[biofuel] reposting acid-base liter batch information

[girl mark]

This weekend I was fighting a flu and consequently was too doped up on 
NyQuil-type medications Friday night to make up a sample of step 1 of the 
2-stage acid-base process to use in our biodiesel class saturday morning. 
So we never covered the second step of acid-base two-stage, no doubt 
disappointing everyone.

  I'm finding that people who are otherwise completely competent figuring 
out single-stage concepts on their own, get really excited about seeing 
two-stage acid-base done 'live' - they've been unwilling to try it as it 
seems a little intimidating on paper. I think that more importantly, (due 
to the additional heating required), that the equipment for doing liter 
batches isn't as obvious as just using a blender for single-stage liter 
experiments. As people have pointed out here before, figuring out equipment 
for small experimental batches of this process would be valuable. I think a 
lot more people would be willing to try it if they could use some simple 
equipment for their first go at it.

So I wanted to re-post this bit by Todd Swearingen from last spring- it's 
directions on making a 1-liter batch of acid-base two-stage with a couple 
of variations. I want to post it again as I think it's really useful for 
people to have step-by step directions on doing this with really small 
batches.  How about a version of something like this  (1-liter two-stage, 
whether with this equipment or some other setup) on Journey to forever, Keith?

I don't exactly agree with his using a gas stove as his heater for this, I 
use an electric hotplate for my own 10-liter test batches and I think that 
staying away from flames is necessary for safety. We talked here recently 
about using some other heating gear- I think a crockpot slow-cooker might 
be useful (especially if used as a water bath or double boiler apparatus 
like the one outlined below) and I also think that other immersion heaters 
(with different agitation equipment) - immersion heaters for aquariums, for 
instance), might work well for making up small-batch test apparatus.

Mark

Here's the message in the archive (sorry I just couldn't find it in the 
nnytech archive, so here's the Yahell version)

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/biofuel/message/13115


 Message 13115 of 18408
 From:  "Appal Energy" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
 Date:  Thu Apr 25, 2002  8:58 pm
 Subject:  Results on Revised 2 Stage Acid/Base Method




 We've been doing some testing on acid/base reactions lately,
 trying to reduce process stream "problems" when we gear up for
 larger volumes. The following is the outcome of some of the
 testing, based primarily on Aleks Kac's revised method. Rumor has
 it that many people seem to have problems with the process. So I
 thought that posting some information may be of benefit.

 If anyone were to ask me, I'd say Aleks has provided a valuable
 service in making esterification knowledge more broadly known to
 the general public...deserving at minimum some healthy
 recognition in the Biodiesel Hall of Fame.

 Todd
 ...

 4/25/2002

 The following is a derivation of Alex Kac's revised 2 stage,
 acid/base catalysis of waste vegetable oil into methyl esters,
 presently posted at
 http://journeytoforever.org/biodiesel_aleksnew.html

 There are a few alterations of method, which include;

 1) The use of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as the base, rather than
 NaOH, as the final intent is base recovery in the form of
 potassium phosphate salts.
 2) An elevated processing temperature of 135*F, as this was the
 most easily maintained temp using lowest possible heat settings
 on a gas range, with a half-filled 5 gallon water bath. (This is
 not a brilliant maneuver and we can accept no responsibility for
 anyone who would be equally as "stupid" as to use an open flame
 heat source in the presence of alcohol or similar combustibles.)
 3) A twelve hour acid stage reaction/settling period at an
 elevated temperature of 135* F.
 4) Separation of the base stage into three distinct steps.

 Equipment on hand was;

 One generic candy thermometer, 80*F - 400*F range.
 One 2 liter PET soda bottle as a reaction vessel.
 One "pop-up" cap, easily found on sports drink and 1 liter
 bottled water at the grocery
 One 1ml pipette
 One 50ml beaker
 One 1,000ml beaker
 One 5 gallon stew pot as a water bath, including the following;
 Six quart mason jars
 One large dinner plate
 One small dinner plate

Re: [biofuels-biz] ethanol

[Terry Wilhelm]

Yep, turn the mixture jet out a little.  It needs more fuel on alcohol.  Watch 
the fuel lines and filter.  New rubber lines would be a good idea and keep an 
eye on the neo filter.  Thats it.
Regards,
Terry D. Wilhelm
The Revenoor Co. INC  "Serving The World With Stills"
[EMAIL PROTECTED],  www.revenoor.com
 Mike & Teresa Sundstrom <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:Is it possible to convert a 
briggs & stratton lawn mower engine to run on ethanol ?
If so what is involved ?


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]



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[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]


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Re: [biofuel] Useful confusion

[Neoteric Biofuels Inc]

Hakan:

I like it - that's a good one.

Edward Beggs

On Wednesday, December 4, 2002, at 10:15 AM, Hakan Falk wrote:

>
> Keith,
>
> Explanation of "useful confusion":
>
> It is an expression that I use when somebody does you the favor to come
> with strong arguments, that make you think harder and work more on the
> subject. Sometimes it result in that I have to agree on that I was 
> wrong
> and that is very useful or I have to make my arguments better and that 
> is
> also very useful.
>
> It might be a very personal expression that I developed with time and
> difficult to understand. But for me it is generally a compliment or and
> expression of appreciation when I say it.
>
> Hakan
>
> At 11:18 PM 12/3/2002 +0900, you wrote:
>> Hi Hakan
>>
>> "Useful confusion"? :-)
>
>
>
> Biofuel at Journey to Forever:
> http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html
>
> Biofuels list archives:
> http://archive.nnytech.net/
>
> Please do NOT send Unsubscribe messages to the list address.
> To unsubscribe, send an email to:
> [EMAIL PROTECTED]
>
> Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to 
> http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
>
>



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[biofuels-biz] biofuels-homebrew problems

[Wendell Wait]

Iâve been making BD from WVO for a while (Cottonola brand in Aus), but have
problems lately with a skin that rapidly forms on the BD surface after about
5 days of standing. The skin forms extremely quickly when removed by
skimming, usually in 1 hour. Ive also use a water scrub to no avail.. any
ideas ..


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]



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Re: [biofuels-biz] Re: Auto Fuel Taxes

[Appal Energy]

Fuel taxes are not simply "road taxes." The gross receipts get
thrown into the general fund and are distributed amongst
everything from corporate welfare to social welfare to filling
pot holes to funding military budgets to purchasing new
information collection systems that can tell anyone in an instant
if you're purchasing methanol or aspirin in an instant.

This applies not only to state and federally assessed "road
taxes," but taxes in general, whether on alcohol, bread,
cigarettes, grapes, Levis or Lexus'.

Few taxes if any can be found that end up solely where they were
initially legislated towards.

Todd Swearingen

- Original Message -
From: murdoch <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
To: 
Cc: ; <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
Sent: Wednesday, December 04, 2002 3:12 PM
Subject: [biofuels-biz] Re: Auto Fuel Taxes


> >> 3) that ELECTRIC VEHICLES use the same roads, NEVER pay any
fuel taxes
> >>to support road maintenance, and still, fear not the
revenuer.
> >
> >That is a good question. Steve Spence has raised that issue a
couple
> >of times at a couple of forums, and nobody seems to have an
answer.
> >(Shhh!)
> >
> >How about a car burning woodgas? No way you'd fool anyone
you'd paid
> >taxes on that.
> >
> >A different question is how much, if any, of the road tax
revenue
> >goes to maintain roads.
>
> One thing that I did see mentioned somewhere is that in Oregon,
I
> think, there was some attempt to add some extra levy to EVs, at
> registration time I think, to make up for lost revenues that
occurred
> because EVs naturally avoid taxes that other cars pay.  In
other
> words, the state seemed to be missing its revenues, that it had
gotten
> used to.
>
> If the road tax is *really* a road tax, then I guess EVs
should,
> arguably, be on the same playing field and pay the same taxes.
If it
> is a fuel tax, levied for some other reason, then tough and
they
> should not pay it, in my view.  However, taxes are so
co-mingled that
> I could not figure it out quickly.  Furthermore, I am not sure
that
> electrcity isn't taxed or otherwise burdened with bureaucracy
as well,
> a tax that gasoline-burners do not have to pay.
>
>
>
> Biofuels at Journey to Forever
> http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html
> Biofuel at WebConX
> http://webconx.green-trust.org/2000/biofuel/biofuel.htm
> List messages are archived at the Info-Archive at NNYTech:
> http://archive.nnytech.net/
> To unsubscribe from this group, send an email to:
> [EMAIL PROTECTED]
>
>
>
> Your use of Yahoo! Groups is subject to
http://docs.yahoo.com/info/terms/
>
>
>


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[biofuels-biz] ethanol

[Mike & Teresa Sundstrom]

Is it possible to convert a briggs & stratton lawn mower engine to run on 
ethanol ?
If so what is involved ?


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]



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[biofuels-biz] Re: Auto Fuel Taxes

[murdoch]

>>  3) that ELECTRIC VEHICLES use the same roads, NEVER pay any fuel taxes
>>to support road maintenance, and still, fear not the revenuer.
>
>That is a good question. Steve Spence has raised that issue a couple 
>of times at a couple of forums, and nobody seems to have an answer. 
>(Shhh!)
>
>How about a car burning woodgas? No way you'd fool anyone you'd paid 
>taxes on that.
>
>A different question is how much, if any, of the road tax revenue 
>goes to maintain roads.

One thing that I did see mentioned somewhere is that in Oregon, I
think, there was some attempt to add some extra levy to EVs, at
registration time I think, to make up for lost revenues that occurred
because EVs naturally avoid taxes that other cars pay.  In other
words, the state seemed to be missing its revenues, that it had gotten
used to.

If the road tax is *really* a road tax, then I guess EVs should,
arguably, be on the same playing field and pay the same taxes.  If it
is a fuel tax, levied for some other reason, then tough and they
should not pay it, in my view.  However, taxes are so co-mingled that
I could not figure it out quickly.  Furthermore, I am not sure that
electrcity isn't taxed or otherwise burdened with bureaucracy as well,
a tax that gasoline-burners do not have to pay.



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Re: [biofuel] SVO database

[Hakan Falk]

Very good initiative.

Hakan

At 03:06 PM 12/4/2002 +, you wrote:
>   The new database for vehicles running on SVO (andWVO) has now clocked up
>it's first million miles: Total number of veg miles in database= 1,020,100.
>There are 49 vehicles listed, with different permutations of fuel system.
>The most common is VW and then Mercedes. Information is accessable, for free
>and in English, about how these vehicles have faired with SVO. Many thanks
>to those who have contributed. Thanks also to Darren and Stephan. Please
>register your own vehicle details if you have not done so already 
>Paddy. http://www.goatindustries.co.uk/fuelsdatabase/



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[biofuel] Re: Auto Fuel Taxes

[murdoch]

>>  3) that ELECTRIC VEHICLES use the same roads, NEVER pay any fuel taxes
>>to support road maintenance, and still, fear not the revenuer.
>
>That is a good question. Steve Spence has raised that issue a couple 
>of times at a couple of forums, and nobody seems to have an answer. 
>(Shhh!)
>
>How about a car burning woodgas? No way you'd fool anyone you'd paid 
>taxes on that.
>
>A different question is how much, if any, of the road tax revenue 
>goes to maintain roads.

One thing that I did see mentioned somewhere is that in Oregon, I
think, there was some attempt to add some extra levy to EVs, at
registration time I think, to make up for lost revenues that occurred
because EVs naturally avoid taxes that other cars pay.  In other
words, the state seemed to be missing its revenues, that it had gotten
used to.

If the road tax is *really* a road tax, then I guess EVs should,
arguably, be on the same playing field and pay the same taxes.  If it
is a fuel tax, levied for some other reason, then tough and they
should not pay it, in my view.  However, taxes are so co-mingled that
I could not figure it out quickly.  Furthermore, I am not sure that
electrcity isn't taxed or otherwise burdened with bureaucracy as well,
a tax that gasoline-burners do not have to pay.



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Re: [biofuels-biz] Shell Oil and the Politics of Hype

[Keith Addison]

Hi MM

>There is little doubt in my mind that Doyle is one of our greatest
>assets, as an investigative writer on these matters.
>
>Not mentioned is Shell's (and I think BP Amoco's) recent (very
>predictable?

Yes.

>) scaling-back of Solar-PV production, supposedly in
>response to market conditions.

I was thinking of you when reading about that. But the book does deal 
with solar and renewables, though the scaling-back might be too 
recent. I haven't read it yet, just skimmed the text precis.

>This is, perhaps, a cashing-in on the
>decade or two they've spent positioning themselves as big players in
>that field, so they can control its growth.  It is the worst thing I
>can think of that they've done, recently.

It's what Hakan has been saying in "Bio fuel business, first web page draft".

>I'd have to know more, though, to view Shell (a giant organization in
>which hundreds of thousands participate) as skeptically as we are
>asked.  Well, I'll check out the book if possible.

Try this first:

Shell wins Greenwash Award
http://journeytoforever.org/fyi_previous.html#2211

BP -- Beyond Preposterous
http://journeytoforever.org/fyi_previous.html#3012

Regards

Keith



> >Similarly, the oil companies today are giving millions to
> >environmental groups and activists to buy silence and good will.
> >
> >Now comes Jack Doyle, who has just completed a remarkable corporate
> >history of Shell titled Riding the Dragon: Royal Dutch Shell & the
> >Fossil Fire.
> >
> >The book is published by the Boston-based Environmental Health Fund
> >and is also available on-line on www.shellfacts.org.
> >
> >In documenting hundreds of cases of human rights abuses, oil
> >pollution, worker injuries and deaths, andthe manufacture of
> >cancer-causing chemicals, Doyle makes the point that Shell and the
> >big oil companies have a lot to hide.
> >
> >And yet, despite all the rhetoric of moving "beyond petroleum," they
> >continue to secure long term contracts that tie them to the fossil
> >fuel economy, with all of its geopolitical hazards, all of its human
> >rights abuses, and environmental destruction.
> >
> >Doyle makes the point that while Shell is spending millions of
> >dollars to create the impression that it is a socially and
> >environmentally responsible oil company, the world's second largest
> >oil company remains one of the world's biggest environmental
> >violators.  For example, the new Shell refuses to clean up what is
> >now the worlds' largest urban underground oil spill in Durban, South
> >Africa, where more than one million liters of oil have been dumped so
> >far, Doyle reports.
> >
> >The book documents a concerted campaign by Shell to halt critical
> >government reports, rewrite history and cover-up its misdeeds.
> >
> >Since Shell's alleged involvement in the execution of their highest
> >profile critic, Ken Saro-Wiwa of Nigeria, the company has claimed to
> >adopt a new set of principles aimed at reforming their internal
> >practices and re-making their image.
> >
> >  "Despite an ongoing civil trial in New York on Shell's alleged role
> >in the execution of Saro-Wiwa and other activists, Shell has the
> >temerity to advertise itself as a new company committed to human
> >rights, environmental protection and sustainable development," Doyle
> >said. "There is ample reason to be skeptical about this manufactured
> >image, which is wildly at odds with the facts."
> >
> >Don't believe the hype. Put aside the cute little web sites and beany
> >baby tigers.
> >
> >There's nothing new about new Shell, Exxon, and BP. They are bought
> >into the fossil fuel economy.
> >
> >We need to get out.
> >
> >Russell Mokhiber is editor of the Washington, D.C.-based Corporate
> >Crime Reporter. Robert Weissman is editor of the Washington,
> >D.C.-based Multinational Monitor,
> >http://www.multinationalmonitor.org. They are co-authors of Corporate
> >Predators: The Hunt for MegaProfits and the Attack on Democracy
> >(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1999;
> >http://www.corporatepredators.org).
> >
> >(c) Russell Mokhiber and Robert Weissman
> >
> >This article is posted at:
> >http://lists.essential.org/pipermail/corp-focus/2002/000134.html


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Re: [biofuel] Useful confusion

[Keith Addison]

>Keith,
>
>Explanation of "useful confusion":
>
>It is an expression that I use when somebody does you the favor to come
>with strong arguments, that make you think harder and work more on the
>subject. Sometimes it result in that I have to agree on that I was wrong
>and that is very useful or I have to make my arguments better and that is
>also very useful.
>
>It might be a very personal expression that I developed with time and
>difficult to understand. But for me it is generally a compliment or and
>expression of appreciation when I say it.
>
>Hakan

Thankyou Hakan. I like it!

Keith



>At 11:18 PM 12/3/2002 +0900, you wrote:
> >Hi Hakan
> >
> >"Useful confusion"? :-)


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[biofuel] SVO database

[goat industries]

  The new database for vehicles running on SVO (andWVO) has now clocked up
it's first million miles: Total number of veg miles in database= 1,020,100.
There are 49 vehicles listed, with different permutations of fuel system.
The most common is VW and then Mercedes. Information is accessable, for free
and in English, about how these vehicles have faired with SVO. Many thanks
to those who have contributed. Thanks also to Darren and Stephan. Please
register your own vehicle details if you have not done so already 
Paddy. http://www.goatindustries.co.uk/fuelsdatabase/



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[biofuels-biz] Re: [biofuel] Small-scale ethanol - Bio fuel business-Tables

[Hakan Falk]

It is difficult to make tables in mail, if you cannot use html.
Therefore I also did the tables at the end of,

http://energy.saving.nu/biofuels/biofuelorg.shtml

Hakan

At 04:08 PM 12/4/2002 +0100, Hakan Falk wrote:

>Keith,
>
>Original draft for article at
>http://energy.saving.nu/biofuels/biofuelorg.shtml
>
>You just posted several press releases from oil companies and these are
>quite telling. They touch very much the subject of my article. The
>situation in Poland and the "moonshine" argument, show the relevance of
>this discussion. David have already started to think about it and I hope
>that we get more valuable views.
>
>To add to the discussion about centralization versus decentralization risk
>for Ethanol and biodiesel/SVO, I have done the following tables. I is a
>topic for discussion and I am not claiming that I got it right on the first
>time or on my own.
>
>The following table is a first attempt to map technical feasibility of
>fossil to bio fuel replacement.



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[biofuel] Useful confusion

[Hakan Falk]

Keith,

Explanation of "useful confusion":

It is an expression that I use when somebody does you the favor to come 
with strong arguments, that make you think harder and work more on the 
subject. Sometimes it result in that I have to agree on that I was wrong 
and that is very useful or I have to make my arguments better and that is 
also very useful.

It might be a very personal expression that I developed with time and 
difficult to understand. But for me it is generally a compliment or and 
expression of appreciation when I say it.

Hakan

At 11:18 PM 12/3/2002 +0900, you wrote:
>Hi Hakan
>
>"Useful confusion"? :-)



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[biofuels-biz] Biofuels hold key to future of British farming

[Keith Addison]

Martin Steele sent me this:


á WESTERN MORNING NEWS ~ WEDNESDAY DECEMBER 4 2002

Biofuels hold key to future of British farming

National Farmers' Union president Ben Gill writes about the future 
biofuels hold for British farming and how the industry will develop 
during the coming century

CAST your mind to the future. Vehicles could be running not on 
diesel, but on oil   extracted from a common British crop,. You could 
be walking on carpets, the fibres of which are made from hemp - and 
listening to music on headphones made from maize. Sounds far fetched? 
Believe it or not, this could be reality sooner than you think. why 
should we bother to develop such Strange-sounding products? The 
answer is climate change.

The British have always worried about the weather,But it Seems that 
today we have more than good reason. It was once the exception when 
we had an inch of rain. Yet in the past few weeks alone we have been 
deluged. People were killed, trains disrupted and the country thrown 
into chaos in this year's autumn gales. Outside the United Kingdom 
the ancient cities of Prague, Vienna and Budapest were devastated by 
recent floods. One third of the entire USA was declared a drought 
area, while other parts were flooded. In the southern hemisphere, 
Australia is experi­encing a severe drought, a leading factor in 
the outburst of the country's bush fires.

á These events are all Symptomatic of climate change - a 
misunderstood phenomenon which does not mean we shall all soon be 
enjoying tropical conditions, but one that leads to extreme weather 
patterns of storm and drought. The effects of climate change on 
farming have already been pronounced. Crops are literally washed or 
blown away, or their quality is severely degraded. But climate change 
will soon disrupt the way we all live our lives.Yet the pace at which 
these problems are being addressed is lamentable.

A cynic might suggest that this is because it is unattractive in the 
short-term political perspective to address what is a long-term 
issue. To suggest we need to reduce our dependence on oil, when any 
significant benefits will not be realised for decades  possibly not 
even in our lifetimes - requires a clear vision of the objectives and 
an appreciation of the magnitude of the problem.  So what's the real 
problem? A key element is the rising level of carbon dioxide and 
other pollutant gases in our atmosphere. where are the gases coming 
from? Simply from our increasing use of fossil fuels, principally 
oil, as a source of energy - but also as the raw materials for the 
industrial and consumer goods we con­tinue to consume so 
voraciously. Does this mean that we have to take a backward step in 
our standard of lving? No, but it does mean we have to be cleverer 
about how we get our energy and raw materials. That is where British 
farmers come into the equation. In some countries the production of 
so-called biofuels from farm crops is already quite well developed.

 

  'Twenty per cent of our arable land could be

  switched from food to non-food uses'

Rapeseed oil can produce a substance called bio-diesel, while sugar's 
and starchy crops like wheat can be fermented and distilled into 
bio~ethanol - the equivalent of petrol. With the same tax relief that 
these other coun­tries give to alternative fuels - and with 
smaller tax breaks than those given to liquid petroleum gas in cars - 
this could be a reality in the United Kingdom in less than two years. 
Furthermore the extra revenues that the Trea­sury would derive 
from the new business activity created from this industry would go a 
long way to compensating the revenue deficit. More than 10,000 jobs 
could be created through the growing and processing of this green 
fuel. The potential is much wider than bio-fuels, though. Sony 
announced in July the launch of the first Walk-man with a casing made 
from maize .Fujitsu are also due to follow this development with a 
laptop that is made from the same product.  And trials are taking 
place using oils, starch and   fibres from crops in a whole raft of 
other ways,   from car dashboards to cosmetics to nylon without 
nitrogen oxide emissions.

What we need to ensure is that these, and many   other exciting 
developments, are made from   British crops. The potential market is 
enormous. Twenty per cent of our arable land could be switched from 
food to non-food uses.  So what is holding us up?  A lack of 
direction, a lack of importance and a continuing lack of 
understanding & of the long-term strategic importance of this issue 
by the Treasury, which continues to focus on short-term issues.  We 
need a   coherent Government and EU policy to encourage 
entrepreneurial development in this whole area.  The consequences 
could be amaizing for rural communities, the environment and society 
as a whole.

Biofuels at Journey to Forever
http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html
Biofuel a

[biofuel] Biofuels hold key to future of British farming

[Keith Addison]

Martin Steele sent me this:


á WESTERN MORNING NEWS ~ WEDNESDAY DECEMBER 4 2002

Biofuels hold key to future of British farming

National Farmers' Union president Ben Gill writes about the future 
biofuels hold for British farming and how the industry will develop 
during the coming century

CAST your mind to the future. Vehicles could be running not on 
diesel, but on oil   extracted from a common British crop,. You could 
be walking on carpets, the fibres of which are made from hemp - and 
listening to music on headphones made from maize. Sounds far fetched? 
Believe it or not, this could be reality sooner than you think. why 
should we bother to develop such Strange-sounding products? The 
answer is climate change.

The British have always worried about the weather,But it Seems that 
today we have more than good reason. It was once the exception when 
we had an inch of rain. Yet in the past few weeks alone we have been 
deluged. People were killed, trains disrupted and the country thrown 
into chaos in this year's autumn gales. Outside the United Kingdom 
the ancient cities of Prague, Vienna and Budapest were devastated by 
recent floods. One third of the entire USA was declared a drought 
area, while other parts were flooded. In the southern hemisphere, 
Australia is experi­encing a severe drought, a leading factor in 
the outburst of the country's bush fires.

á These events are all Symptomatic of climate change - a 
misunderstood phenomenon which does not mean we shall all soon be 
enjoying tropical conditions, but one that leads to extreme weather 
patterns of storm and drought. The effects of climate change on 
farming have already been pronounced. Crops are literally washed or 
blown away, or their quality is severely degraded. But climate change 
will soon disrupt the way we all live our lives.Yet the pace at which 
these problems are being addressed is lamentable.

A cynic might suggest that this is because it is unattractive in the 
short-term political perspective to address what is a long-term 
issue. To suggest we need to reduce our dependence on oil, when any 
significant benefits will not be realised for decades  possibly not 
even in our lifetimes - requires a clear vision of the objectives and 
an appreciation of the magnitude of the problem.  So what's the real 
problem? A key element is the rising level of carbon dioxide and 
other pollutant gases in our atmosphere. where are the gases coming 
from? Simply from our increasing use of fossil fuels, principally 
oil, as a source of energy - but also as the raw materials for the 
industrial and consumer goods we con­tinue to consume so 
voraciously. Does this mean that we have to take a backward step in 
our standard of lving? No, but it does mean we have to be cleverer 
about how we get our energy and raw materials. That is where British 
farmers come into the equation. In some countries the production of 
so-called biofuels from farm crops is already quite well developed.

 

  'Twenty per cent of our arable land could be

  switched from food to non-food uses'

Rapeseed oil can produce a substance called bio-diesel, while sugar's 
and starchy crops like wheat can be fermented and distilled into 
bio~ethanol - the equivalent of petrol. With the same tax relief that 
these other coun­tries give to alternative fuels - and with 
smaller tax breaks than those given to liquid petroleum gas in cars - 
this could be a reality in the United Kingdom in less than two years. 
Furthermore the extra revenues that the Trea­sury would derive 
from the new business activity created from this industry would go a 
long way to compensating the revenue deficit. More than 10,000 jobs 
could be created through the growing and processing of this green 
fuel. The potential is much wider than bio-fuels, though. Sony 
announced in July the launch of the first Walk-man with a casing made 
from maize .Fujitsu are also due to follow this development with a 
laptop that is made from the same product.  And trials are taking 
place using oils, starch and   fibres from crops in a whole raft of 
other ways,   from car dashboards to cosmetics to nylon without 
nitrogen oxide emissions.

What we need to ensure is that these, and many   other exciting 
developments, are made from   British crops. The potential market is 
enormous. Twenty per cent of our arable land could be switched from 
food to non-food uses.  So what is holding us up?  A lack of 
direction, a lack of importance and a continuing lack of 
understanding & of the long-term strategic importance of this issue 
by the Treasury, which continues to focus on short-term issues.  We 
need a   coherent Government and EU policy to encourage 
entrepreneurial development in this whole area.  The consequences 
could be amaizing for rural communities, the environment and society 
as a whole.

Biofuel at Journey to Forever:
http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html

Biofuels

Re: [biofuel] Small-scale ethanol - Bio fuel business-Tables

[Hakan Falk]

It is difficult to make tables in mail, if you cannot use html.
Therefore I also did the tables at the end of,

http://energy.saving.nu/biofuels/biofuelorg.shtml

Hakan

At 04:08 PM 12/4/2002 +0100, Hakan Falk wrote:

>Keith,
>
>Original draft for article at
>http://energy.saving.nu/biofuels/biofuelorg.shtml
>
>You just posted several press releases from oil companies and these are
>quite telling. They touch very much the subject of my article. The
>situation in Poland and the "moonshine" argument, show the relevance of
>this discussion. David have already started to think about it and I hope
>that we get more valuable views.
>
>To add to the discussion about centralization versus decentralization risk
>for Ethanol and biodiesel/SVO, I have done the following tables. I is a
>topic for discussion and I am not claiming that I got it right on the first
>time or on my own.
>
>The following table is a first attempt to map technical feasibility of
>fossil to bio fuel replacement.



Biofuel at Journey to Forever:
http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html

Biofuels list archives:
http://archive.nnytech.net/

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Re: [biofuels-biz] Small-scale ethanol

[Keith Addison]

>Keith must still be sleeping :-)

Yes, I'm still sleeping. :-)

As far as CO2's concerned, it's "carbon-neutral" - CO2 cycling, not 
fossil-fuel CO2. CO2 is a greenhouse gas, but the GG emissions that 
have to be curbed are not those from the natural cycle (else we'd all 
better stop breathing), but the "extra" emissions from fossil fuels. 
As Misha put it, "... huge reserves of carbon, locked deep within the 
earth since long before we ever evolved, and transfer them into the 
atmosphere in a tick of geological time". Methane is a more effective 
greenhouse gas (from 20 to 60 times more effective than CO2, 
according to various refs), but again, if it's part of the current 
account it doesn't make any difference. I'm a bit startled by 
proposals to curb natural methane emissions (cow farts) so we can all 
go on burning fossil fuels as if there's no tomorrow.

Anyway, I don't think not mentioning the CO2 as a greenhouse gas is 
an omission. Quite a lot of people discuss using it in their 
greenhouses though, to promote plant growth, and I think some do.

>If the CO2 released in fermentation of (say) forestry residues or other ligno
>cellulosics for ethanol production, you'd surely have to compare that to
>methane released if those materials biodegraded. Methane's a bit 
>more effective
>as a greenhouse gas (or so I read somewhere).
>
>Interesting thought though.
>
>David Teal wrote:
>
> > I have had a car running on home-made ethanol, but abandoned the project in
> > favour of biodiesel, mainly on cost grounds.  There is, however, another
> > aspect of ethanol which disquiets.  Most proponents cite the carbon dioxide
> > released during fermentation as some sort of advantage, saying it promotes
> > plant growth or can be used to make fizzy drinks.  No mention of either:
> > *Its role as a greenhouse gas or
> > *The loss of energy in all that carbon
> > In one sense, fermentation  is a cold combustion process so we are
> > squandering a decent part of the energy in the original feedstock sugars.

I can't see it as a loss. Carbohydrate is much less valuable than 
protein, and here you end up with less carbohydrate and more protein, 
a very good exchange, plus energy in the form of fuel for transport. 
With some "loss" - or rather return - of CO2.

Compare with biogas production - the fuel is not easily used for 
transport and you end up with a sludge, allegedly with fertilizer 
value, but that's questionable.

I'm a bit wary of such comparisons though, beyond a certain point - 
neither is "better", it depends on the circumstances.

Regards

Keith

> > Or have I got it all wrong?
> >
> > David T.
>
>--
>David Preskett, BSc (Hons.), AIWSc
>
>[EMAIL PROTECTED]


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[biofuel] Re: [biofuels-biz] Small-scale ethanol

[Keith Addison]

>Keith must still be sleeping :-)

Yes, I'm still sleeping. :-)

As far as CO2's concerned, it's "carbon-neutral" - CO2 cycling, not 
fossil-fuel CO2. CO2 is a greenhouse gas, but the GG emissions that 
have to be curbed are not those from the natural cycle (else we'd all 
better stop breathing), but the "extra" emissions from fossil fuels. 
As Misha put it, "... huge reserves of carbon, locked deep within the 
earth since long before we ever evolved, and transfer them into the 
atmosphere in a tick of geological time". Methane is a more effective 
greenhouse gas (from 20 to 60 times more effective than CO2, 
according to various refs), but again, if it's part of the current 
account it doesn't make any difference. I'm a bit startled by 
proposals to curb natural methane emissions (cow farts) so we can all 
go on burning fossil fuels as if there's no tomorrow.

Anyway, I don't think not mentioning the CO2 as a greenhouse gas is 
an omission. Quite a lot of people discuss using it in their 
greenhouses though, to promote plant growth, and I think some do.

>If the CO2 released in fermentation of (say) forestry residues or other ligno
>cellulosics for ethanol production, you'd surely have to compare that to
>methane released if those materials biodegraded. Methane's a bit 
>more effective
>as a greenhouse gas (or so I read somewhere).
>
>Interesting thought though.
>
>David Teal wrote:
>
> > I have had a car running on home-made ethanol, but abandoned the project in
> > favour of biodiesel, mainly on cost grounds.  There is, however, another
> > aspect of ethanol which disquiets.  Most proponents cite the carbon dioxide
> > released during fermentation as some sort of advantage, saying it promotes
> > plant growth or can be used to make fizzy drinks.  No mention of either:
> > *Its role as a greenhouse gas or
> > *The loss of energy in all that carbon
> > In one sense, fermentation  is a cold combustion process so we are
> > squandering a decent part of the energy in the original feedstock sugars.

I can't see it as a loss. Carbohydrate is much less valuable than 
protein, and here you end up with less carbohydrate and more protein, 
a very good exchange, plus energy in the form of fuel for transport. 
With some "loss" - or rather return - of CO2.

Compare with biogas production - the fuel is not easily used for 
transport and you end up with a sludge, allegedly with fertilizer 
value, but that's questionable.

I'm a bit wary of such comparisons though, beyond a certain point - 
neither is "better", it depends on the circumstances.

Regards

Keith

> > Or have I got it all wrong?
> >
> > David T.
>
>--
>David Preskett, BSc (Hons.), AIWSc
>
>[EMAIL PROTECTED]


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[biofuels-biz] Re: [biofuel] Small-scale ethanol - Bio fuel business

[Hakan Falk]

Keith,

Original draft for article at 
http://energy.saving.nu/biofuels/biofuelorg.shtml

You just posted several press releases from oil companies and these are 
quite telling. They touch very much the subject of my article. The 
situation in Poland and the "moonshine" argument, show the relevance of 
this discussion. David have already started to think about it and I hope 
that we get more valuable views.

To add to the discussion about centralization versus decentralization risk 
for Ethanol and biodiesel/SVO, I have done the following tables. I is a 
topic for discussion and I am not claiming that I got it right on the first 
time or on my own.

The following table is a first attempt to map technical feasibility of 
fossil to bio fuel replacement.

Process:Ethanol Biodiesel 
 SVO
Fossil fuel to replace  GasolineDiesel 
oil  Diesel oil
Potential fossil replacement 
vehicles   morelessless
Potential fossil replacement 
electricitylessmoremore
Potential fossil replacement 
heatinglessmoremore
Possible crops  lessmoreless
Soil 
sensitivitymorelessless
Crop rotation 
problems  morelessless 

Fuel productivity per 
acre  lessmoremore
Possible 
bi-productslessmoremore
Preparation raw 
materialmorelessless
Filtering - 
pressingyes yes yes
Fermentationyes no 
 no
Chemical altering or 
distilling yes yes no
Energy to 
produce   morelessless
Net energy 
gain lessmoremore
Conversion of end user 
equipmentyes no  yes
Current suitable 
vehicles   morelessless
Current suitability 
electricity no  yes yes
Current suitability 
heating no  yes yes
Cost to 
produce morelessless
End use 
efficiency  lessmoremore
Needed quantity to replace fossil 
fuel  morelessless
Storage 
timemorelessless
Suitable for fossil - bio 
mix   moremoreless
Time to general implementation 
vehicles lessmoremore
Time to general implementation 
electricity  morelessless
Time to general implementation 
heating  morelessless
Suitable for local small scale 
production   yes yes yes
Suitable for local large scale 
production   yes yes yes
Suitable for existing 
distribution  yes yes yes
Large improvements in 
pollution yes yes yes
Biodegradable   yes yes 
 yes

The following table is a first attempt to map political arguments for 
centralize/globalize of production. It does not mirror technical realities 
on all points, it rather deals with possible arguments and perceptions. It 
is an attempt to evaluate how strong different arguments could be for 
centralization (excuse: need of trusted suppliers) in different areas. It 
is not related to facts nor the authors perceptions, it is the authors 
perception of the effect of the arguments on the general population.

Argument for centralization:Developed 
countries Developing countries
 Ethanol 
biodiesel/SVO   Ethanol biodiesel/SVO
Taxes and government 
income strong  strong  strong  strong
Lobby or bribe (language difference 
only?)  easydifficult   easyeasy
Alcohol politics (moonshine 
argument)   strong  weakweakweak
Quality 
control strong  strong  weakweak
Perception of Production process 
complexity strong  weakweakweak
Competence  strong  weak 
strong  weak
Need of large production 
plants strong  weakweakweak
Energy 
independence strong  strong  strong 
strong
Localization by loca

Re: [biofuel] Small-scale ethanol - Bio fuel business

[Hakan Falk]

Keith,

Original draft for article at 
http://energy.saving.nu/biofuels/biofuelorg.shtml

You just posted several press releases from oil companies and these are 
quite telling. They touch very much the subject of my article. The 
situation in Poland and the "moonshine" argument, show the relevance of 
this discussion. David have already started to think about it and I hope 
that we get more valuable views.

To add to the discussion about centralization versus decentralization risk 
for Ethanol and biodiesel/SVO, I have done the following tables. I is a 
topic for discussion and I am not claiming that I got it right on the first 
time or on my own.

The following table is a first attempt to map technical feasibility of 
fossil to bio fuel replacement.

Process:Ethanol Biodiesel 
 SVO
Fossil fuel to replace  GasolineDiesel 
oil  Diesel oil
Potential fossil replacement 
vehicles   morelessless
Potential fossil replacement 
electricitylessmoremore
Potential fossil replacement 
heatinglessmoremore
Possible crops  lessmoreless
Soil 
sensitivitymorelessless
Crop rotation 
problems  morelessless 

Fuel productivity per 
acre  lessmoremore
Possible 
bi-productslessmoremore
Preparation raw 
materialmorelessless
Filtering - 
pressingyes yes yes
Fermentationyes no 
 no
Chemical altering or 
distilling yes yes no
Energy to 
produce   morelessless
Net energy 
gain lessmoremore
Conversion of end user 
equipmentyes no  yes
Current suitable 
vehicles   morelessless
Current suitability 
electricity no  yes yes
Current suitability 
heating no  yes yes
Cost to 
produce morelessless
End use 
efficiency  lessmoremore
Needed quantity to replace fossil 
fuel  morelessless
Storage 
timemorelessless
Suitable for fossil - bio 
mix   moremoreless
Time to general implementation 
vehicles lessmoremore
Time to general implementation 
electricity  morelessless
Time to general implementation 
heating  morelessless
Suitable for local small scale 
production   yes yes yes
Suitable for local large scale 
production   yes yes yes
Suitable for existing 
distribution  yes yes yes
Large improvements in 
pollution yes yes yes
Biodegradable   yes yes 
 yes

The following table is a first attempt to map political arguments for 
centralize/globalize of production. It does not mirror technical realities 
on all points, it rather deals with possible arguments and perceptions. It 
is an attempt to evaluate how strong different arguments could be for 
centralization (excuse: need of trusted suppliers) in different areas. It 
is not related to facts nor the authors perceptions, it is the authors 
perception of the effect of the arguments on the general population.

Argument for centralization:Developed 
countries Developing countries
 Ethanol 
biodiesel/SVO   Ethanol biodiesel/SVO
Taxes and government 
income strong  strong  strong  strong
Lobby or bribe (language difference 
only?)  easydifficult   easyeasy
Alcohol politics (moonshine 
argument)   strong  weakweakweak
Quality 
control strong  strong  weakweak
Perception of Production process 
complexity strong  weakweakweak
Competence  strong  weak 
strong  weak
Need of large production 
plants strong  weakweakweak
Energy 
independence strong  strong  strong 
strong
Localization by loca

[biofuels-biz] EREN Network News -- 12/04/02

[EREN]

=
EREN NETWORK NEWS -- December 4, 2002
A weekly newsletter from the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE)
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Network (EREN).

=

Featuring:
*News and Events
   Honda and Toyota Deliver Fuel Cell Cars to California
   Coleman Powermate Launches Fuel-Cell-Powered Generator
   Nevada Utility Signs Contracts for Wind, Geothermal Power
   Report Shows Large Benefits from Energy Star Program
   Projects to Produce Energy from Waste are Gaining Momentum
   Religious Groups Seek to Make Driving a Moral Issue

*Site News
   Fuelcell Propulsion Institute

*Energy Facts and Tips
   Renewable Energy Gains Ground as EIA Looks Ahead to 2025

*About this Newsletter


--
NEWS AND EVENTS
--
Honda and Toyota Deliver Fuel Cell Cars to California

Honda Motor Company, Ltd. and Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. both
delivered their first fuel-cell-powered cars to customers in
California on Monday.

The City of Los Angeles took delivery of a Honda FCX, a hydrogen-
fueled vehicle that seats four, has a range of up to 170 miles, and
performs much like a standard Honda Civic. Air Products and
Chemicals, Inc. will provide the hydrogen fuel and fueling
infrastructure for the city. Los Angeles is leasing the vehicle for
$500 per month and plans to lease four more in 2003. Honda plans to
lease about 30 vehicles in California and Japan in the next two
years, but has no current plans for mass-market sales of fuel cell
vehicles. See the December 2nd press release on the Honda Web site
at: .

Meanwhile, Toyota delivered two of its hydrogen-fueled Toyota FCHVs
to the University of California (UC), Irvine and UC Davis. Based on
the Highlander, a mid-sized SUV, the FCHV combines improved
aerodynamics, aluminum components, and a 109-horsepower motor to
achieve excellent acceleration and a range of up to 180 miles. Both
cars are under 30-month leases to the universities, which are
leaders in fuel-cell research. Toyota plans to deliver four more
FCHVs to the universities next year. The company has provided more
than $2 million in research grants to UC campuses over the past five
years, and plans to double that figure over the next three and a
half years. See the December 2nd press release on the Toyota Web
site at: .

The combined efforts of Toyota, Honda, the City of Los Angeles, the
California Fuel Cell Partnership, and state organizations like the
California Air Resources Board and South Coast Air Quality
Management Board are leading to the establishment of hydrogen
fueling infrastructure in the San Francisco Bay Area and in Los
Angeles and Orange counties. According to Toyota, these two "model
communities" will have a network of six refueling stations up and
running within the next six months. Toyota's contribution includes a
new refueling station at Toyota's national headquarters in Torrance,
40 miles northwest of the UC Irvine campus. See the Stuart Energy
press release at:
.

A fuel-cell-powered bus already hit the streets in Southern
California in mid-November. The SunLine Transit Agency, which serves
the Palm Springs area, is operating a 50-foot "ThunderPower" bus,
built through a joint venture of Thor Industries and ISE Research.
The hydrogen-fueled bus draws on a 75-kilowatt fuel cell from UTC
Fuel Cells and is serving a route that will demand 100 miles of
travel each day. UTC is also working with the Northeast Advanced
Vehicle Consortium to develop a 200-kilowatt fuel cell power plant
for buses. See the UTC Fuel Cells press releases at:
 and
.

The market for fuel cell vehicles has yielded good news for Ballard
Power Corporation in recent weeks. Ballard received a $1.88 million
order for its Mark 902 fuel-cell engines from an undisclosed
automotive company in late November, then signed a three-year supply
agreement with Honda on Monday. And according to a new study from
Allied Business Intelligence (ABI), the Ballard news is part of a
trend: ABI predicts a rapidly growing market that will reach 800,000
fuel cell vehicles worldwide by 2012. See the press releases from
Ballard and ABI, all in PDF format only, at:
,
,
.


Coleman Powermate Launches Fuel-Cell-Powered Generator

Coleman Powermate, a leading producer of portable power systems and
backup power systems, too

[biofuel] EREN Network News -- 12/04/02

[EREN]

=
EREN NETWORK NEWS -- December 4, 2002
A weekly newsletter from the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE)
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Network (EREN).

=

Featuring:
*News and Events
   Honda and Toyota Deliver Fuel Cell Cars to California
   Coleman Powermate Launches Fuel-Cell-Powered Generator
   Nevada Utility Signs Contracts for Wind, Geothermal Power
   Report Shows Large Benefits from Energy Star Program
   Projects to Produce Energy from Waste are Gaining Momentum
   Religious Groups Seek to Make Driving a Moral Issue

*Site News
   Fuelcell Propulsion Institute

*Energy Facts and Tips
   Renewable Energy Gains Ground as EIA Looks Ahead to 2025

*About this Newsletter


--
NEWS AND EVENTS
--
Honda and Toyota Deliver Fuel Cell Cars to California

Honda Motor Company, Ltd. and Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. both
delivered their first fuel-cell-powered cars to customers in
California on Monday.

The City of Los Angeles took delivery of a Honda FCX, a hydrogen-
fueled vehicle that seats four, has a range of up to 170 miles, and
performs much like a standard Honda Civic. Air Products and
Chemicals, Inc. will provide the hydrogen fuel and fueling
infrastructure for the city. Los Angeles is leasing the vehicle for
$500 per month and plans to lease four more in 2003. Honda plans to
lease about 30 vehicles in California and Japan in the next two
years, but has no current plans for mass-market sales of fuel cell
vehicles. See the December 2nd press release on the Honda Web site
at: .

Meanwhile, Toyota delivered two of its hydrogen-fueled Toyota FCHVs
to the University of California (UC), Irvine and UC Davis. Based on
the Highlander, a mid-sized SUV, the FCHV combines improved
aerodynamics, aluminum components, and a 109-horsepower motor to
achieve excellent acceleration and a range of up to 180 miles. Both
cars are under 30-month leases to the universities, which are
leaders in fuel-cell research. Toyota plans to deliver four more
FCHVs to the universities next year. The company has provided more
than $2 million in research grants to UC campuses over the past five
years, and plans to double that figure over the next three and a
half years. See the December 2nd press release on the Toyota Web
site at: .

The combined efforts of Toyota, Honda, the City of Los Angeles, the
California Fuel Cell Partnership, and state organizations like the
California Air Resources Board and South Coast Air Quality
Management Board are leading to the establishment of hydrogen
fueling infrastructure in the San Francisco Bay Area and in Los
Angeles and Orange counties. According to Toyota, these two "model
communities" will have a network of six refueling stations up and
running within the next six months. Toyota's contribution includes a
new refueling station at Toyota's national headquarters in Torrance,
40 miles northwest of the UC Irvine campus. See the Stuart Energy
press release at:
.

A fuel-cell-powered bus already hit the streets in Southern
California in mid-November. The SunLine Transit Agency, which serves
the Palm Springs area, is operating a 50-foot "ThunderPower" bus,
built through a joint venture of Thor Industries and ISE Research.
The hydrogen-fueled bus draws on a 75-kilowatt fuel cell from UTC
Fuel Cells and is serving a route that will demand 100 miles of
travel each day. UTC is also working with the Northeast Advanced
Vehicle Consortium to develop a 200-kilowatt fuel cell power plant
for buses. See the UTC Fuel Cells press releases at:
 and
.

The market for fuel cell vehicles has yielded good news for Ballard
Power Corporation in recent weeks. Ballard received a $1.88 million
order for its Mark 902 fuel-cell engines from an undisclosed
automotive company in late November, then signed a three-year supply
agreement with Honda on Monday. And according to a new study from
Allied Business Intelligence (ABI), the Ballard news is part of a
trend: ABI predicts a rapidly growing market that will reach 800,000
fuel cell vehicles worldwide by 2012. See the press releases from
Ballard and ABI, all in PDF format only, at:
,
,
.


Coleman Powermate Launches Fuel-Cell-Powered Generator

Coleman Powermate, a leading producer of portable power systems and
backup power systems, too

Re: [biofuel] BioD - 70's Mercedes

[Craig Pech]

Lee,

I don't own one now - just noticed that they were very inexpensive and
thought it might be an option. If I went that route, I would want to run
BioD in it. I was looking for someone who was running one with BioD to see
if they had any problems.

Found a web site that sells parts for Mercs -
ww.mercedes-parts-online.com  - looked like very reasonable prices.

Craig
- Original Message -
From: <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>
To: 
Sent: Tuesday, December 03, 2002 7:10 PM
Subject: Re: [biofuel] BioD - 70's Mercedes


> craig, i have a 1980 merc. 300 d. what evperiance are you looking for? I'm
> looking for a mechanic to help me get it running. It has a rebuilt engine
> that is good but the fuel injection pump needs to be aligned. lee
>
>
> Biofuel at Journey to Forever:
> http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html
>
> Biofuels list archives:
> http://archive.nnytech.net/
>
> Please do NOT send Unsubscribe messages to the list address.
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>
>



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Re: [biofuels-biz] Shell Oil and the Politics of Hype

[murdoch]

There is little doubt in my mind that Doyle is one of our greatest
assets, as an investigative writer on these matters.

Not mentioned is Shell's (and I think BP Amoco's) recent (very
predictable?) scaling-back of Solar-PV production, supposedly in
response to market conditions.  This is, perhaps, a cashing-in on the
decade or two they've spent positioning themselves as big players in
that field, so they can control its growth.  It is the worst thing I
can think of that they've done, recently.

I'd have to know more, though, to view Shell (a giant organization in
which hundreds of thousands participate) as skeptically as we are
asked.  Well, I'll check out the book if possible.

>Similarly, the oil companies today are giving millions to 
>environmental groups and activists to buy silence and good will.
>
>Now comes Jack Doyle, who has just completed a remarkable corporate 
>history of Shell titled Riding the Dragon: Royal Dutch Shell & the 
>Fossil Fire.
>
>The book is published by the Boston-based Environmental Health Fund 
>and is also available on-line on www.shellfacts.org.
>
>In documenting hundreds of cases of human rights abuses, oil 
>pollution, worker injuries and deaths, andthe manufacture of 
>cancer-causing chemicals, Doyle makes the point that Shell and the 
>big oil companies have a lot to hide.
>
>And yet, despite all the rhetoric of moving "beyond petroleum," they 
>continue to secure long term contracts that tie them to the fossil 
>fuel economy, with all of its geopolitical hazards, all of its human 
>rights abuses, and environmental destruction.
>
>Doyle makes the point that while Shell is spending millions of 
>dollars to create the impression that it is a socially and 
>environmentally responsible oil company, the world's second largest 
>oil company remains one of the world's biggest environmental 
>violators.  For example, the new Shell refuses to clean up what is 
>now the worlds' largest urban underground oil spill in Durban, South 
>Africa, where more than one million liters of oil have been dumped so 
>far, Doyle reports.
>
>The book documents a concerted campaign by Shell to halt critical 
>government reports, rewrite history and cover-up its misdeeds.
>
>Since Shell's alleged involvement in the execution of their highest 
>profile critic, Ken Saro-Wiwa of Nigeria, the company has claimed to 
>adopt a new set of principles aimed at reforming their internal 
>practices and re-making their image.
>
>  "Despite an ongoing civil trial in New York on Shell's alleged role 
>in the execution of Saro-Wiwa and other activists, Shell has the 
>temerity to advertise itself as a new company committed to human 
>rights, environmental protection and sustainable development," Doyle 
>said. "There is ample reason to be skeptical about this manufactured 
>image, which is wildly at odds with the facts."
>
>Don't believe the hype. Put aside the cute little web sites and beany 
>baby tigers.
>
>There's nothing new about new Shell, Exxon, and BP. They are bought 
>into the fossil fuel economy.
>
>We need to get out.
>
>Russell Mokhiber is editor of the Washington, D.C.-based Corporate 
>Crime Reporter. Robert Weissman is editor of the Washington, 
>D.C.-based Multinational Monitor, 
>http://www.multinationalmonitor.org. They are co-authors of Corporate 
>Predators: The Hunt for MegaProfits and the Attack on Democracy 
>(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1999; 
>http://www.corporatepredators.org).
>
>(c) Russell Mokhiber and Robert Weissman
>
>This article is posted at: 
>http://lists.essential.org/pipermail/corp-focus/2002/000134.html


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[biofuels-biz] Minor oil crops

[Keith Addison]

Full-text online:

http://www.fao.org/inpho/vlibrary/x0043e/x0043e00.htm

Minor oil crops

Part I - Edible oils
Part II - Non-edible oils
Part III - Essential oils

Table of Contents

FAO AGRICULTURAL SERVICES BULLETIN No. 94

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 1992

prepared by B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman
Intermediate Technology Development Group
Rugby, UK

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this 
publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on 
the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United 
Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city 
or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its 
frontiers or boundaries.

M-17
ISBN 92-5-103128-2

Copyright

Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work 
for personal or classroom use is hereby granted without fee and 
without a formal request provided that copies are not made or 
distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear 
this notice and full citation on the first page. Copyright for 
components of this work owned by others than FAO must be honoured. To 
copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers, or to redistribute 
to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or fee.

Request permission to publish from:

The Chief Editor,
FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla,
00100 Rome, Italy,
e-mail:[EMAIL PROTECTED]

(c) FAO 1992

Contents

Preface

Abbreviations

Introduction

Principals of extraction

Part I - Minor edible oil crops

Individual monographs

1.1 Argan
1.2 Avocado
1.3 Babassu palm
1.4 Balanites
1.5 Borneo tallow nut
1.6 Brazil nut
1.7 Caryocar spp
1.8 Cashew nut
1.9 Chinese vegetable tallow
1.10 Cohune palm
1.11 Cucurbitaceae

Bottle gourd
Buffalo gourd
Fluted pumpkin
Marrow
Smooth loofah

1.12 Grapeseed
1.13 Illipe
1.14 Kusum
1.15 Macadamia nuts
1.16 Mango seed
1.17 Noog abyssinia
1.18 Nutmeg
1.19 Perilla
1.20 Pili nut
1.21 Rice bran
1.22 Sacha inche
1.23 Seje
1.24 Shea nut
1.25 Teased

Appendix I - Summary of various applications of minor edible oil groups
Appendix II - Research and development institutions

Part II - Minor non-edible oil crops

I. Individual monographs

2.1 Allanblackia
2.2 Almond
2.3 Chaulmoogra
2.4 Cuphea spp.
2.5 Jatropa curgas
2.6 Karanja seed
2.7 Neem
2.8 Papaya
2.9 Tonka bean
2.10 Tung
2.11 Ucuuba

Appendix I - Summary of various applications of minor non-edible oil crops

Part III - Minor essential oil crops

I. Introduction

II. Distillation of essential oils

2.1 Raw materials / processing
2.2 Types of distillation
2.3 Storage and packaging

III. Individual monographs

3.1 Cajuput
3.2 Clausena anisata
3.3 Davana
3.4 Galbanum natural oleoresin
3.5 German chamomile
3.6 Hexastylis
3.7 High-geraniol monarda
3.8 Juniapa-hinojo sabalero
3.9 Melissa officinalis
3.10 Milfoil
3.11 Ninde
3.12 Patchouli
3.13 Tarragon
3.14 Wormwood

Appendix I - Summary of various applications of minor essential oil crops

Part IV - Minor oil crops general appendix

Biofuels at Journey to Forever
http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html
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http://webconx.green-trust.org/2000/biofuel/biofuel.htm
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[biofuel] Minor oil crops

[Keith Addison]

Full-text online:

http://www.fao.org/inpho/vlibrary/x0043e/x0043e00.htm

Minor oil crops

Part I - Edible oils
Part II - Non-edible oils
Part III - Essential oils

Table of Contents

FAO AGRICULTURAL SERVICES BULLETIN No. 94

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS
Rome, 1992

prepared by B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman
Intermediate Technology Development Group
Rugby, UK

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this 
publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on 
the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United 
Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city 
or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its 
frontiers or boundaries.

M-17
ISBN 92-5-103128-2

Copyright

Permission to make digital or hard copies of part or all of this work 
for personal or classroom use is hereby granted without fee and 
without a formal request provided that copies are not made or 
distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear 
this notice and full citation on the first page. Copyright for 
components of this work owned by others than FAO must be honoured. To 
copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers, or to redistribute 
to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or fee.

Request permission to publish from:

The Chief Editor,
FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla,
00100 Rome, Italy,
e-mail:[EMAIL PROTECTED]

(c) FAO 1992

Contents

Preface

Abbreviations

Introduction

Principals of extraction

Part I - Minor edible oil crops

Individual monographs

1.1 Argan
1.2 Avocado
1.3 Babassu palm
1.4 Balanites
1.5 Borneo tallow nut
1.6 Brazil nut
1.7 Caryocar spp
1.8 Cashew nut
1.9 Chinese vegetable tallow
1.10 Cohune palm
1.11 Cucurbitaceae

Bottle gourd
Buffalo gourd
Fluted pumpkin
Marrow
Smooth loofah

1.12 Grapeseed
1.13 Illipe
1.14 Kusum
1.15 Macadamia nuts
1.16 Mango seed
1.17 Noog abyssinia
1.18 Nutmeg
1.19 Perilla
1.20 Pili nut
1.21 Rice bran
1.22 Sacha inche
1.23 Seje
1.24 Shea nut
1.25 Teased

Appendix I - Summary of various applications of minor edible oil groups
Appendix II - Research and development institutions

Part II - Minor non-edible oil crops

I. Individual monographs

2.1 Allanblackia
2.2 Almond
2.3 Chaulmoogra
2.4 Cuphea spp.
2.5 Jatropa curgas
2.6 Karanja seed
2.7 Neem
2.8 Papaya
2.9 Tonka bean
2.10 Tung
2.11 Ucuuba

Appendix I - Summary of various applications of minor non-edible oil crops

Part III - Minor essential oil crops

I. Introduction

II. Distillation of essential oils

2.1 Raw materials / processing
2.2 Types of distillation
2.3 Storage and packaging

III. Individual monographs

3.1 Cajuput
3.2 Clausena anisata
3.3 Davana
3.4 Galbanum natural oleoresin
3.5 German chamomile
3.6 Hexastylis
3.7 High-geraniol monarda
3.8 Juniapa-hinojo sabalero
3.9 Melissa officinalis
3.10 Milfoil
3.11 Ninde
3.12 Patchouli
3.13 Tarragon
3.14 Wormwood

Appendix I - Summary of various applications of minor essential oil crops

Part IV - Minor oil crops general appendix

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Re: [biofuels-biz] Small-scale ethanol

[David Preskett]

Keith must still be sleeping :-)

If the CO2 released in fermentation of (say) forestry residues or other ligno
cellulosics for ethanol production, you'd surely have to compare that to
methane released if those materials biodegraded. Methane's a bit more effective
as a greenhouse gas (or so I read somewhere).

Interesting thought though.

David Teal wrote:

> I have had a car running on home-made ethanol, but abandoned the project in
> favour of biodiesel, mainly on cost grounds.  There is, however, another
> aspect of ethanol which disquiets.  Most proponents cite the carbon dioxide
> released during fermentation as some sort of advantage, saying it promotes
> plant growth or can be used to make fizzy drinks.  No mention of either:
> *Its role as a greenhouse gas or
> *The loss of energy in all that carbon
> In one sense, fermentation  is a cold combustion process so we are
> squandering a decent part of the energy in the original feedstock sugars.
>
> Or have I got it all wrong?
>
> David T.
>
> Biofuels at Journey to Forever
> http://journeytoforever.org/biofuel.html
> Biofuel at WebConX
> http://webconx.green-trust.org/2000/biofuel/biofuel.htm
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--
David Preskett, BSc (Hons.), AIWSc

[EMAIL PROTECTED]


Reduce - reuse - recycle

University of Wales
BioComposites Centre
Deiniol Road
Bangor
Gwynedd
LL57 2UW
http://www.bc.bangor.ac.uk
Tel +44 (0)1248-370588
Fax: +44 (0)1248-370594



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Re: [biofuels-biz] Small-scale ethanol

[David Teal]

I have had a car running on home-made ethanol, but abandoned the project in
favour of biodiesel, mainly on cost grounds.  There is, however, another
aspect of ethanol which disquiets.  Most proponents cite the carbon dioxide
released during fermentation as some sort of advantage, saying it promotes
plant growth or can be used to make fizzy drinks.  No mention of either:
*Its role as a greenhouse gas or
*The loss of energy in all that carbon
In one sense, fermentation  is a cold combustion process so we are
squandering a decent part of the energy in the original feedstock sugars.

Or have I got it all wrong?

David T.


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[biofuel] Climate Change

[Keith Addison]

Another post from Misha to the Sustainable Agriculture Network 
Discussion Group (SANET). Has anyone read the fossil-fuels section in 
"Stormy Weather"?

>Howdy, all--
>
>Those of you who prefer science to wishful thinking and corporate 
>propaganda on the matter of human-induced climate change will 
>appreciate these resources.
>
>First, and best:
>
>/Climate Change and the Global Harvest: Potential Impacts of the 
>Greenhouse Effect on Agriculture/. Cynthia Rosenzweig, Daniel 
>Hillel. Oxford U. P., 1998.
>ISBN 0-19-508889-1.
>
>Cynthia is with the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies at 
>Columbia U. She is an ag scientist (all three degrees).
>
>See these research links for more on GISS's work on climate change, 
>climate forcings, paleoclimate, and more: 
>http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/
>
>Second, I have found this collection very useful:
>
>/Global Climate Change and Agricultural Production/. Fakhri Bazzaz, 
>Wim Sombroek. Rome, FAO, 1996. Cloth ISBN 0-471-95763-1. Paper ISBN 
>0-471-96927-3.
>
>See particularly information on changing hydrological cycles, 
>regional vulnerability, and the combined effects of changing CO2, 
>temperature, UV-B radiation, and ozone on crop growth.
>
>Third, A nice popular guide--praised by Jim Hansen of NASA/Giss, 
>David Suzuki, and Rev. Sally Bingham (Episcopal Power and Light)--is:
>
>/Stormy Weather: 101 Solutions to Global Climate Change/. Guy 
>Dauncey, Patrick Mazza. 2001. ISBN 0-86571-421-5
>
>My favorite sections are "Moving toward a world without fossil 
>fuels," and the solutions that highlight the fossil-fuel- and 
>transport-intensive industrial/global food system.
>
>Fourth, here in the Pacific Northwest, we have
>
>Climate Solutions
>http://www.climatesolutions.org/
>
>Climate Solutions publications on-line
>http://www.climatesolutions.org/staging/pages/pubs.html
>
>CS's Energy Outreach Center is right here in lovely downtown 
>Olympia. "The purpose of the Center is to acquaint you with some of 
>the major considerations when building, buying, or remodeling a home 
>while having minimum impact on the environment. The energy-saving 
>materials and ideas not only save energy, therefore saving money, 
>they also help to save the planet from pollution, wasteful use of 
>non-renewable resources, and ultimately, dangerous climate changes."
>
>
>WARNING! Using these resources will remove the potential for smug 
>ignorance or comforting ourselves with fairy tales. Like how it 
>doesn't make any difference to the atmosphere's chemistry, when 
>humans take huge reserves of carbon, locked deep within the earth 
>since long before we ever evolved, and transfer them into the 
>atmosphere in a tick of geological time.
>
>These resources also convert whistling in the dark into singing in a 
>new key, so only those with a truly musical soul should use them.
>
>:^)
>
>peace
>mish
>
>
>Michele Gale-Sinex
>
>Home office:   360-459-5683
>Home office fax:   Same as above, phone first for enabling
>~~~
>The Earth is not dying, it is being killed, and those who are 
>killing it have names and addresses. -Utah Philips


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Lomborg - was Re: [biofuel] addendum to my last post

[Keith Addison]

Hello Thor

There's an apt picture of Bjorn Lomborg, author (perpetrator?) of 
"The Skeptical Environmentalist" here:
http://www.anti-lomborg.com/

:-)

The local troll at the SANET sustag group was pushing Lomborg 
recently as jolly good sensible stuff, and Misha Gale-Sinex, slightly 
irked, posted this:

>Howdy, all--
>
>Regarding assistant professor of statistics Bjorn Lomborg's 
>now-dated and discredited honkings about topics well outside his 
>area of expertise (i.e., biology, meteorology, ecology, climate 
>science, zoology, forestry, economics, public health, energy), see 
>the following scientists' views.
>
>One could choose to characterize every one of them as 
>"environmentalists" and thus dismiss them all as "ideological." I'd 
>say that choice reflects a psychological inclination (the common 
>bipolar disorder, A versus B thinking), not clear reasoning nor an 
>interest in understanding the complexities of human impacts on the 
>fabric of terrestrial life.
>
>http://www.au.dk/~cesamat/debate.html
>Lomborg's own colleagues and Danish scientists distance themselves 
>from him. This is their statement.
>
>http://www.au.dk/~cesamat/debate.Sorensen.pdf
>Resources: "Lomborg's claims are untrue and dangerous" Henning 
>S¿rensen, Professor, dr.phil., former President of the Royal Danish 
>Academy of Sciences and Letters, Department of Geology, University 
>of Copenhagen.
>
>http://www.au.dk/~cesamat/debate.Fjeldsaa.pdf
>Species' extinction: "Lomborg's facts are absurd and irrelevant" Jon 
>Fjeldsaa, Professor, dr. scient., Vertebrate Department, Zoological 
>Museum, University of Copenhagen
>
>http://www.au.dk/~cesamat/debate.Schou.pdf
>Economics: "Clean growth is not proven"
>Poul Schou, MSc in economics, Ph.D. student at the Department of 
>Economics, University of Copenhagen.
>
>http://www.au.dk/~cesamat/debate.Gundersen.et.al.pdf
>Forest die-back: "Acid rain is not a myth" Per Gundersen, Senior 
>Researcher, Research Center for Forrest and Landscape (FSL), J. Bo 
>Larsen, Professor, Royal Agricultural University (KVL); Lars Bo 
>Pedersen, Senior Researcher, FSL and Karsten Raulund Rasmussen, 
>Chief Researcher, FSL.
>
>http://www.au.dk/~cesamat/debate.Astrup%20Jensen.pdf
>Pesticides: "Associate Professor always gets the last word" Allan 
>Astrup Jensen, Research Director, DK-Teknik.
>
>http://www.au.dk/~cesamat/debate.Grandjean.pdf
>Breast cancer: "Lomborg's errors"
>Philippe Grandjean, Professor, dr.med., Institute of Public Health, 
>University of Southern Denmark.
>
>http://www.au.dk/~cesamat/debate.Jorgens.Fedders.pdf
>Climate change: "Greenhouse effect created by humans: Myth or reality?"
>Anne Mette K. J¿rgensen, Ph.D., Head of Research Department, 
>Denmarks Meteorological Institute (DMI) and Henrik Feddersen, Ph.D., 
>Danish Climate Centre, DMI.
>
>http://www.au.dk/~cesamat/debate.Skou%20Andersen.pdf
>Climate and cost-benefit: "Lomborg's precarious model" Mikael Skou 
>Andersen, Associate Professor, Ph.D., Department of Political 
>Science, University of Aarhus.
>
>http://www.au.dk/~cesamat/debate.Politica.pdf
>Book Review, Politica 1/1999
>"Bj¿rn Lomborg: Verdens sande tilstand (The True State of the 
>World), Viby: Centrum, 1998" (Politica is the scientific journal for 
>political science in Denmark).
>
>http://www.gristmagazine.com/grist/books/wilson121201.asp
>"Lomborg's estimate of extinction rates is at odds with the vast 
>majority of respected scholarship on extinction."
>Biologist E.O. Wilson -- two-time Pulitzer prize winner, discoverer 
>of hundreds of new species, and one of the world's greatest living 
>scientists.
>
>http://www.gristmagazine.com/grist/books/schneider121201.asp
>"What a monumental waste of busy people's time countering the scores 
>upon scores of strawmen, misquotes, unbalanced statements, and 
>selective inattention to the full literature." Stephen H. Schneider, 
>one of the foremost climate scientists in the United States.
>
>http://www.gristmagazine.com/grist/books/myers121201.asp
>"Lomborg ignores or is ignorant of much of the work on extinction 
>rates a man who demonstrates repeatedly that he is not 
>acquainted with the basics of the issue." Norman Myers, an Honorary 
>Visiting Fellow of Oxford University, a member of the U.S. National 
>Academy of the Sciences, and a recipient of several of the world's 
>most prestigious environmental awards, looking at Lomborg on 
>biodiversity.
>
>http://www.gristmagazine.com/grist/books/brown121201.asp
>"Lomborg's fellow faculty members are concerned that his work does 
>not satisfy basic academic standards. Other reviewers have pointed 
>out that he has never published a single article in a refereed 
>scientific journal." Lester R. Brown, founder of the Worldwatch 
>Institute and the Earth Policy Institute, reviews Lomborg on 
>population.
>
>http://www.gristmagazine.com/grist/books/matthews121201.asp
>"Lomborg's interpretation of global forest cover and Indonesian 
>forest fires are just two examples of the i