If glycerin does drop, the cloudiness is largely due to an incomplete reaction. If nothing drops, then simply heating the fuel should make it sufficient to put in your tank. The trick is to determine if it's only a water haze in your fuel or if it's a feint emulsion problem as a result of unreacted glycerides. You might think back on your wash stages and ask yourself if you had any noticeable emulsion problems. Also, if you pull your fuel from the top after each wash stage and leave the interface layer where fuel and water meet, it makes each successive wash stage much cleaner. This means leaving a little fuel behind with the interface layer. But you can always accumulate these interface layers in a drum or 5 gallon jug somewhere. After doing this enough times, you will have a buildup of fuel as well, which can be syphoned off and thrown in with the first wash step of a future batch. Holler back if you find out anything. Todd Swearingen - Original Message - From: Christian To: biofuel@yahoogroups.com Sent: Thursday, April 25, 2002 11:28 PM Subject: [biofuel] murky Hi everyone. After my third wash, my 4 lt of BD are still not translucent (after three days of settling). Will continue to let it settle for a week more. ÀShould this work? ÀOr is my batch "ruined"?. Does filtering remove the cloudiness? ÀDoes heating to over 100¼C to remove water oxidize (spoil) the ester? Tanks (Keith, Paul, whoever) Christian Lenoir @ [EMAIL PROTECTED] *Juncal 189, Martnez (1640) Buenos Aires, Argentina ( +54 (11) 4792-1094 Fax: +54 (11) 4798-8377 [Non-text portions of this message have been removed] Yahoo! Groups Sponsor ADVERTISEMENT Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Please do NOT send "unsubscribe" messages to the list address. To unsubscribe, send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to the Yahoo! Terms of Service. [Non-text portions of this message have been removed] Yahoo! Groups Sponsor -~--> Buy Stock for $4 and no minimums. FREE Money 2002. http://us.click.yahoo.com/orkH0C/n97DAA/ySSFAA/FGYolB/TM -~-> Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Please do NOT send "unsubscribe" messages to the list address. To unsubscribe, send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
[biofuel] Results on Revised 2 Stage Acid/Base Method
We've been doing some testing on acid/base reactions lately, trying to reduce process stream "problems" when we gear up for larger volumes. The following is the outcome of some of the testing, based primarily on Aleks Kac's revised method. Rumor has it that many people seem to have problems with the process. So I thought that posting some information may be of benefit. If anyone were to ask me, I'd say Aleks has provided a valuable service in making esterification knowledge more broadly known to the general public...deserving at minimum some healthy recognition in the Biodiesel Hall of Fame. Todd ... 4/25/2002 The following is a derivation of Alex Kac's revised 2 stage, acid/base catalysis of waste vegetable oil into methyl esters, presently posted at http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_aleksnew.html There are a few alterations of method, which include; 1) The use of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as the base, rather than NaOH, as the final intent is base recovery in the form of potassium phosphate salts. 2) An elevated processing temperature of 135*F, as this was the most easily maintained temp using lowest possible heat settings on a gas range, with a half-filled 5 gallon water bath. (This is not a brilliant maneuver and we can accept no responsibility for anyone who would be equally as "stupid" as to use an open flame heat source in the presence of alcohol or similar combustibles.) 3) A twelve hour acid stage reaction/settling period at an elevated temperature of 135* F. 4) Separation of the base stage into three distinct steps. Equipment on hand was; One generic candy thermometer, 80*F - 400*F range. One 2 liter PET soda bottle as a reaction vessel. One "pop-up" cap, easily found on sports drink and 1 liter bottled water at the grocery One 1ml pipette One 50ml beaker One 1,000ml beaker One 5 gallon stew pot as a water bath, including the following; Six quart mason jars One large dinner plate One small dinner plate Water bath preparation: Place the large dinner plate right side up in the bottom of the pot. Place the small dinner plate upside down on top of it. Fill the pot 1/3 full, removing air from beneath the inverted small plate. Place the 6 water filled mason jars (no lids) in a circle around the inside perimeter of the pot. The mason jars serve the purpose of keeping the reaction vessel upright and generally immobile in the bath. The "pop-up" cap has the unique ability of turning the 2 liter reaction vessel into a separatory funnel when inverted. Great caution and pains must be taken to not open this crude device more than a miniscule trickle. Practice should first be conducted using only water until a technique can be "perfected." Also, light but continual force must be exerted on the reaction vessel (a gentle squeeze) to prevent the uptake of air into the "separatory device," as this will re-agitate the contents and force an immediate settling period before continuation. The process: 1) Waste vegetable oil from a franchise burger joint was settled at 140*F and filtered. 2) Exactly one liter of oil was measured at 135*F and transferred to the reaction vessel. 3) 80 mililiters of MeOH was added to the oil, cap replaced, and 100 units of vertical agitation were inflicted upon the contents. 4) 1 mililiter of 98% sulfuric acid was added using the 1ml pipette, cap replaced and 100 units of vertical agitation were again inflicted upon the contents. 5) This agitation cycle was repeated every 10 minutes for one hour, while maintaining a constant temperature of 135*F. Note: A coalescence of ~1ml of dark fluid appears at the surface layer between each agitation cycle. This is almost entirely MeOH, darkened by a small bit of glycerin that is cracked by the acid. 6) The same agitation cycle was repeated every 10 minutes for a second hour, with the reaction vessel removed from the water bath for the duration. 7) The reaction vessel was inverted and placed into the 130*F water bath for a 12 hour settling period and observation. 8) The separatory feature was used to isolate the 40ml of darkened methanol that coalesced at the top of the reaction vessel. The bottom liter of oil was passed through a coffee filter during the separation to remove any particulates that may have coagulated during the acid stage. (Almost none were noted, in comparison to other acid/base sample batches where 2ml of sulfuric had been used. This filtration was done as particulates can bind up catalyst during a base reaction.) 9) Oil is returned to the reaction vessel. Note: At this point 40 of the 80ml of alcohol have been removed. 9) 5.61 grams of KOH were dissolved into 200ml MeOH. This is equivalent to 4.0 grams of NaOH. (The KOH assays out at 91%, which means that 5.61 grams is actually only equivalent to ~3.64 grams of pure NaOH.) 10) 100ml of methoxide (1.82 grams NaOH equivalent) were added to the reaction vessel's contents. 100 units of vertical agitation were inflicted upon the ve
[biofuel] murky
Hi everyone. After my third wash, my 4 lt of BD are still not translucent (after three days of settling). Will continue to let it settle for a week more. ÀShould this work? ÀOr is my batch "ruined"?. Does filtering remove the cloudiness? ÀDoes heating to over 100¼C to remove water oxidize (spoil) the ester? Tanks (Keith, Paul, whoever) Christian Lenoir @ [EMAIL PROTECTED] *Juncal 189, Martnez (1640) Buenos Aires, Argentina ( +54 (11) 4792-1094 Fax: +54 (11) 4798-8377 [Non-text portions of this message have been removed] Yahoo! Groups Sponsor -~--> Buy Stock for $4 and no minimums. FREE Money 2002. http://us.click.yahoo.com/orkH0C/n97DAA/ySSFAA/FGYolB/TM -~-> Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Please do NOT send "unsubscribe" messages to the list address. To unsubscribe, send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
[biofuel] CarTalk Biodiesel
If anyone was wondering if this weekly US public radio program has "Ever heard of biodiesel? Neither had we," http://cartalk.cars.com/About/Eco/fringe-old.html#biodiesel Take a listen to this! With Links. Wish I could find the one when a gal called in and the tappet brothers decided the rubber hose fuel system was the problem not BD. Yahoo! Groups Sponsor -~--> Buy Stock for $4 and no minimums. FREE Money 2002. http://us.click.yahoo.com/orkH0C/n97DAA/ySSFAA/FGYolB/TM -~-> Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Please do NOT send "unsubscribe" messages to the list address. To unsubscribe, send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
[biofuel] Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Here's a little something about present and future USA HEV offerings at a US Public Radio program - www.CarTalk.com "Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Hybrids" http://cartalk.cars.com/info/hybrid/ > What's Available? > Ford Escape 4 cylinder engine intended for their SUV Escape. "Ford says the Atkinson cycle engine, also known as the five-stroke cycle engine, is more efficient than the traditional four-stroke cycle engine." "40 mpg city / 29 mpg highway" 2x4, four-cylinder, HEV "19 mpg city / 24 mpg highway" 2x4, six-cylinder, gasoline only, auto-4 "23 mpg city / 27 mpg highway" 2x4, four-cylinder, gasoline only, manual-5 They also list future USA light trucks and Japanese HEVs but not the Honda Civic HEV. Yahoo! Groups Sponsor -~--> Buy Stock for $4 and no minimums. FREE Money 2002. http://us.click.yahoo.com/k6cvND/n97DAA/ySSFAA/FGYolB/TM -~-> Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Please do NOT send "unsubscribe" messages to the list address. To unsubscribe, send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
[biofuel] Singapore may tighten auto emissions standards
http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/15603/story.htm Planet Ark : Singapore may tighten auto emissions standards SINGAPORE: April 23, 2002 SINGAPORE - Singapore may tighten its automobile emissions standards to the Euro III level to promote health and cleaner energy sources, Lim Swee Say, Minister for the Environment said yesterday. Singapore implemented Euro II emissions standards in January, 2001. The standards are based on the regulations for new heavy-duty diesel engines and were first introduced in 1992 by the European Parliament and Council of Environment Ministers. "We are also looking at the introduction of Euro III standards at an appropriate time," said Lim at the launch of the country's first compressed natural gas-powered bus, one that meets the Euro II standard. Tougher standards help limit fine particulate levels, which are hazardous to health. "Fine particulate matter is insidious. These fine particles are able to penetrate deeply into our lungs because of their small size," Lim said. European nations implemented Euro III standards in October 2000 and expect to rise to Euro IV in 2005 and Euro V in 2008. Though a steep registration fee helped to limit the number of automobiles and motorbikes in Singapore to 708,370 last year, Land Transportation Authority data showed, the lungs of Singapore's 4.3 million inhabitants have begun to feel the traffic's effects. Particularly prominent is the exhaust from diesel cargo trucks moving in and out of one of the world's busiest container ports. Half of Singapore's pollution comes from motor vehicle exhaust, and though diesel trucks comprise only 18 percent of all Singapore's vehicles, their emissions account for almost all of the fine particles in the air coming from vehicles, Lim said. REUTERS NEWS SERVICE http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/15605/story.htm Planet Ark : Singapore's first gas-powered bus hits the road SINGAPORE: April 23, 2002 SINGAPORE - Singapore launched its programme to promote natural gas vehicles yesterday as the city-state's first gas-powered bus rolled on to the road, with 11 more planned before the end of the year. The pilot project is run by SembCorp Gas, a unit of SembCorp Industries Ltd, and the Ministry of the Environment. It includes a compressed natural gas (CNG) filling station on Jurong Island, Singapore's petrochemical hub. The pilot buses will be operated by SBS Transit Ltd. Local taxi firms CityCab Pte Ltd and Comfort Transportation Pte Ltd also received 50 licenses each to operate CNG taxis, but have yet to put more environmentally friendly vehicles into service. "The commitment is there, but they are having trouble getting the physical delivery of the taxis," said Francis Gomez, senior vice president of SembCorp Gas and SembCorp Power. Comfort has one CNG taxi, but it has yet to be tested for use, a spokeswoman said. She said the company hoped to get five units on the road in one to two months. CityCab has no CNG taxis, and a spokeswoman said there was no target date for the first one on the road. SembCorp hopes the fledgling programme will expand to about 2,000 vehicles in the next three years and has plans for up to three more filling stations across Singapore. Gomez said the potential for expansion was big, 18,000 taxis and 3,500 buses operate on Singapore's streets. Private CNG vehicles are expected to hit the roads by 2004. He said SembCorp planned to have an island-wide network of CNG stations, either operating independently or as an addition to existing petroleum stations. The pilot programme cost S$2.6 million (US$1.4 million), with government grants covering half the cost, and Gomez said he hopes the government will continue to share the cost of CNG development. "Without government incentives, it is very difficult for the private sector to promote cleaner fuels," he said. SembCorp is also looking at ways of getting involved in CNG markets outside of Singapore, he said. Malaysia and Thailand are both pursuing CNG vehicle programmes. REUTERS NEWS SERVICE Yahoo! Groups Sponsor -~--> Buy Stock for $4 and no minimums. FREE Money 2002. http://us.click.yahoo.com/k6cvND/n97DAA/ySSFAA/FGYolB/TM -~-> Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Please do NOT send "unsubscribe" messages to the list address. To unsubscribe, send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
[biofuels-biz] Singapore may tighten auto emissions standards
http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/15603/story.htm Planet Ark : Singapore may tighten auto emissions standards SINGAPORE: April 23, 2002 SINGAPORE - Singapore may tighten its automobile emissions standards to the Euro III level to promote health and cleaner energy sources, Lim Swee Say, Minister for the Environment said yesterday. Singapore implemented Euro II emissions standards in January, 2001. The standards are based on the regulations for new heavy-duty diesel engines and were first introduced in 1992 by the European Parliament and Council of Environment Ministers. "We are also looking at the introduction of Euro III standards at an appropriate time," said Lim at the launch of the country's first compressed natural gas-powered bus, one that meets the Euro II standard. Tougher standards help limit fine particulate levels, which are hazardous to health. "Fine particulate matter is insidious. These fine particles are able to penetrate deeply into our lungs because of their small size," Lim said. European nations implemented Euro III standards in October 2000 and expect to rise to Euro IV in 2005 and Euro V in 2008. Though a steep registration fee helped to limit the number of automobiles and motorbikes in Singapore to 708,370 last year, Land Transportation Authority data showed, the lungs of Singapore's 4.3 million inhabitants have begun to feel the traffic's effects. Particularly prominent is the exhaust from diesel cargo trucks moving in and out of one of the world's busiest container ports. Half of Singapore's pollution comes from motor vehicle exhaust, and though diesel trucks comprise only 18 percent of all Singapore's vehicles, their emissions account for almost all of the fine particles in the air coming from vehicles, Lim said. REUTERS NEWS SERVICE http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/15605/story.htm Planet Ark : Singapore's first gas-powered bus hits the road SINGAPORE: April 23, 2002 SINGAPORE - Singapore launched its programme to promote natural gas vehicles yesterday as the city-state's first gas-powered bus rolled on to the road, with 11 more planned before the end of the year. The pilot project is run by SembCorp Gas, a unit of SembCorp Industries Ltd, and the Ministry of the Environment. It includes a compressed natural gas (CNG) filling station on Jurong Island, Singapore's petrochemical hub. The pilot buses will be operated by SBS Transit Ltd. Local taxi firms CityCab Pte Ltd and Comfort Transportation Pte Ltd also received 50 licenses each to operate CNG taxis, but have yet to put more environmentally friendly vehicles into service. "The commitment is there, but they are having trouble getting the physical delivery of the taxis," said Francis Gomez, senior vice president of SembCorp Gas and SembCorp Power. Comfort has one CNG taxi, but it has yet to be tested for use, a spokeswoman said. She said the company hoped to get five units on the road in one to two months. CityCab has no CNG taxis, and a spokeswoman said there was no target date for the first one on the road. SembCorp hopes the fledgling programme will expand to about 2,000 vehicles in the next three years and has plans for up to three more filling stations across Singapore. Gomez said the potential for expansion was big, 18,000 taxis and 3,500 buses operate on Singapore's streets. Private CNG vehicles are expected to hit the roads by 2004. He said SembCorp planned to have an island-wide network of CNG stations, either operating independently or as an addition to existing petroleum stations. The pilot programme cost S$2.6 million (US$1.4 million), with government grants covering half the cost, and Gomez said he hopes the government will continue to share the cost of CNG development. "Without government incentives, it is very difficult for the private sector to promote cleaner fuels," he said. SembCorp is also looking at ways of getting involved in CNG markets outside of Singapore, he said. Malaysia and Thailand are both pursuing CNG vehicle programmes. REUTERS NEWS SERVICE Yahoo! Groups Sponsor -~--> Buy Stock for $4 and no minimums. FREE Money 2002. http://us.click.yahoo.com/orkH0C/n97DAA/ySSFAA/9bTolB/TM -~-> Biofuels at Journey to Forever http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Biofuel at WebConX http://www.webconx.com/2000/biofuel/biofuel.htm To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
[biofuel] California may limit greenhouse gases, hit SUVs
http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/15573/story.htm Planet Ark : California may limit greenhouse gases, hit SUVs USA: April 22, 2002 LOS ANGELES - California lawmakers are looking at limiting greenhouse gas emissions, a move automakers call a veiled effort to tighten fuel economy standards and push gas-guzzling sport utility vehicles off the road. "This would be tantamount to a driving tax. The only way to get less CO2 (carbon dioxide) released into the atmosphere is to combust less fuel," said Eron Shosteck, a spokesman for the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. To many Californians, that would mean driving a sub-compact instead of an SUV, he said. "I don't think a lot of soccer moms in Marin County would appreciate that." Nearly half, 47 percent, of passenger vehicles sold in the nation's most-populous state are SUVs, minivans or light trucks - a percentage that has tripled over the last 30 years. The proposed law would require the state's Air Resources Board to adopt, by 2005, regulations that would achieve "the maximum feasible reduction" in emissions of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, emitted by cars and light-duty trucks, the category that includes sport utility vehicles. The bill was introduced by Fran Pavley, a state assembly member representing Woodland Hills, a suburb north of Los Angeles. It was passed by the Assembly and will be heard by the state Senate's appropriations committee on April 29. If the bill becomes law, the regulations would not take effect until at least Jan. 1, 2006. Because California's Air Resources Board was established before the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was formed under the Clean Air Act of 1970, California is unique in its ability to impose air quality standards independent of federal regulation. The state air board already sets strict standards for tailpipe emissions of smog-causing pollutants like nitrogen oxides. STEPPING IN WHERE BUSH STEPPED OUT "Because CO2 has not been considered a major pollutant, it has been the purview of the federal government," said Jerry Martin, a spokesman for the state's air board. "But the (Bush) Administration has not endorsed the Kyoto agreement so there are no regulations that specify CO2 levels." The United States, which emits around one quarter of the world's man-made "greenhouse gases," earlier this year pulled out of the 1997 United Nations anti-pollution treaty signed by President George Bush's predecessor Bill Clinton, saying it would harm the economy and instead came up with a voluntary plan to combat global warming. The threat of global warming caused carbon dioxide emissions from coal, oil, and gas-fueled energy sources is the subject of much debate with many scientists believing it will cause polar ice caps to melt and climates to change, while others say fluctuations in temperatures are not that unusual. The California Air Resources Board does not currently have the authority to regulate greenhouse gases, but the state's largest source of them is vehicles, Martin said. "All autos emit CO2 and other greenhouse gases. SUVs consume more fuel, so they emit more gases," he explained. Fuel economy is regulated by the federal government, which last month rejected a proposed 50-percent boost in fuel-efficiency for gas-guzzling cars and SUVs. Existing Corporate Average Fuel Economy, or CAFE, standards, require passenger cars to average 27.5 miles per gallon, while SUVs, along with mini-vans and other vehicles in the "light truck" category, need only achieve 20.7 mpg. "It is silly that Californians would pay the price for a global problem," one auto company representative said. "The bill is too broad and too vague." The bill's sponsors, however, say global warming presents unique risks for the state including potential reductions in water supplies and a projected doubling of catastrophic wildfires. Story by Deena Beasley REUTERS NEWS SERVICE Yahoo! Groups Sponsor -~--> Buy Stock for $4 and no minimums. FREE Money 2002. http://us.click.yahoo.com/k6cvND/n97DAA/ySSFAA/FGYolB/TM -~-> Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Please do NOT send "unsubscribe" messages to the list address. To unsubscribe, send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
[biofuels-biz] Chinese discuss possible Brazil ethanol imports
http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/15593/story.htm Planet Ark : Chinese discuss possible Brazil ethanol imports BRAZIL: April 22, 2002 RIO DE JANEIRO - Chinese sugar industry executives from the northeastern state of Heilongjiang are visiting Brazil to investigate the production and possible import of sugar cane-based fuel alcohol (ethanol), a Sao Paulo Cane Agroindustry Union (Unica) official said last week. "They are observing how Brazil implements its fuel alcohol program," the Unica official said by phone from the organization's Sao Paulo headquarters, adding that the Chinese were interested in logistics. Brazil, the world's largest sugar cane producer, launched the Pro-Alcohol programme in the mid-1970s in a bid to reduce dependence on oil imports and risk of soaring prices. Brazil, which has just started harvesting what is expected to be a record cane crop, is seeking new export markets for its fuel alcohol. Unica estimates that most of a forecast 28 million tonnes increase in cane output will be crushed into fuel alcohol rather than sugar. Heilongjiang, which started testing the use of anhydrous alcohol in motor vehicles last July, plans to start commercial production in 2003. "Chinese gasoline demand is rising fast and they are worried about the cost of imports and air pollution in the cities. They also want to boost agriculture," said the Unica official, who accompanied the Chinese during talks with sugar companies in Sao Paul on Tuesday. Although China is the world's third largest ethanol producer, after Brazil and the United States, output is mostly corn-based and destined for industrial or direct human consumption. The Chinese mission was in Brasilia on Wednesday for talks with government officials. REUTERS NEWS SERVICE Yahoo! Groups Sponsor -~--> Buy Stock for $4 and no minimums. FREE Money 2002. http://us.click.yahoo.com/k6cvND/n97DAA/ySSFAA/9bTolB/TM -~-> Biofuels at Journey to Forever http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Biofuel at WebConX http://www.webconx.com/2000/biofuel/biofuel.htm To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
[biofuels-biz] California may limit greenhouse gases, hit SUVs
http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/15573/story.htm Planet Ark : California may limit greenhouse gases, hit SUVs USA: April 22, 2002 LOS ANGELES - California lawmakers are looking at limiting greenhouse gas emissions, a move automakers call a veiled effort to tighten fuel economy standards and push gas-guzzling sport utility vehicles off the road. "This would be tantamount to a driving tax. The only way to get less CO2 (carbon dioxide) released into the atmosphere is to combust less fuel," said Eron Shosteck, a spokesman for the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. To many Californians, that would mean driving a sub-compact instead of an SUV, he said. "I don't think a lot of soccer moms in Marin County would appreciate that." Nearly half, 47 percent, of passenger vehicles sold in the nation's most-populous state are SUVs, minivans or light trucks - a percentage that has tripled over the last 30 years. The proposed law would require the state's Air Resources Board to adopt, by 2005, regulations that would achieve "the maximum feasible reduction" in emissions of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, emitted by cars and light-duty trucks, the category that includes sport utility vehicles. The bill was introduced by Fran Pavley, a state assembly member representing Woodland Hills, a suburb north of Los Angeles. It was passed by the Assembly and will be heard by the state Senate's appropriations committee on April 29. If the bill becomes law, the regulations would not take effect until at least Jan. 1, 2006. Because California's Air Resources Board was established before the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was formed under the Clean Air Act of 1970, California is unique in its ability to impose air quality standards independent of federal regulation. The state air board already sets strict standards for tailpipe emissions of smog-causing pollutants like nitrogen oxides. STEPPING IN WHERE BUSH STEPPED OUT "Because CO2 has not been considered a major pollutant, it has been the purview of the federal government," said Jerry Martin, a spokesman for the state's air board. "But the (Bush) Administration has not endorsed the Kyoto agreement so there are no regulations that specify CO2 levels." The United States, which emits around one quarter of the world's man-made "greenhouse gases," earlier this year pulled out of the 1997 United Nations anti-pollution treaty signed by President George Bush's predecessor Bill Clinton, saying it would harm the economy and instead came up with a voluntary plan to combat global warming. The threat of global warming caused carbon dioxide emissions from coal, oil, and gas-fueled energy sources is the subject of much debate with many scientists believing it will cause polar ice caps to melt and climates to change, while others say fluctuations in temperatures are not that unusual. The California Air Resources Board does not currently have the authority to regulate greenhouse gases, but the state's largest source of them is vehicles, Martin said. "All autos emit CO2 and other greenhouse gases. SUVs consume more fuel, so they emit more gases," he explained. Fuel economy is regulated by the federal government, which last month rejected a proposed 50-percent boost in fuel-efficiency for gas-guzzling cars and SUVs. Existing Corporate Average Fuel Economy, or CAFE, standards, require passenger cars to average 27.5 miles per gallon, while SUVs, along with mini-vans and other vehicles in the "light truck" category, need only achieve 20.7 mpg. "It is silly that Californians would pay the price for a global problem," one auto company representative said. "The bill is too broad and too vague." The bill's sponsors, however, say global warming presents unique risks for the state including potential reductions in water supplies and a projected doubling of catastrophic wildfires. Story by Deena Beasley REUTERS NEWS SERVICE Yahoo! Groups Sponsor -~--> Buy Stock for $4 and no minimums. FREE Money 2002. http://us.click.yahoo.com/k6cvND/n97DAA/ySSFAA/9bTolB/TM -~-> Biofuels at Journey to Forever http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Biofuel at WebConX http://www.webconx.com/2000/biofuel/biofuel.htm To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
[biofuels-biz] So, You Want to Buy a Green Car ... Or Do You?
http://www.alternet.org/story.html?StoryID=12917 AlterNet -- So, You Want to Buy a Green Car ... Or Do You? Allie Gottlieb, Metro Silicon Valley http://www.metroactive.com April 19, 2002 If you're like me, and you are, you want a good, cheap, fast, safe and cute car that can take you to work and back, and out for fun, on little or no gas. You also need room to cart around your laptop, your nonfat latte, a pal and your four-piece silver-sparkle Ludwig drum set, which in my case is named Natasha J. Sparky. Since we've got so much in common, it makes sense to share car-search secrets. I'll start. What I've learned about the latest electric, hybrid and just plain cuter- or cleaner-than-thou vehicles that you can buy or lease at this moment there are plenty of choices, combinations and features. Sorting them all out is confusing but not impossible. The ones accessible to me as of presstime were the BMW Mini Cooper, the Honda Insight, the Honda Civic Hybrid, the Honda Civic GX natural-gas vehicle, the Toyota Prius, the Toyota Rav4 EV, the Corbin Sparrow, the Ford Th!nk, the Ford Ranger EV and the DaimlerChrysler GEM. Idling Politics Here's another thing I've learned. Despite all the chatter about fuel efficiency from the Legislature lately, and the attempts by various cities to get their fleets on a greener track, this has been a slow-going revolution with plenty of setbacks. Witness last month's rise and fall of the Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards: Senator John Kerry's (D-Mass.) proposal to require new vehicles to average a respectable 36 mpg of gas by 2015 did a giant belly flop. SUVs get to be an estimated 25 percent more polluting than other cars. Gasoline has drivers over an oil barrel, and so, as they do in any time of war with oil-producing nations, gas prices are going up. Despite all this, a good clean car is still hard to find. It seems like we should have evolved more by now. For years, there's been hope that cars will become greener in the form of research on cleaner cars. The web is overflowing with information about "alternative fuel vehicles" from the U.S. Department of Energy and agencies like the Natural Resources Defense Council that push for fuel-efficiency legislation. Car dealers, however, blame the public's disinterest for the Greenmobile's underwhelming entrance into the market. Almost no one pays any real attention to environmental ratings when buying a car, the dealers say. Not like, say, the kind of cup holders it has, or how the bike rack attaches or that all-important consumer issue: color. And those fuel inefficient SUVs remain hugely popular, regardless of the fact that they are extraordinarily polluting. According to GreenerCars.com, SUVs pollute about twice as much as, say, my Civic, which on average discharges 2 tons a year more carbon dioxide badness than the Insight. "Although engines in general are becoming more efficient, smoother and better-performing, the trend toward larger SUVs and pickups has contributed to the average fuel economy dipping to its lowest point in more than 20 years," notes Consumer Reports' 2002 auto trends report. So that's the bad news, but there's hope. Frankenfans Existing green cars have their fans. According to a Department of Energy report, last year there were nearly 500,000 alternative-fuel vehicles on the roads in the United States. Of those half-million cars, 10,400 were electric. Consumers dedicate websites to electric cars and half-gas, half-electric hybrids, or frankencars. One fan posted a diary all about his 1999 electric Sparrow on the Internet and has kept it up for three years. Another self-described electric-car enthusiast, Joseph Lado from Virginia (who doesn't actually drive an electric car, evidently is dissatisfied with the way they are charged and is trying to help start a company that sells better ones) summarizes alternatives to Old Man Combustion. "We can manufacture a practical electric car NOW," Lado declares in a column he sent out for publication. Lado touts regenerative braking, used currently by the hybrids to recharge their batteries. He lauds solar power as another recharging source. Lado seems an appropriate representation of the electric-car industry. He sounds half-reasonable, half-kooky. Another recharging idea he lists in his column is the robot in the driveway: "It's either a robot arm or some other mechanical device that automatically pops up and connects your electric car to a source of electricity (i.e., an outlet)." Who's Driving Whom? Currently, car manufacturers that distribute in the United States are producing cleaner cars. They have to because the Environmental Protection Agency makes them. By 2003, zero-emission vehicles must make up 10 percent of each major automaker's stock. However, manufacturers apparently aren't required to make these cars entirely available to the public. They only need to meet their quota of
[biofuel] Chinese discuss possible Brazil ethanol imports
http://www.planetark.org/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/15593/story.htm Planet Ark : Chinese discuss possible Brazil ethanol imports BRAZIL: April 22, 2002 RIO DE JANEIRO - Chinese sugar industry executives from the northeastern state of Heilongjiang are visiting Brazil to investigate the production and possible import of sugar cane-based fuel alcohol (ethanol), a Sao Paulo Cane Agroindustry Union (Unica) official said last week. "They are observing how Brazil implements its fuel alcohol program," the Unica official said by phone from the organization's Sao Paulo headquarters, adding that the Chinese were interested in logistics. Brazil, the world's largest sugar cane producer, launched the Pro-Alcohol programme in the mid-1970s in a bid to reduce dependence on oil imports and risk of soaring prices. Brazil, which has just started harvesting what is expected to be a record cane crop, is seeking new export markets for its fuel alcohol. Unica estimates that most of a forecast 28 million tonnes increase in cane output will be crushed into fuel alcohol rather than sugar. Heilongjiang, which started testing the use of anhydrous alcohol in motor vehicles last July, plans to start commercial production in 2003. "Chinese gasoline demand is rising fast and they are worried about the cost of imports and air pollution in the cities. They also want to boost agriculture," said the Unica official, who accompanied the Chinese during talks with sugar companies in Sao Paul on Tuesday. Although China is the world's third largest ethanol producer, after Brazil and the United States, output is mostly corn-based and destined for industrial or direct human consumption. The Chinese mission was in Brasilia on Wednesday for talks with government officials. REUTERS NEWS SERVICE Yahoo! Groups Sponsor -~--> Buy Stock for $4 and no minimums. FREE Money 2002. http://us.click.yahoo.com/orkH0C/n97DAA/ySSFAA/FGYolB/TM -~-> Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Please do NOT send "unsubscribe" messages to the list address. To unsubscribe, send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
[biofuel] So, You Want to Buy a Green Car ... Or Do You?
http://www.alternet.org/story.html?StoryID=12917 AlterNet -- So, You Want to Buy a Green Car ... Or Do You? Allie Gottlieb, Metro Silicon Valley http://www.metroactive.com April 19, 2002 If you're like me, and you are, you want a good, cheap, fast, safe and cute car that can take you to work and back, and out for fun, on little or no gas. You also need room to cart around your laptop, your nonfat latte, a pal and your four-piece silver-sparkle Ludwig drum set, which in my case is named Natasha J. Sparky. Since we've got so much in common, it makes sense to share car-search secrets. I'll start. What I've learned about the latest electric, hybrid and just plain cuter- or cleaner-than-thou vehicles that you can buy or lease at this moment there are plenty of choices, combinations and features. Sorting them all out is confusing but not impossible. The ones accessible to me as of presstime were the BMW Mini Cooper, the Honda Insight, the Honda Civic Hybrid, the Honda Civic GX natural-gas vehicle, the Toyota Prius, the Toyota Rav4 EV, the Corbin Sparrow, the Ford Th!nk, the Ford Ranger EV and the DaimlerChrysler GEM. Idling Politics Here's another thing I've learned. Despite all the chatter about fuel efficiency from the Legislature lately, and the attempts by various cities to get their fleets on a greener track, this has been a slow-going revolution with plenty of setbacks. Witness last month's rise and fall of the Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards: Senator John Kerry's (D-Mass.) proposal to require new vehicles to average a respectable 36 mpg of gas by 2015 did a giant belly flop. SUVs get to be an estimated 25 percent more polluting than other cars. Gasoline has drivers over an oil barrel, and so, as they do in any time of war with oil-producing nations, gas prices are going up. Despite all this, a good clean car is still hard to find. It seems like we should have evolved more by now. For years, there's been hope that cars will become greener in the form of research on cleaner cars. The web is overflowing with information about "alternative fuel vehicles" from the U.S. Department of Energy and agencies like the Natural Resources Defense Council that push for fuel-efficiency legislation. Car dealers, however, blame the public's disinterest for the Greenmobile's underwhelming entrance into the market. Almost no one pays any real attention to environmental ratings when buying a car, the dealers say. Not like, say, the kind of cup holders it has, or how the bike rack attaches or that all-important consumer issue: color. And those fuel inefficient SUVs remain hugely popular, regardless of the fact that they are extraordinarily polluting. According to GreenerCars.com, SUVs pollute about twice as much as, say, my Civic, which on average discharges 2 tons a year more carbon dioxide badness than the Insight. "Although engines in general are becoming more efficient, smoother and better-performing, the trend toward larger SUVs and pickups has contributed to the average fuel economy dipping to its lowest point in more than 20 years," notes Consumer Reports' 2002 auto trends report. So that's the bad news, but there's hope. Frankenfans Existing green cars have their fans. According to a Department of Energy report, last year there were nearly 500,000 alternative-fuel vehicles on the roads in the United States. Of those half-million cars, 10,400 were electric. Consumers dedicate websites to electric cars and half-gas, half-electric hybrids, or frankencars. One fan posted a diary all about his 1999 electric Sparrow on the Internet and has kept it up for three years. Another self-described electric-car enthusiast, Joseph Lado from Virginia (who doesn't actually drive an electric car, evidently is dissatisfied with the way they are charged and is trying to help start a company that sells better ones) summarizes alternatives to Old Man Combustion. "We can manufacture a practical electric car NOW," Lado declares in a column he sent out for publication. Lado touts regenerative braking, used currently by the hybrids to recharge their batteries. He lauds solar power as another recharging source. Lado seems an appropriate representation of the electric-car industry. He sounds half-reasonable, half-kooky. Another recharging idea he lists in his column is the robot in the driveway: "It's either a robot arm or some other mechanical device that automatically pops up and connects your electric car to a source of electricity (i.e., an outlet)." Who's Driving Whom? Currently, car manufacturers that distribute in the United States are producing cleaner cars. They have to because the Environmental Protection Agency makes them. By 2003, zero-emission vehicles must make up 10 percent of each major automaker's stock. However, manufacturers apparently aren't required to make these cars entirely available to the public. They only need to meet their quota of
[biofuel] Re: FREE ENERGY! ( without polluting )
PLEEEAAASE, tell me more !! Where can I send my money ? Pick me, pick me, pick me.. > > --- hanwoz <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > > Free Energy - "Making Repressed Technologies Available" > > > > hanwoz Would Like To Welcome You To Freedom Technologies Network > > Learn how you can receive 26,000 kWh of electricity, free, every > > year with a one time purchase cost. > > Discover the truth that big business has kept many life improving > > and cost saving products from being available to you. > > > > End Power Bills & Power Outages > > We're developing a quiet, non-polluting, permanent magnet power > > system we expect will free you from your electric bills, eliminate > > pollution, and nearly eliminate power outages. > > Sign up now and join us in this incredible opportunity of "Making > > Repressed Technologies Available". Do you believe Free Electricity > > is too good to be true? So was the electric light and heavier than > > air flight... > > Would an engine that harnesses the power of a tornado, and uses > > water for fuel interest you? > > > = > -Martin Klingensmith > http://archive.nnytech.net/ > http://devzero.ath.cx/ > http://www.nnytech.net/ > > > __ > Do You Yahoo!? > Yahoo! Games - play chess, backgammon, pool and more > http://games.yahoo.com/ Yahoo! Groups Sponsor -~--> Buy Stock for $4 and no minimums. FREE Money 2002. http://us.click.yahoo.com/k6cvND/n97DAA/ySSFAA/FGYolB/TM -~-> Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Please do NOT send "unsubscribe" messages to the list address. To unsubscribe, send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
[biofuel] Where to get clear PVC?
I thought it would be nice to build my wash chamber (bubble method) out of clear PVC. Where would I find clear PVC or a similiar plastic that would have a wide enough diameter that I could do this? Has anyone seen any at all? I have clear drill core tubes, but they're only about 5cm, meaning I'd need a 6m wash chamber :-) -J -- Jonathan Pennington | [EMAIL PROTECTED] "It's hard to take life too seriously when you realize yours is a joke." -original Yahoo! Groups Sponsor -~--> Buy Stock for $4 and no minimums. FREE Money 2002. http://us.click.yahoo.com/orkH0C/n97DAA/ySSFAA/FGYolB/TM -~-> Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Please do NOT send "unsubscribe" messages to the list address. To unsubscribe, send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
Re: [biofuel] Rural Development Grants
really intrested grants biofuel gino robustelli [Non-text portions of this message have been removed] Yahoo! Groups Sponsor -~--> Buy Stock for $4 and no minimums. FREE Money 2002. http://us.click.yahoo.com/k6cvND/n97DAA/ySSFAA/FGYolB/TM -~-> Biofuel at Journey to Forever: http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html Please do NOT send "unsubscribe" messages to the list address. To unsubscribe, send an email to: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
