[time-nuts] Fluke 207-5 receiver available

2014-08-08 Thread Bill Pileggi
Picked up subject receiver at a ham club auction in July. I thought it
'might' be useful as a generic VLF receiver, but perhaps not? Perhaps one of
you will give it a better home? If not, does anyone have schematics? I'd
certainly like to look at the diagrams. Thank you. KA3AIS

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Re: [time-nuts] Low noise powersupplies

2014-08-08 Thread Gerhard Hoffmann

Am 08.08.2014 um 02:13 schrieb Alexander Pummer:



people who designing low noise PLLs solved that problem a while ego go 
to Charles Wenzels circuit collections he made a very low noise from 
DC to a few hundred kHz amplifier just to amplify the phase noise, 
here is:

http://www.techlib.com/files/lowamp.pdf



You can also try my preamp:

http://www.hoffmann-hochfrequenz.de/downloads/lono.pdf  

with some preliminary results on batteries:

 
http://www.hoffmann-hochfrequenz.de/downloads/Noise_Behaviour_Of_Chemical_Batteries_V1.0.pdf 



(very preliminary, could not get the 89441A to do a multi-decade FFT 
from 0.1Hz to 1 MHz, but figured
out how to control it via the network over tcp/ip. Must take multiple 
measurements, paste it together

and plot it with gnuplot, takes soo much time to write...)

Since NiCds seem to max out the 220pV/sqrt Hz, I'm also working on a 
stereo version of the
preamp so I can use the cross correlation feature to get another 25 dB. 
But even now the
thermal noise of 60 Ohm (1nV/sqrtHZ) is consistently in the upper half 
of the plots :-)


It will have all controls settable via tcp/ip and bistable relays  a 
BeagleBoneBlack.

There a too many possible errors if I try to do it by hand.

Also, my preamp has 1 dB droop at 1 MHz, that's not really flat for my 
taste.




regards, Gerhard

(holidays in Bretagne, it rains, I wished I had the 89441 here...)


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Re: [time-nuts] Effects of noise on EFC line? - Resolved

2014-08-08 Thread Bob Camp
Hi

The 10811 is very unusual in that the EFC is not bypassed. It’s still got a 
modulation bandwidth.  The important part is that the EFC has an inherent 
“lowpass due to FM to PM conversion. 

The EFC line on the 10811 should be bypassed to ground at the socket with at 
least a 1000 pf cap.  Yes that’s not in the little manual. It’s the only way to 
knock out all of the RF tune effect on the EFC line. Of course if you are 
driving it with an op-amp that will terminate. 

Bob

On Aug 7, 2014, at 10:08 PM, Bob Stewart b...@evoria.net wrote:

 Hi Bob,
 
 I hadn't even considered a filter in the OCXO.  This isn't a 10811, but 
 that's the OCXO I have a schematic of, so I'll assume that's the benchmark.  
 Following the EFC in, it looks like it goes to a 100K resistor and then tees 
 to the 100pf varicap and a 15pf to the xtal.  Other caps are attached as 
 well, but it doesn't look like it's bypassed to ground anywhere along the EFC 
 line.  I see that there's another 100K to a 6.4V reference with a 6.8uf cap.  
 So, that means that the EFC line ranges from +6.4 to -6.4?  I haven't worked 
 out the time constant, but that wouldn't seem to apply for a 10MHz signal 
 riding on the EFC voltage.
 
 
 Like I said, I don't have a 10811 on my GPSDO.  It's my faithful Trimble 
 34310-T.  Still, I would imagine that they at least looked at HP's design.
 
 As to Hal's comment about probe pickup.  I was careful to specify the X10 
 position of the probe.  In the X1 position there was a signal that wasn't 
 visible in X10, but should have been.  So, I assumed that was some sort of 
 induced signal.  I'm using a generic cheap Chinese probe available on ebay.
 
 
 Bob
 
 
 
 
 From: Bob Camp kb...@n1k.org
 To: Discussion of precise time and frequency measurement time-nuts@febo.com 
 Sent: Thursday, August 7, 2014 6:11 PM
 Subject: Re: [time-nuts] Effects of noise on EFC line? - Resolved
 
 
 Hi
 
 Your EFC line is probably bypassed internally to the OCXO. A 3db modulation 
 bandwidth beyond 1 KHz is unlikely. A modulation bandwidth below 100 Hz is 
 quite possible. 
 
 Next thing to consider is that the EFC does FM on the OCXO. Phase noise is PM 
 modulation. FM is 1/Fmod relative to PM. If I go up a decade in frequency 
 with constant FM, my PM sideband will go down by 20 db. Yes that’s for small 
 modulation indexes. That’s very likely the case if we are dealing with noise. 
 
 You can calculate exactly what PM sideband in dbc you will get from a 1 Hz 
 tone at 1 mV p-p on your EFC. From that you can pretty quickly work out what 
 this or that number of microvolts will do at this or that frequency.  The 
 answer is normally that the noise you have from a reasonable regulator or 
 op-amp isn’t a big deal. 
 
 Bob
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Re: [time-nuts] Low noise powersupplies

2014-08-08 Thread Edesio Costa e Silva
An application note
(http://cds.linear.com/docs/en/application-note/an124f.pdf) from Jim
Williams and the related video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ta1ZuZTHYXA)
may be informative.

Edésio

On Thu, Aug 07, 2014 at 01:41:32PM -0700, Chris Albertson wrote:
 Just practical question..
 
 How would one measure noise at this level?  If I were evaluate this what
 would I need?  My scope lacks a nV/dev setting so is there some way to tell
 the difference between this and an LM317?  Seriously, what kind of
 instrumentation would I need before I could measure an improvement over my
 standard LM317
 
 
 
 On Wed, Aug 6, 2014 at 11:38 PM, Ole Petter Ronningen olep...@gmail.com
 wrote:
 
  Hello, all
 
  I thought it may be of interest to some of the members of this list that TI
  is selling evaluation modules for some ultra low noise regulators for $20
  in their estore, shipping world wide included. The specs looks pretty
  decent to me, and I've ordered up a couple of boards to use as clean up
  boxes for my bench-supplies, to use on noise-sensitive projects.
 
  1.4-30v output TPS7A4701EVM-094
  3.5µVRMS (10Hz, 100KHz)
  25 nV/???Hz (10Hz, 1MHz)
  Maximum Output Current of 1A
 
  +-15v version TPS7A30-49EVM-567:
  15v rail:
  Noise:
   12.7µVRMS (20Hz to 20kHz)
   15.4µVRMS (10Hz to 100kHz)
  Power-Supply Ripple Rejection:
   72dB (120Hz)
   ??? 52dB (10Hz to 400kHz)
  Maximum Output Current: 150mA
 
 
  -15v rail:
  Noise:
   14µVRMS (20Hz to 20kHz)
   15.1µVRMS (10Hz to 100kHz)
  Power-Supply Ripple Rejection:
   72dB (120Hz)
   ??? 55dB (10Hz to 700kHz)
  Maximum Output Current: 200mA
 
  Ole
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 -- 
 
 Chris Albertson
 Redondo Beach, California
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[time-nuts] WWVB BPSK patent status

2014-08-08 Thread Mike Harpe
From my reading of the archives and research it appears that the design for
a BPSK WWVB receiver probably has a patent conflict.

Isn't this a rehash of the old Heathkit patent on radio clocks that held
back their adoption for years?

I have begun work on a BPSK receiver for WWVB using an FPGA.

Someone should look into why the NIST did this at all since the receiver
design got a patent slapped on it right away.

Mike Harpe, N4PLE
Sellersburg, IN
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[time-nuts] RFTG-u ref(1) stand-by

2014-08-08 Thread wa8ttm.radio
I have the RFTG-u ref(1) and ref(0) with the interconnect cable.  The pair
are working except the ref(1) is in stand-by.  

How can make the ref(1) active ?

Thanks,

Ron
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Re: [time-nuts] Fluke 207-5 receiver available

2014-08-08 Thread paul swed
Yes indeed it sort of has a use. WWVB. Not much else down there. Even now
that doesn't work. Granted you will here wwvb and you can poke around. But
its a nice door stop.
Regards
Paul
WB8TSL


On Fri, Aug 8, 2014 at 2:55 AM, Bill Pileggi wpile...@netzero.net wrote:

 Picked up subject receiver at a ham club auction in July. I thought it
 'might' be useful as a generic VLF receiver, but perhaps not? Perhaps one
 of
 you will give it a better home? If not, does anyone have schematics? I'd
 certainly like to look at the diagrams. Thank you. KA3AIS

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Re: [time-nuts] WWVB BPSK patent status

2014-08-08 Thread paul swed
Mike not sure what the above means. As to the FPGA I suspect that may be a
good approach i am messing with various micros and languages and they all
sort of run out of steam especially when you need to be able to use numbers
of instructions to make a DPLL.
I did build a hardware counter that I could speed up slowdown or leave the
same so that I could essentially build a phase accumulator.
But not sure what patents are going to cause a problem.
Regards
Paul
WB8TSL


On Fri, Aug 8, 2014 at 10:01 AM, Mike Harpe m...@mikeharpe.com wrote:

 From my reading of the archives and research it appears that the design for
 a BPSK WWVB receiver probably has a patent conflict.

 Isn't this a rehash of the old Heathkit patent on radio clocks that held
 back their adoption for years?

 I have begun work on a BPSK receiver for WWVB using an FPGA.

 Someone should look into why the NIST did this at all since the receiver
 design got a patent slapped on it right away.

 Mike Harpe, N4PLE
 Sellersburg, IN
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[time-nuts] multipath on GPS

2014-08-08 Thread Jim Lux
Does anyone have a feel for what the minimum size reflector at some 
small distance would be detectable on a GPS timing receiver? WOuld you 
be able to see a change of a 1 meter square reflector 10 meters away?


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Re: [time-nuts] FTS1000A 05818-501 spec's

2014-08-08 Thread Tom Van Baak
What I use: pin5 = gnd and pin8 = 24VDC, but Corby may have more info.

I don't have specs on model 05818-501. For vintage parts like this an actual 
recent measurement is usually worth more than a vintage data sheet. I know from 
personal experience that many 5 MHz FTS/Datum 1000 and 1200 oscillators are 
stable to parts in ten to the -13th. I'll see if I can dig up phase noise plots 
for you.

/tvb

- Original Message - 
From: Ole Petter Ronningen olep...@gmail.com
To: time-nuts@febo.com
Sent: Tuesday, August 05, 2014 5:45 AM
Subject: [time-nuts] FTS1000A 05818-501 spec's


 Hello, all
 
 I went a bit overboard on ebay and ended up with a FTS1000A model
 05818-501. I've found the datasheet for the FTS1000 on ko4bb's site, but
 the model numbers does not match up. Does anyone know the spec for this
 particular model (phasenoise/stability), and if there's reason to suspect
 that the pinout is different for this particular model?
 
 Thank you all!


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Re: [time-nuts] WWVB BPSK patent status

2014-08-08 Thread Brooke Clarke

Hi Mike:

Do you have any patent numbers.

Have Fun,

Brooke Clarke
http://www.PRC68.com
http://www.end2partygovernment.com/2012Issues.html
http://www.prc68.com/I/DietNutrition.html

Mike Harpe wrote:

From my reading of the archives and research it appears that the design for
a BPSK WWVB receiver probably has a patent conflict.

Isn't this a rehash of the old Heathkit patent on radio clocks that held
back their adoption for years?

I have begun work on a BPSK receiver for WWVB using an FPGA.

Someone should look into why the NIST did this at all since the receiver
design got a patent slapped on it right away.

Mike Harpe, N4PLE
Sellersburg, IN
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Re: [time-nuts] WWVB BPSK patent status

2014-08-08 Thread Richard (Rick) Karlquist

Without having seen the specific patent, what
worries me is that there is a trend these days
to write blanket patents that say you can't
build any black box that, for example, receives
this format, no matter how it works.
They don't have to prove what is
in your FPGA code.  They then can shut down any
competition with such a weak patent unless the
competition has deep pockets for a lawyer.  If
they can prove you willfully infringed (whatever
that means), they get triple damages.  If you
do any kind of patent search, do not keep any
records or tell anyone about it.

Possibly you could make the FPGA code available
on the internet and have the end user be the
infringer.  Not being a lawyer, I'm not sure
if this would get you off the hook.  Maybe
they can hang their hat on the digital copyright
law (DCMA?) , in which case you become a criminal too.

Rick Karlquist N6RK

On 8/8/2014 3:24 PM, Brooke Clarke wrote:

Hi Mike:

Do you have any patent numbers.

Have Fun,

Brooke Clarke
http://www.PRC68.com
http://www.end2partygovernment.com/2012Issues.html
http://www.prc68.com/I/DietNutrition.html

Mike Harpe wrote:

From my reading of the archives and research it appears that the
design for
a BPSK WWVB receiver probably has a patent conflict.

Isn't this a rehash of the old Heathkit patent on radio clocks that held
back their adoption for years?

I have begun work on a BPSK receiver for WWVB using an FPGA.

Someone should look into why the NIST did this at all since the receiver
design got a patent slapped on it right away.

Mike Harpe, N4PLE
Sellersburg, IN
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Re: [time-nuts] WWVB BPSK patent status

2014-08-08 Thread Paul Davis
How about these Xtendwave patents for a start:

8270465 - Timing and Time Information Extraction from a Phase Modulated Signal 
in a Radio Controlled Clock Receiver
8605778 - Adaptive radio controlled clock employing different modes of 
operation for different applications and scenarios
8774317 - System and Method for Phase Modulation Over a Pulse Width 
Modulated/Amplitude Modulated Signal for Use in a Radio Controlled Clock 
Receiver
Application number: 20130121399 - Timing and Time Information Extraction in a 
Radio Controlled Clock Receiver
And patent 8300687 of the same name but issued Oct 2012?

Or did you mean Heath Co.? The only thing relevant there is 4582434 - Time 
corrected, continuously updated clock but that is for WWV/WWVH not WWVB. And it 
was granted in 1986, so no longer in effect anyway.

Paul

On Aug 8, 2014, at 6:24 PM, Brooke Clarke bro...@pacific.net wrote:

Hi Mike:

Do you have any patent numbers.

Have Fun,

Brooke Clarke
http://www.PRC68.com
http://www.end2partygovernment.com/2012Issues.html
http://www.prc68.com/I/DietNutrition.html

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Re: [time-nuts] WWVB BPSK patent status

2014-08-08 Thread Alexander Pummer

look that also:
48 Ultra-accurate DSP-based
DCF77 Timecode Receiver
To extract the highest possible accuracy from the German DCF 77.5
kHz time
-
code broadcast this project uses DSP algorithms running on a low-cost 
dsPIC33

microcontroller to filter and demodulate both the AM and phase modulated
signals, while also producing a very stable 10
Hz carrier-locked reference clock
output.

http://uploadkon.ir/uploads/4b5782ba531bb58ff30ceeaa383a9212.pdf

On 8/8/2014 5:20 PM, Paul Davis wrote:

How about these Xtendwave patents for a start:

8270465 - Timing and Time Information Extraction from a Phase Modulated Signal 
in a Radio Controlled Clock Receiver
8605778 - Adaptive radio controlled clock employing different modes of 
operation for different applications and scenarios
8774317 - System and Method for Phase Modulation Over a Pulse Width 
Modulated/Amplitude Modulated Signal for Use in a Radio Controlled Clock 
Receiver
Application number: 20130121399 - Timing and Time Information Extraction in a 
Radio Controlled Clock Receiver
And patent 8300687 of the same name but issued Oct 2012?

Or did you mean Heath Co.? The only thing relevant there is 4582434 - Time 
corrected, continuously updated clock but that is for WWV/WWVH not WWVB. And it 
was granted in 1986, so no longer in effect anyway.

Paul

On Aug 8, 2014, at 6:24 PM, Brooke Clarke bro...@pacific.net wrote:

Hi Mike:

Do you have any patent numbers.

Have Fun,

Brooke Clarke
http://www.PRC68.com
http://www.end2partygovernment.com/2012Issues.html
http://www.prc68.com/I/DietNutrition.html

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Re: [time-nuts] WWVB BPSK patent status

2014-08-08 Thread Alex Pummer
there was a Swiss ingenieur who designed and published a receiver design 
for the DCF77 which has the same modulation format, also there was a 
Finish design a few years ego also published, therefore, that American 
company, which is promising the chip for a while but instead delivering 
the chip changes it's name... has to be very careful with patent writing.

73
Alex

On 8/8/2014 4:44 PM, Richard (Rick) Karlquist wrote:

Without having seen the specific patent, what
worries me is that there is a trend these days
to write blanket patents that say you can't
build any black box that, for example, receives
this format, no matter how it works.
They don't have to prove what is
in your FPGA code.  They then can shut down any
competition with such a weak patent unless the
competition has deep pockets for a lawyer.  If
they can prove you willfully infringed (whatever
that means), they get triple damages.  If you
do any kind of patent search, do not keep any
records or tell anyone about it.

Possibly you could make the FPGA code available
on the internet and have the end user be the
infringer.  Not being a lawyer, I'm not sure
if this would get you off the hook.  Maybe
they can hang their hat on the digital copyright
law (DCMA?) , in which case you become a criminal too.

Rick Karlquist N6RK

On 8/8/2014 3:24 PM, Brooke Clarke wrote:

Hi Mike:

Do you have any patent numbers.

Have Fun,

Brooke Clarke
http://www.PRC68.com
http://www.end2partygovernment.com/2012Issues.html
http://www.prc68.com/I/DietNutrition.html

Mike Harpe wrote:

From my reading of the archives and research it appears that the
design for
a BPSK WWVB receiver probably has a patent conflict.

Isn't this a rehash of the old Heathkit patent on radio clocks that 
held

back their adoption for years?

I have begun work on a BPSK receiver for WWVB using an FPGA.

Someone should look into why the NIST did this at all since the 
receiver

design got a patent slapped on it right away.

Mike Harpe, N4PLE
Sellersburg, IN
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Re: [time-nuts] WWVB BPSK patent status

2014-08-08 Thread Alex Pummer

!!! http://blog.blinkenlight.net/experiments/dcf77/the-clock/  !!!


On 8/8/2014 4:44 PM, Richard (Rick) Karlquist wrote:

Without having seen the specific patent, what
worries me is that there is a trend these days
to write blanket patents that say you can't
build any black box that, for example, receives
this format, no matter how it works.
They don't have to prove what is
in your FPGA code.  They then can shut down any
competition with such a weak patent unless the
competition has deep pockets for a lawyer.  If
they can prove you willfully infringed (whatever
that means), they get triple damages.  If you
do any kind of patent search, do not keep any
records or tell anyone about it.

Possibly you could make the FPGA code available
on the internet and have the end user be the
infringer.  Not being a lawyer, I'm not sure
if this would get you off the hook.  Maybe
they can hang their hat on the digital copyright
law (DCMA?) , in which case you become a criminal too.

Rick Karlquist N6RK

On 8/8/2014 3:24 PM, Brooke Clarke wrote:

Hi Mike:

Do you have any patent numbers.

Have Fun,

Brooke Clarke
http://www.PRC68.com
http://www.end2partygovernment.com/2012Issues.html
http://www.prc68.com/I/DietNutrition.html

Mike Harpe wrote:

From my reading of the archives and research it appears that the
design for
a BPSK WWVB receiver probably has a patent conflict.

Isn't this a rehash of the old Heathkit patent on radio clocks that 
held

back their adoption for years?

I have begun work on a BPSK receiver for WWVB using an FPGA.

Someone should look into why the NIST did this at all since the 
receiver

design got a patent slapped on it right away.

Mike Harpe, N4PLE
Sellersburg, IN
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Re: [time-nuts] Low noise powersupplies

2014-08-08 Thread Edesio Costa e Silva
An application note
(http://cds.linear.com/docs/en/application-note/an124f.pdf) from Jim
Williams and the related video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ta1ZuZTHYXA)
may be informative.

Edésio

On Thu, Aug 07, 2014 at 01:41:32PM -0700, Chris Albertson wrote:
 Just practical question..
 
 How would one measure noise at this level?  If I were evaluate this what
 would I need?  My scope lacks a nV/dev setting so is there some way to tell
 the difference between this and an LM317?  Seriously, what kind of
 instrumentation would I need before I could measure an improvement over my
 standard LM317
 
 
 
 On Wed, Aug 6, 2014 at 11:38 PM, Ole Petter Ronningen olep...@gmail.com
 wrote:
 
  Hello, all
 
  I thought it may be of interest to some of the members of this list that TI
  is selling evaluation modules for some ultra low noise regulators for $20
  in their estore, shipping world wide included. The specs looks pretty
  decent to me, and I've ordered up a couple of boards to use as clean up
  boxes for my bench-supplies, to use on noise-sensitive projects.
 
  1.4-30v output TPS7A4701EVM-094
  3.5µVRMS (10Hz, 100KHz)
  25 nV/???Hz (10Hz, 1MHz)
  Maximum Output Current of 1A
 
  +-15v version TPS7A30-49EVM-567:
  15v rail:
  Noise:
   12.7µVRMS (20Hz to 20kHz)
   15.4µVRMS (10Hz to 100kHz)
  Power-Supply Ripple Rejection:
   72dB (120Hz)
   ??? 52dB (10Hz to 400kHz)
  Maximum Output Current: 150mA
 
 
  -15v rail:
  Noise:
   14µVRMS (20Hz to 20kHz)
   15.1µVRMS (10Hz to 100kHz)
  Power-Supply Ripple Rejection:
   72dB (120Hz)
   ??? 55dB (10Hz to 700kHz)
  Maximum Output Current: 200mA
 
  Ole
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 Chris Albertson
 Redondo Beach, California
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Re: [time-nuts] WWVB BPSK patent status

2014-08-08 Thread Alexander Pummer


also there is one FPGA based system already available unfortunately the 
description is in German : 
http://www.cadt.de/dieter/dcf/Praezisionsfrequenzmessungen.pdf


 On 8/8/2014 5:33 PM, Alex Pummer wrote:
there was a Swiss ingenieur who designed and published a receiver 
design for the DCF77 which has the same modulation format, also there 
was a Finish design a few years ego also published, therefore, that 
American company, which is promising the chip for a while but instead 
delivering the chip changes it's name... has to be very careful with 
patent writing.

73
Alex

On 8/8/2014 4:44 PM, Richard (Rick) Karlquist wrote:

Without having seen the specific patent, what
worries me is that there is a trend these days
to write blanket patents that say you can't
build any black box that, for example, receives
this format, no matter how it works.
They don't have to prove what is
in your FPGA code.  They then can shut down any
competition with such a weak patent unless the
competition has deep pockets for a lawyer.  If
they can prove you willfully infringed (whatever
that means), they get triple damages.  If you
do any kind of patent search, do not keep any
records or tell anyone about it.

Possibly you could make the FPGA code available
on the internet and have the end user be the
infringer.  Not being a lawyer, I'm not sure
if this would get you off the hook.  Maybe
they can hang their hat on the digital copyright
law (DCMA?) , in which case you become a criminal too.

Rick Karlquist N6RK

On 8/8/2014 3:24 PM, Brooke Clarke wrote:

Hi Mike:

Do you have any patent numbers.

Have Fun,

Brooke Clarke
http://www.PRC68.com
http://www.end2partygovernment.com/2012Issues.html
http://www.prc68.com/I/DietNutrition.html

Mike Harpe wrote:

From my reading of the archives and research it appears that the
design for
a BPSK WWVB receiver probably has a patent conflict.

Isn't this a rehash of the old Heathkit patent on radio clocks that 
held

back their adoption for years?

I have begun work on a BPSK receiver for WWVB using an FPGA.

Someone should look into why the NIST did this at all since the 
receiver

design got a patent slapped on it right away.

Mike Harpe, N4PLE
Sellersburg, IN
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Re: [time-nuts] multipath on GPS

2014-08-08 Thread Hal Murray

jim...@earthlink.net said:
 Does anyone have a feel for what the minimum size reflector at some small
 distance would be detectable on a GPS timing receiver? WOuld you be able to
 see a change of a 1 meter square reflector 10 meters away? 

I suspect it depends on the elevation angle of the reflector.

My wise-ass answer is something like:
  Please try it and let us know what happens.

A variation on that question is how do I tell which of two antenna positions 
is better?

How would you measure that?  With a good reference clock, would it be enough 
to just collect PPS offsets and then compare adev with/without?  How much 
data would you need?  How much variation is there due to the changing 
satellite patterns?

What would you do if you don't have a good reference?  Do GPS receivers 
provide enough signal quality data?

--

I have often wondered if the reflections off a nearby 747 would cause 
troubles.  I live roughly 20 miles off the end of the San Francisco airport.  
It's common for planes to fly over my house while they are getting lined up 
for the landing pattern.  Most large planes now broadcast their 
position/speed.  When I get time, I want to capture that data and see if I 
can find any correlation between planes nearby and something like a TBolt 
going into holdover or dips in the signal quality from a satellite.


-- 
These are my opinions.  I hate spam.



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