Re: [Tutor] n.isalnum() is failing
For anyone who was following this, here is the finished, non floating point, program, after all the kind advice received has been incorporated into it (hopefully I have the leap year logic right...): # *** (7) MAIN BODY -- The Buck Starts Here! *** def isLeapYear(y): if y % 4 == 0: if y % 100 == 0 and y % 400 == 1: answer = False return answer answer = True return answer answer = False return answer print This program finds all leap years between any two dates.;print;print start = end = None while start == None: try: start = int(raw_input(Enter for beginning year : )) end = int(raw_input(Enter for ending year : )) except ValueError: print;print YEAR must be a integer number -- TRY AGAIN! start = end = None if 1 = start end: print; print for y in range(start, end + 1): answer = isLeapYear(y) if answer == True: print y, --leap year! print Done! *** EXECUTION *** This program finds all leap years between any two dates. Enter for beginning year : 1900 Enter for ending year : 2000 1900 --leap year! 1904 --leap year! 1908 --leap year! 1912 --leap year! 1916 --leap year! 1920 --leap year! 1924 --leap year! 1928 --leap year! 1932 --leap year! 1936 --leap year! 1940 --leap year! 1944 --leap year! 1948 --leap year! 1952 --leap year! 1956 --leap year! 1960 --leap year! 1964 --leap year! 1968 --leap year! 1972 --leap year! 1976 --leap year! 1980 --leap year! 1984 --leap year! 1988 --leap year! 1992 --leap year! 1996 --leap year! 2000 --leap year! Done! ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] n.isalnum() is failing
Terry [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote def isLeapYear(y): if y % 4 == 0: if y % 100 == 0 and y % 400 == 1: answer = False return answer answer = True return answer answer = False return answer Not quite. y%400 == 1 will only be true for years like 2001, 1601 etc! You need to invert the test so y % 400 != 0. (or use not) But there is a more direct way: Lets recap: 1) A year that is divisible by 4 is a leap year. (Y % 4) == 0 2) but: a year that is divisible by 100 is not a leap year. (Y % 100) != 0 3) 3) however a year that is divisible by 400 is a leap year. (Y % 400) == 0 So a year that is divisible by 400 is *always* a leap year: if y % 400 == 0: return True Now we need a combined test for the other 2 cases. If its divisible by 4 and not by 100 its a leap year: if (y % 4 == 0) and not (y %100 == 0): return True So we can combine the definitions to give: def isLeapYear(y): if y % 400 == 0: return True if (y % 4 == 0) and not (y %100 == 0): return True else: return False Which is shorter and clearer IMHO. (You could combine it into one line but I personally think that would make the rules less clear.) This is one of the cases where using multiple returns makes the code clearer in my view. print This program finds all leap years between any two dates.;print;print start = end = None while start == None: try: start = int(raw_input(Enter for beginning year : )) end = int(raw_input(Enter for ending year : )) except ValueError: print;print YEAR must be a integer number -- TRY AGAIN! start = end = None if 1 = start end: print; print for y in range(start, end + 1): answer = isLeapYear(y) if answer == True: print y, --leap year! Also the point of a predicate function is that it returns a boolean value so you don;t need any intermediate variables. You can just use it in the condition, like if isLeapYear(y): print y, '--leap year' By using a predicate style name (isX) the code becomes clearer than when you introduce an intermediate variable where the reader then has to backtrack to see what the test value is based on. 1900 --leap year! This is wrong, 1900 is divisible by 100 but not by 400... 1904 --leap year! 1908 --leap year! ... 2000 --leap year! Whereas 2000 is correct because it is divisible by 400. HTH, -- Alan Gauld Author of the Learn to Program web site http://www.freenetpages.co.uk/hp/alan.gauld ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
[Tutor] Calculating Deflection angles
Hello Every One, I create a list of coordinates of 2 lines. X11,Y11 X12,Y12 as starting and ending of one line. X21,Y21 X22, Y22 as starting and ending of the 2nd line. Now is there any way to calculate the deflection angle between the two lines? Will any modules be required other than Python 2.3 (on Linux)? and How will it be done? TIA, Nitin ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
[Tutor] Basic english
I just finish to right a script to teach ESL. I will be using as vocabulary Basic English . This was created in 1930 an consist of only 800 words . This script is very small just two kb. plus the Basic vocabulary. Is anyone there to help me to compile this file into win32 so could be used in PC without having to install python in each PC using it. This will be possible, i.e to install Python in the PC used by Helping Hands, a church group that is going to sponsor the ESL classess. Thank you Lucio___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Basic english
Lucio Arteaga [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote Is anyone there to help me to compile this file into win32 so could be used in PC without having to install python in each PC using it. Python is an interpreted language so you always need to install an interpreter, the only question is whether you do this explicitly, once only, or whether you hide the interpreter inside a pseudo exe file and thus install a version of Python for every program. If you feel you must do the latter then look at py2exe which will create the necesary bundle for you. If you just want to install Python alongside your program almost any windows installer can do that for you. Alan G ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] UTF-8 filenames encountered in os.walk
On Tue, Jul 03, 2007 at 06:04:16PM -0700, Terry Carroll wrote:
Has anyone found a silver bullet for ensuring that all the filenames
encountered by os.walk are treated as UTF-8? Thanks.
What happens if you specify the starting directory as a Unicode string,
rather than an ascii string, e.g., if you're walking the current
directory:
for thing in os.walk(u'.'):
instead of:
for thing in os.walk('.'):
This is a good thought, and the crux of the problem. I pull the
starting directories from an XML file which is UTF-8, but by the time it
hits my program, because there are no extended characters in the
starting path, os.walk assumes ascii. So, I recast the string as UTF-8,
and I get UTF-8 output. The problem happens further down the line.
I get a list of paths from the results of os.walk, all in UTF-8, but not
identified as such. If I just pass my list to other parts of the
program it seems to assume either ascii or UTF-8, based on the
individual list elements. If I try to cast the whole list as UTF-8, I
get an exception because it is assuming ascii and receiving UTF-8 for
some list elements.
I suspect that my program will have to make sure to recast all
equivalent-to-ascii strings as UTF-8 while leaving the ones that are
already extended alone.
--
yours,
William
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Re: [Tutor] UTF-8 filenames encountered in os.walk
William O'Higgins Witteman wrote:
for thing in os.walk(u'.'):
instead of:
for thing in os.walk('.'):
This is a good thought, and the crux of the problem. I pull the
starting directories from an XML file which is UTF-8, but by the time it
hits my program, because there are no extended characters in the
starting path, os.walk assumes ascii. So, I recast the string as UTF-8,
and I get UTF-8 output. The problem happens further down the line.
I get a list of paths from the results of os.walk, all in UTF-8, but not
identified as such. If I just pass my list to other parts of the
program it seems to assume either ascii or UTF-8, based on the
individual list elements. If I try to cast the whole list as UTF-8, I
get an exception because it is assuming ascii and receiving UTF-8 for
some list elements.
FWIW, I'm pretty sure you are confusing Unicode strings and UTF-8
strings, they are not the same thing. A Unicode string uses 16 bits to
represent each character. It is a distinct data type from a 'regular'
string. Regular Python strings are byte strings with an implicit
encoding. One possible encoding is UTF-8 which uses one or more bytes to
represent each character.
Some good reading on Unicode and utf-8:
http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/Unicode.html
http://effbot.org/zone/unicode-objects.htm
If you pass a unicode string (not utf-8) to os.walk(), the resulting
lists will also be unicode.
Again, it would be helpful to see the code that is getting the error.
I suspect that my program will have to make sure to recast all
equivalent-to-ascii strings as UTF-8 while leaving the ones that are
already extended alone.
It is nonsense to talk about 'recasting' an ascii string as UTF-8; an
ascii string is *already* UTF-8 because the representation of the
characters is identical. OTOH it makes sense to talk about converting an
ascii string to a unicode string.
Kent
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Re: [Tutor] Calculating Deflection angles
On Wed, 4 Jul 2007, nitin chandra wrote: Hello Every One, I create a list of coordinates of 2 lines. X11,Y11 X12,Y12 as starting and ending of one line. X21,Y21 X22, Y22 as starting and ending of the 2nd line. Now is there any way to calculate the deflection angle between the two lines? Will any modules be required other than Python 2.3 (on Linux)? I'm looking at my old book A Programmer's Geometry now. If you first put the equations for each line in the AX+BY+C=0 form, i.e., Line 1: A1*X + B1*Y + C1 = 0 Line 2: A2*X + B2*Y + C2 = 0 Then the angle between them is found by: theta = acos( (A1*A2 + B1*B2) / sqrt((A1**2+B1**2)*(A2**2+B2**2)) ) ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] UTF-8 filenames encountered in os.walk
On Wed, Jul 04, 2007 at 11:28:53AM -0400, Kent Johnson wrote: FWIW, I'm pretty sure you are confusing Unicode strings and UTF-8 strings, they are not the same thing. A Unicode string uses 16 bits to represent each character. It is a distinct data type from a 'regular' string. Regular Python strings are byte strings with an implicit encoding. One possible encoding is UTF-8 which uses one or more bytes to represent each character. Some good reading on Unicode and utf-8: http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/Unicode.html http://effbot.org/zone/unicode-objects.htm The problem is that the Windows filesystem uses UTF-8 as the encoding for filenames, but os doesn't seem to have a UTF-8 mode, just an ascii mode and a Unicode mode. If you pass a unicode string (not utf-8) to os.walk(), the resulting lists will also be unicode. Again, it would be helpful to see the code that is getting the error. The code is quite complex for not-relevant-to-this-problem reasons. The gist is that I walk the FS, get filenames, some of which get written to an XML file. If I leave the output alone I get errors on reading the XML file. If I try to change the output so that it is all Unicode, I get errors because my UTF-8 data sometimes looks like ascii, and I don't see a UTF-8-to-Unicode converter in the docs. I suspect that my program will have to make sure to recast all equivalent-to-ascii strings as UTF-8 while leaving the ones that are already extended alone. It is nonsense to talk about 'recasting' an ascii string as UTF-8; an ascii string is *already* UTF-8 because the representation of the characters is identical. OTOH it makes sense to talk about converting an ascii string to a unicode string. Then what does mystring.encode(UTF-8) do? -- yours, William ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
[Tutor] rotation within arrays
Dear People, I wondering if any of you lovely people can make a suggestion on a problem which I have with a n dimensional array. For example, I've a 3x3 array and I have been mapping an element from 1D to the one directly above it. 3-12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 The problem which I have is that I now need to rotated alternative layer of the arrays but I still need to have the original mapping i.e 3 - 12. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 14 17 10 13 16 9 12 15 Does anyone have any suggestions for how to do this? Thanks Andy ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
[Tutor] Help search files
Hello Someone can help me how to search file in a directory. I need to do a form where the user write the word to search and if the file was found the user must could download the file making click in the link Sorry my english thz Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] UTF-8 filenames encountered in os.walk
On Wed, 2007-07-04 at 12:00 -0400, William O'Higgins Witteman wrote:
On Wed, Jul 04, 2007 at 11:28:53AM -0400, Kent Johnson wrote:
FWIW, I'm pretty sure you are confusing Unicode strings and UTF-8
strings, they are not the same thing. A Unicode string uses 16 bits to
represent each character. It is a distinct data type from a 'regular'
string. Regular Python strings are byte strings with an implicit
encoding. One possible encoding is UTF-8 which uses one or more bytes to
represent each character.
Some good reading on Unicode and utf-8:
http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/Unicode.html
http://effbot.org/zone/unicode-objects.htm
The problem is that the Windows filesystem uses UTF-8 as the encoding
for filenames, but os doesn't seem to have a UTF-8 mode, just an ascii
mode and a Unicode mode.
Are you converting your utf-8 strings to unicode?
unicode_file_name = utf8_file_name.decode('UTF-8')
If you pass a unicode string (not utf-8) to os.walk(), the resulting
lists will also be unicode.
Again, it would be helpful to see the code that is getting the error.
The code is quite complex for not-relevant-to-this-problem reasons. The
gist is that I walk the FS, get filenames, some of which get written to
an XML file. If I leave the output alone I get errors on reading the
XML file. If I try to change the output so that it is all Unicode, I
get errors because my UTF-8 data sometimes looks like ascii, and I don't
see a UTF-8-to-Unicode converter in the docs.
It is probably worth the effort to put together a simpler piece of code
that can illustrate the problem.
I suspect that my program will have to make sure to recast all
equivalent-to-ascii strings as UTF-8 while leaving the ones that are
already extended alone.
It is nonsense to talk about 'recasting' an ascii string as UTF-8; an
ascii string is *already* UTF-8 because the representation of the
characters is identical. OTOH it makes sense to talk about converting an
ascii string to a unicode string.
Then what does mystring.encode(UTF-8) do?
It uses utf8 encoding rules to convert mystring FROM unicode to a
string. If mystring is *NOT* unicode but simply a string, it appears to
do a round trip decode and encode of the string. This allows you to
find encoding errors, but if there are no errors the result is the same
as what you started with.
The data in a file (streams of bytes) are encoded to represent unicode
characters. The stream must be decoded to recover the underlying
unicode. The unicode must be encoded when written to files. utf-8 is
just one of many possible encoding schemes.
--
Lloyd Kvam
Venix Corp
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Re: [Tutor] Help search files
Alejandro Decchi [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote form where the user write the word to search and if the file was found Do you mean the word is the filename (use glob module) or the word is inside the file (use os.walk)? Amnd do you need an exact match or a wild card search. The latter will use either glob or regular expressions(re module) user must could download the file making click in the link You can use the ftlib module for that. HTH, Alan G ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] rotation within arrays
Andy Cheesman [EMAIL PROTECTED] The problem which I have is that I now need to rotated alternative layer of the arrays but I still need to have the original mapping i.e 3 - 12. Is your problem how to rotate the array? Or how to preserve the mapping? or both? I don't know offhand how to do either but I'm not sure which I should be thinking about first! Alan G ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Help search files
The user put the word or the regular expresion in a textbox i need to do when ther user press the buttom submit call the file for example search.py . I need to do this search.py file to find the file looking for ther user. If the file or files are found i want to the user can download the files found making click in the link listed in ther form On 7/4/07, Alan Gauld [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Alejandro Decchi [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote form where the user write the word to search and if the file was found Do you mean the word is the filename (use glob module) or the word is inside the file (use os.walk)? Amnd do you need an exact match or a wild card search. The latter will use either glob or regular expressions(re module) user must could download the file making click in the link You can use the ftlib module for that. HTH, Alan G ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Help search files
Alejandro Decchi [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote The user put the word or the regular expresion in a textbox i need to do when ther user press the buttom submit call the file for example search.py . I need to do this search.py file to find the file looking for ther user. Is the word the user enters the name of the file to be found? Or is it a word that we must search for inside the files? Alan G ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Help search files
Is the word or part of the word that the user enters in the texbox .And this word is the name of the file to be found On 7/4/07, Alan Gauld [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Alejandro Decchi [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote The user put the word or the regular expresion in a textbox i need to do when ther user press the buttom submit call the file for example search.py . I need to do this search.py file to find the file looking for ther user. Is the word the user enters the name of the file to be found? Or is it a word that we must search for inside the files? Alan G ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] UTF-8 filenames encountered in os.walk
On Wed, 4 Jul 2007, William O'Higgins Witteman wrote: It is nonsense to talk about 'recasting' an ascii string as UTF-8; an ascii string is *already* UTF-8 because the representation of the characters is identical. OTOH it makes sense to talk about converting an ascii string to a unicode string. Then what does mystring.encode(UTF-8) do? I'm pretty iffy on this stuff myself, but as I see it, you basically have three kinds of things here. First, an ascii string: s = 'abc' In hex, this is 616263; 61 for 'a'; 62 for 'b', 63 for 'c'. Second, a unicode string: u = u'abc' I can't say what this is in hex because that's not meaningful. A Unicode character is a code point, which can be represented in a variety of ways, depending on the encoding used. So, moving on Finally, you can have a sequence of bytes, which are stored in a string as a buffer, that shows the particular encoding of a particular string: e8 = s.encode(UTF-8) e16 = s.encode(UTF-16) Now, e8 and e16 are each strings (of bytes), the content of which tells you how the string of characters that was encoded is represented in that particular encoding. In hex, these look like this. e8: 616263 (61 for 'a'; 62 for 'b', 63 for 'c') e16: FFFE6100 62006300 (FFEE for the BOM, 6100 for 'a', 6200 for 'b', 6300 for 'c') Now, superficially, s and e8 are equal, because for plain old ascii characters (which is all I've used in this example), UTF-8 is equivalent to ascii. And they compare the same: s == e8 True But that's not true of the UTF-16: s == e16 False e8 == e16 False So (and I'm open to correction on this), I think of the encode() method as returning a string of bytes that represents the particular encoding of a string value -- and it can't be used as the string value itself. But you can get that string value back (assuming all the characters map to ascii): s8 = e8.decode(UTF-8) s16 = e16.decode(UTF-16) s == s8 == s16 True ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Help search files
Alejandro Decchi [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote Is the word or part of the word that the user enters in the texbox . And this word is the name of the file to be found Ok, In that case use the glob function in the glob module. It returns a list of all files that match a pattern: import glob files = glob.glob(*.txt) print files For more powerful searches you can use os.walk() See the OS topic in my tutorial for more examples of using glob and os.walk HTH, -- Alan Gauld Author of the Learn to Program web site http://www.freenetpages.co.uk/hp/alan.gauld ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] UTF-8 filenames encountered in os.walk
William O'Higgins Witteman wrote:
The problem is that the Windows filesystem uses UTF-8 as the encoding
for filenames,
That's not what I get. For example, I made a file called Tést.txt and
looked at what os.listdir() gives me. (os.listdir() is what os.walk()
uses to get the file and directory names.) If I pass a byte string as
the directory name, I get byte strings back, not in utf-8, but
apparently in cp1252 (or latin-1, but this is Windows so it's probably
cp1252):
os.listdir('C:\Documents and Settings')
['Administrator', 'All Users', 'Default User', 'LocalService',
'NetworkService', 'T\xe9st.txt']
Note the \xe9 which is the cp1252 representation of é.
If I give the directory as a unicode string, the results are all unicode
strings as well:
os.listdir(u'C:\Documents and Settings')
[u'Administrator', u'All Users', u'Default User', u'LocalService',
u'NetworkService', u'T\xe9st.txt']
In neither case does it give me utf-8.
but os doesn't seem to have a UTF-8 mode, just an ascii
mode and a Unicode mode.
It has a unicode string mode and a byte string mode.
The code is quite complex for not-relevant-to-this-problem reasons. The
gist is that I walk the FS, get filenames, some of which get written to
an XML file. If I leave the output alone I get errors on reading the
XML file.
What kind of errors? Be specific! Show the code that generates the error.
I'll hazard a guess that you are writing the cp1252 characters to the
XML file but not specifying the charset of the file, or specifying it as
utf-8, and the reader croaks on the cp1252.
If I try to change the output so that it is all Unicode, I
get errors because my UTF-8 data sometimes looks like ascii,
How do you change the output? What do you mean, the utf-8 data looks
like ascii? Ascii data *is* utf-8, they should look the same.
I don't
see a UTF-8-to-Unicode converter in the docs.
If s is a byte string containing utf-8, then s.decode('utf-8') is the
equivalent unicode string.
I suspect that my program will have to make sure to recast all
equivalent-to-ascii strings as UTF-8 while leaving the ones that are
already extended alone.
It is nonsense to talk about 'recasting' an ascii string as UTF-8; an
ascii string is *already* UTF-8 because the representation of the
characters is identical. OTOH it makes sense to talk about converting an
ascii string to a unicode string.
Then what does mystring.encode(UTF-8) do?
It depends on what mystring is. If it is a unicode string, it converts
it to a plain (byte) string containing the utf-8 representation of
mystring. For example,
In [8]: s=u'\xe9' # Note the leading u - this is a unicode string
In [9]: s.encode('utf-8')
Out[9]: '\xc3\xa9'
If mystring is a string, it is converted to a unicode string using the
default encoding (ascii unless you have changed it), then that string is
converted to utf-8. This can work out two ways:
- if mystring originally contained only ascii characters, the result is
identical to the original:
In [1]: s='abc'
In [2]: s.encode('utf-8')
Out[2]: 'abc'
In [4]: s.encode('utf-8') == s
Out[4]: True
- if mystring contains non-ascii characters, then the implicit *decode*
using the ascii codec will fail with an exception:
In [5]: s = '\303\251'
In [6]: s.encode('utf-8')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File ipython console, line 1, in module
type 'exceptions.UnicodeDecodeError': 'ascii' codec can't decode byte
0xc3 in position 0: ordinal not in range(128)
Note this is exactly the same error you would get if you explicitly
tried to convert to unicode using the ascii codec, because that is what
is happening under the hood:
In [11]: s.decode('ascii')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File ipython console, line 1, in module
type 'exceptions.UnicodeDecodeError': 'ascii' codec can't decode byte
0xc3 in position 0: ordinal not in range(128)
Again, it would really help if you would
- show some code
- show some data
- learn more about unicode, utf-8, character encodings and python strings.
Kent
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Re: [Tutor] Help search files
perfect but can you give me a link to find a file in a directory.Because i do not the function to search files in some directory. Can you give an example : On 7/4/07, Alan Gauld [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Alejandro Decchi [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote Is the word or part of the word that the user enters in the texbox . And this word is the name of the file to be found Ok, In that case use the glob function in the glob module. It returns a list of all files that match a pattern: import glob files = glob.glob(*.txt) print files For more powerful searches you can use os.walk() See the OS topic in my tutorial for more examples of using glob and os.walk HTH, -- Alan Gauld Author of the Learn to Program web site http://www.freenetpages.co.uk/hp/alan.gauld ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Help search files
Just set the current directory to the one you want to search using os.chdir(myPath) or pass a full path to glob: glob.glob(/some/path/to/search/*.txt) HTH, Alan G. Alejandro Decchi [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote in message news:[EMAIL PROTECTED] perfect but can you give me a link to find a file in a directory.Because i do not the function to search files in some directory. Can you give an example : On 7/4/07, Alan Gauld [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Alejandro Decchi [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote Is the word or part of the word that the user enters in the texbox . And this word is the name of the file to be found Ok, In that case use the glob function in the glob module. It returns a list of all files that match a pattern: import glob files = glob.glob(*.txt) print files For more powerful searches you can use os.walk() See the OS topic in my tutorial for more examples of using glob and os.walk HTH, -- Alan Gauld Author of the Learn to Program web site http://www.freenetpages.co.uk/hp/alan.gauld ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Calculating Deflection angles
-BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE- Hash: SHA1 Well, first that sounds somehow like a homework assignment, so only some hints: a) work out the underlying math. Consider all special edge cases. b) I'm not completely sure what you need, but a feeling in the stomach tells me that you might need the atan function, it's provided in Python in the math module. Andreas nitin chandra wrote: Hello Every One, I create a list of coordinates of 2 lines. X11,Y11 X12,Y12 as starting and ending of one line. X21,Y21 X22, Y22 as starting and ending of the 2nd line. Now is there any way to calculate the deflection angle between the two lines? Will any modules be required other than Python 2.3 (on Linux)? and How will it be done? TIA, Nitin ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE- Version: GnuPG v1.4.2 (GNU/Linux) Comment: Using GnuPG with Mozilla - http://enigmail.mozdev.org iD8DBQFGi+h4HJdudm4KnO0RAgaTAKDV9dRcoFRuFpU0l0uNRrVmmUGZvACgm2B8 ute28hDtZfeMQGg+0QoF7Mo= =kBWC -END PGP SIGNATURE- ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] how long?
-BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE- Hash: SHA1 You forgot the uncertainty of 1000% :) Actually, Python is relativly easy to learn, but I've known people that were trained by the Arbeitsamt (government employment office), which never, even after months could predict the output of programs like: for x in xrange(3): for y in xrange(3): print x, y, x * y Guess one needs a certain level of abstract thinking to be a programmer ;) Andreas Thorsten Kampe wrote: * Ben Waldin (Tue, 3 Jul 2007 19:46:42 +1200) How long will it take until I successfully create my own working program that is useful? I have crated the address book ones in the tutors and just want to know how long it takes before I start to create my own thought up programs that will be useful. Thanks Ben Approximately ten days, four hours and six minutes ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE- Version: GnuPG v1.4.2 (GNU/Linux) Comment: Using GnuPG with Mozilla - http://enigmail.mozdev.org iD8DBQFGi+lcHJdudm4KnO0RAhiHAKCgEGezriWG5kigHBut8FnuEB9F7QCdE+X/ 0AEw/jigdaEtbXNYVSMH7OI= =UBkm -END PGP SIGNATURE- ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] rotation within arrays
Andy Cheesman wrote: Dear People, I wondering if any of you lovely people can make a suggestion on a problem which I have with a n dimensional array. For example, I've a 3x3 array What mechanism (module?) are you using to store the array? Or are you asking us for a recommendation? and I have been mapping an element from 1D to the one directly above it. 3-12 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 The problem which I have is that I now need to rotated alternative layer of the arrays arrays? I only see the 2nd as rotated. And do you mean transpose? That is what the result looks like. What prevents you from keeping the original for the mapping and also having a transposed copy? but I still need to have the original mapping i.e 3 - 12. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 14 17 10 13 16 9 12 15 The mapping can be defined in another array (I'm using origin 1 indexing here): 1,1 1,2 1,3 2,1 2,2 2,3 3,1 3,2 3,3 Then you'd transpose that when you transpose the other array. -- Bob Gailer 510-978-4454 Oakland, CA 919-636-4239 Chapel Hill, NC ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] UTF-8 filenames encountered in os.walk
Terry Carroll wrote: I'm pretty iffy on this stuff myself, but as I see it, you basically have three kinds of things here. First, an ascii string: s = 'abc' In hex, this is 616263; 61 for 'a'; 62 for 'b', 63 for 'c'. Second, a unicode string: u = u'abc' I can't say what this is in hex because that's not meaningful. A Unicode character is a code point, which can be represented in a variety of ways, depending on the encoding used. So, moving on Finally, you can have a sequence of bytes, which are stored in a string as a buffer, that shows the particular encoding of a particular string: e8 = s.encode(UTF-8) e16 = s.encode(UTF-16) Now, e8 and e16 are each strings (of bytes), the content of which tells you how the string of characters that was encoded is represented in that particular encoding. I would say that there are two kinds of strings, byte strings and unicode strings. Byte strings have an implicit encoding. If the contents of the byte string are all ascii characters, you can generally get away with ignoring that they are in an encoding, because most of the common 8-bit character encodings include plain ascii as a subset (all the latin-x encodings, all the Windows cp12xx encodings, and utf-8 all have ascii as a subset), so an ascii string can be interpreted as any of those encodings without error. As soon as you get away from ascii, you have to be aware of the encoding of the string. encode() really wants a unicode string not a byte string. If you call encode() on a byte string, the string is first converted to unicode using the default encoding (usually ascii), then converted with the given encoding. In hex, these look like this. e8: 616263 (61 for 'a'; 62 for 'b', 63 for 'c') e16: FFFE6100 62006300 (FFEE for the BOM, 6100 for 'a', 6200 for 'b', 6300 for 'c') Now, superficially, s and e8 are equal, because for plain old ascii characters (which is all I've used in this example), UTF-8 is equivalent to ascii. And they compare the same: s == e8 True They are equal in every sense, I don't know why you consider this superficial. And if your original string was not ascii the encode() would fail with a UnicodeDecodeError. But that's not true of the UTF-16: s == e16 False e8 == e16 False So (and I'm open to correction on this), I think of the encode() method as returning a string of bytes that represents the particular encoding of a string value -- and it can't be used as the string value itself. The idea that there is somehow some kind of string value that doesn't have an encoding will bring you a world of hurt as soon as you venture out of the realm of pure ascii. Every string is a particular encoding of character values. It's not any different from the string value itself. But you can get that string value back (assuming all the characters map to ascii): s8 = e8.decode(UTF-8) s16 = e16.decode(UTF-16) s == s8 == s16 True You can get back to the ascii-encoded representation of the string. Though here you are hiding something - s8 and s16 are unicode strings while s is a byte string. In [13]: s = 'abc' In [14]: e8 = s.encode(UTF-8) In [15]: e16 = s.encode(UTF-16) In [16]: s8 = e8.decode(UTF-8) In [17]: s16 = e16.decode(UTF-16) In [18]: s8 Out[18]: u'abc' In [19]: s16 Out[19]: u'abc' In [20]: s Out[20]: 'abc' In [21]: type(s8) == type(s) Out[21]: False The way I think of it is, unicode is the pure representation of the string. (This is nonsense, I know, but I find it a convenient mnemonic.) encode() converts from the pure representation to an encoded representation. The encoding can be ascii, latin-1, utf-8... decode() converts from the coded representation back to the pure one. Kent ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] UTF-8 filenames encountered in os.walk
On Wed, Jul 04, 2007 at 02:47:45PM -0400, Kent Johnson wrote: encode() really wants a unicode string not a byte string. If you call encode() on a byte string, the string is first converted to unicode using the default encoding (usually ascii), then converted with the given encoding. Aha! That helps. Something else that helps is that my Python code is generating output that is received by several other tools. Interesting facts: Not all .NET XML parsers (nor IE6) accept valid UTF-8 XML. I am indeed seeing filenames in cp1252, even though the Microsoft docs say that filenames are in UTF-8. Filenames in Arabic are in UTF-8. What I have to do is to check the encoding of the filename as received by os.walk (and thus os.listdir) and convert them to Unicode, continue to process them, and then encode them as UTF-8 for output to XML. In trying to work around bad 3rd party tools and inconsistent data I introduced errors in my Python code. The problem was in treating all filenames the same way, when they were not being created the same way by the filesystem. Thanks for all the help and suggestions. -- yours, William ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Help search files
Ok but i have this form: head meta http-equiv=Content-Type content=text/html; charset=iso-8859-1 / titleDocumento sin tiacute;tulo/title /head body form id=form1 name=form1 method=post action=/cgi-bin/search.py labelstrong search/strong input type=text name=textfield align=center / /label pnbsp;/p labelstrongfind it/strong input type=submit name=Submit value=Enviar / /label pnbsp;/p /form /body /html And i do not how to find the file looking for the user and list the file to can download it.Can you give me an example Sorry to be a newbie !!! On 7/4/07, Alan Gauld [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Just set the current directory to the one you want to search using os.chdir(myPath) or pass a full path to glob: glob.glob(/some/path/to/search/*.txt) HTH, Alan G. Alejandro Decchi [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote in message news:[EMAIL PROTECTED] perfect but can you give me a link to find a file in a directory.Because i do not the function to search files in some directory. Can you give an example : On 7/4/07, Alan Gauld [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Alejandro Decchi [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote Is the word or part of the word that the user enters in the texbox . And this word is the name of the file to be found Ok, In that case use the glob function in the glob module. It returns a list of all files that match a pattern: import glob files = glob.glob(*.txt) print files For more powerful searches you can use os.walk() See the OS topic in my tutorial for more examples of using glob and os.walk HTH, -- Alan Gauld Author of the Learn to Program web site http://www.freenetpages.co.uk/hp/alan.gauld ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
[Tutor] [Fwd: Re: n.isalnum() is failing]
Thanks Alan, I managed to get totally confused by the different definitions of calculating a leap year. The book (Core Python) described the exercise thus: Modulus. Determine whether a given year is a leap year, using the following formula: a leap year is one that is divisible by four, but not by one hundred, unless it is also divisible by four hundred. That sounded to me like: y % 4 ==0 and (y % 100==1 or y % 400==0) Then, after reading it ten more time I became uncertain and decided to find another definition and compare them. I found U.S. Naval Observatory: According to the Gregorian calendar, which is the civil calendar in use today, years evenly divisible by 4 are leap years, with the exception of centurial years that are not evenly divisible by 400. Comparing the two, confused me a bit more, and I ended up ignoring the first definition, saying to myself, all 4th years are leap years, unless they are y % 100 ==0 AND y % 400==1. That sounded clearerbut, evidently, not correct. Ha Ha Ha I liked the way you directly formed it. It was more like my old IF-THEN statements.to the point and we're out of here. def isLeapYear(y): if y % 4 == 0: return True if (y % 4 == 0) and not (y %100 == 0): return True else: return False I am checking out your python tutor web site at http://www.freenetpages.co.uk It looks like it surpasses by far other's I have checked out. Great job! Thanks for the correction and the methodology! Terry def isLeapYear(y): if y % 4 == 0: if y % 100 == 0 and y % 400 == 1: answer = False return answer answer = True return answer answer = False return answer Not quite. y%400 == 1 will only be true for years like 2001, 1601 etc! You need to invert the test so y % 400 != 0. (or use not) But there is a more direct way: Lets recap: 1) A year that is divisible by 4 is a leap year. (Y % 4) == 0 2) but: a year that is divisible by 100 is not a leap year. (Y % 100) != 0 3) 3) however a year that is divisible by 400 is a leap year. (Y % 400) == 0 So a year that is divisible by 400 is *always* a leap year: if y % 400 == 0: return True Now we need a combined test for the other 2 cases. If its divisible by 4 and not by 100 its a leap year: if (y % 4 == 0) and not (y %100 == 0): return True So we can combine the definitions to give: def isLeapYear(y): if y % 400 == 0: return True if (y % 4 == 0) and not (y %100 == 0): return True else: return False Which is shorter and clearer IMHO. (You could combine it into one line but I personally think that would make the rules less clear.) This is one of the cases where using multiple returns makes the code clearer in my view. print This program finds all leap years between any two dates.;print;print start = end = None while start == None: try: start = int(raw_input(Enter for beginning year : )) end = int(raw_input(Enter for ending year : )) except ValueError: print;print YEAR must be a integer number -- TRY AGAIN! start = end = None if 1 = start end: print; print for y in range(start, end + 1): answer = isLeapYear(y) if answer == True: print y, --leap year! Also the point of a predicate function is that it returns a boolean value so you don;t need any intermediate variables. You can just use it in the condition, like if isLeapYear(y): print y, '--leap year' By using a predicate style name (isX) the code becomes clearer than when you introduce an intermediate variable where the reader then has to backtrack to see what the test value is based on. 1900 --leap year! This is wrong, 1900 is divisible by 100 but not by 400... 1904 --leap year! 1908 --leap year! ... 2000 --leap year! Whereas 2000 is correct because it is divisible by 400. HTH, ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] UTF-8 title() string method
Terry, thanks.
Sadly, I'm still missing something.
I've tried all the aliases in locale.py, most return
locale.Error: unsupported locale setting
one that doesn't is:
locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, ('fr_fr'))
'fr_fr'
but if I set it thus it returns:
Angoul?äMe, Angoumois.
I'm running python 2.5 on a Mac iBook G4 osX 10.4.10, and this encoding
stuff is terra incognita for me
On Tue, 3 Jul 2007, Terry Carroll wrote:
I think setting the locale is the trick:
s1 = open(text.txt).readline()
print s1
ANGOUL.ME, Angoumois.
print s1.title()
Angoul.Me, Angoumois.
import locale
locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL,('french'))
'French_France.1252'
print s1.title()
Angoul.me, Angoumois.
You might have to hunt around and experiment for the right locale that
will work in all your cases.___
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Re: [Tutor] UTF-8 filenames encountered in os.walk
William O'Higgins Witteman wrote:
On Wed, Jul 04, 2007 at 02:47:45PM -0400, Kent Johnson wrote:
encode() really wants a unicode string not a byte string. If you call
encode() on a byte string, the string is first converted to unicode
using the default encoding (usually ascii), then converted with the
given encoding.
Aha! That helps. Something else that helps is that my Python code is
generating output that is received by several other tools. Interesting
facts:
Not all .NET XML parsers (nor IE6) accept valid UTF-8 XML.
Yikes! Are you sure it isn't a problem with your XML?
I am indeed seeing filenames in cp1252, even though the Microsoft docs
say that filenames are in UTF-8.
Filenames in Arabic are in UTF-8.
Not on my computer (Win XP) in os.listdir(). With filenames of Tést.txt
and ق.txt (that's \u0642, an Arabic character), os.listdir() gives me
os.listdir('.')
['Administrator', 'All Users', 'Default User', 'LocalService',
'NetworkService', 'T\xe9st.txt', '?.txt']
os.listdir(u'.')
[u'Administrator', u'All Users', u'Default User', u'LocalService',
u'NetworkService', u'T\xe9st.txt', u'\u0642.txt']
So with a byte string directory it fails, with a unicode directory it
gives unicode, not utf-8.
What I have to do is to check the encoding of the filename as received
by os.walk (and thus os.listdir) and convert them to Unicode, continue
to process them, and then encode them as UTF-8 for output to XML.
How do you do that? AFAIK there is no completely reliable way to
determine the encoding of a byte string by looking at it; the most
common approach is to try to find one that successfully decodes the
string; more sophisticated variations look at the distribution of
character codes.
Anyway if you use the Unicode file names you shouldn't have to worry
about this.
Kent
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Re: [Tutor] UTF-8 title() string method
Jon Crump wrote:
Dear All,
I have some utf-8 unicode text with lines like this:
ANVERS-LE-HOMONT, Maine.
ANGOULÊME, Angoumois.
ANDELY (le Petit), Normandie.
which I'm using as-is in this line of code:
place.append(line.strip())
What I would prefer would be something like this:
place.append(line.title().strip())
which works for most lines, giving me, for example:
Anvers-Le-Homont, Maine.
and
Andely (Le Petit), Normandie.
but where there are diacritics involved, title() gives me:
AngoulÊMe, Angoumois.
Can anyone give the clueless a clue on how to manage such unicode
strings more effectively?
First, don't confuse unicode and utf-8.
Second, convert the string to unicode and then title-case it, then
convert back to utf-8 if you need to:
In [3]: s='ANGOUL\303\212ME, Angoumois'
In [5]: s
Out[5]: 'ANGOUL\xc3\x8aME, Angoumois'
In [4]: s.title()
Out[4]: 'Angoul\xc3\x8aMe, Angoumois'
In [10]: print s.title()
AngoulÊMe, Angoumois
In [6]: u=s.decode('utf-8')
In [7]: u.title()
Out[7]: u'Angoul\xeame, Angoumois'
In [8]: print u.title()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File ipython console, line 1, in module
type 'exceptions.UnicodeEncodeError': 'ascii' codec can't encode
character u'\xea' in position 6: ordinal not in range(128)
Oops, print is trying to convert to a byte string with the default
encoding, have to give it some help...
In [9]: print u.title().encode('utf-8')
Angoulême, Angoumois
Kent
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Re: [Tutor] UTF-8 title() string method
Terry Carroll wrote:
I think setting the locale is the trick:
s1 = open(text.txt).readline()
print s1
ANGOUL.ME, Angoumois.
print s1.title()
Angoul.Me, Angoumois.
import locale
locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL,('french'))
'French_France.1252'
print s1.title()
Angoul.me, Angoumois.
I think your file is cp1252 not utf-8 as the OP specified...
Ken
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[Tutor] hash
what is the use of def __hash__(self)? I can not understand the document. any example? thanks, Linda ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
[Tutor] cyclical redundancy check
Hello there all, Does anyone know where i can find a function that does an 8 bit Cyclical Redundancy Check. I need it to verify data, and i need to be able to create one given an 12 byte message. Does anyone know much about doing this in python ? thanks ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] cyclical redundancy check
wait, sorry, thats 16 bits total, a low byte and a high byte. If that makes more sense thanks On 7/4/07, shawn bright [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Hello there all, Does anyone know where i can find a function that does an 8 bit Cyclical Redundancy Check. I need it to verify data, and i need to be able to create one given an 12 byte message. Does anyone know much about doing this in python ? thanks ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] hash
-BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE- Hash: SHA1 Simple, defining __hash__ on a class allows you to supply a hash value for instances of your class. [EMAIL PROTECTED]:~ cat /tmp/hash.py class X: def __hash__(self): print HASH CALLED return 123 print hash(X()) [EMAIL PROTECTED]:~ python /tmp/hash.py HASH CALLED 123 Andreas linda.s wrote: what is the use of def __hash__(self)? I can not understand the document. any example? thanks, Linda ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor -BEGIN PGP SIGNATURE- Version: GnuPG v1.4.2 (GNU/Linux) Comment: Using GnuPG with Mozilla - http://enigmail.mozdev.org iD8DBQFGjB6IHJdudm4KnO0RAskJAKC4WZHo1Kv6MrHOzSWULOgMa+pDsgCgznRy Thwd2n1BgWjW8OEDUIILHXY= =y2W0 -END PGP SIGNATURE- ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Help search files
Alejandro Decchi [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote Ok but i have this form: body form id=form1 name=form1 method=post action=/cgi-bin/search.py OK, You didn't make it clear that you meant a CGI program, I was assuming you meant a GUI program. That adds a whole heap of extra complexity. A lot depends on what web mechanism/framework you are using. If we assume the standard cgi module then you need to get the submited data out of the request with the field_storage dictionary. Then you need to call your search function and finally format the results as HTML. Either offer to downoad a particular file and have a second request start the download or just send the file back, but that could be an unexpected result. I'd offer the file as a link and let the user click on it to fetch it from the server. But web programming is a whole different ball game. You should look up some simple examples first. Alan G. ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] UTF-8 filenames encountered in os.walk
On Wed, 4 Jul 2007, Kent Johnson wrote: Terry Carroll wrote: Now, superficially, s and e8 are equal, because for plain old ascii characters (which is all I've used in this example), UTF-8 is equivalent to ascii. And they compare the same: s == e8 True They are equal in every sense, I don't know why you consider this superficial. And if your original string was not ascii the encode() would fail with a UnicodeDecodeError. Superficial in the sense that I was using only characters in the ascii character set, so that the same byte encoding in UTF-8. so: 'abc'.decode(UTF-8) u'abc' works But UTF-8 can hold other characters, too; for example '\xe4\xba\xba'.decode(UTF-8) u'\u4eba' (Chinese character for person) I'm just saying that UTF-8 encodes ascii characters to themselves; but UTF-8 is not the same as ascii. I think we're ultimately saying the same thing; to merge both our ways of putting it, I think, is that ascii will map to UTF-8 identically; but UTF-8 may map back or it will raise UnicodeDecodeError. I just didn't want to leave the impression Yeah, UTF-8 ascii, they're the same thing. ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] UTF-8 filenames encountered in os.walk
Terry Carroll wrote: I'm just saying that UTF-8 encodes ascii characters to themselves; but UTF-8 is not the same as ascii. I think we're ultimately saying the same thing; to merge both our ways of putting it, I think, is that ascii will map to UTF-8 identically; but UTF-8 may map back or it will raise UnicodeDecodeError. I just didn't want to leave the impression Yeah, UTF-8 ascii, they're the same thing. I hope neither of us gave that impression! I think you are right, we just have different ways of thinking about it. Any ascii string is also a valid utf-8 string (and latin-1, and many other encodings), but the opposite is not true. Kent ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Help search files
Yes I have a debian server runing apache. Can you give me a link ? Because i do not how to make the search and list the files found to download On 7/4/07, Alan Gauld [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote: Alejandro Decchi [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote Ok but i have this form: body form id=form1 name=form1 method=post action=/cgi-bin/search.py OK, You didn't make it clear that you meant a CGI program, I was assuming you meant a GUI program. That adds a whole heap of extra complexity. A lot depends on what web mechanism/framework you are using. If we assume the standard cgi module then you need to get the submited data out of the request with the field_storage dictionary. Then you need to call your search function and finally format the results as HTML. Either offer to downoad a particular file and have a second request start the download or just send the file back, but that could be an unexpected result. I'd offer the file as a link and let the user click on it to fetch it from the server. But web programming is a whole different ball game. You should look up some simple examples first. Alan G. ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
[Tutor] Help! Pickle file
This may sound silly, but when writing a program where there is a pickle file, how does that get included into the entire program? For instance; to create a new pickle file.. #!/usr/bin/python # Filename: pickling.py import cPickle as p #import pickle as p (snipped from python.org) Does this fall anywhere in the program in particular? I'm REALLY unfamiliar with this and I'm using Python for Dummies and Python.org. Thanks! SJ - Luggage? GPS? Comic books? Check out fitting gifts for grads at Yahoo! Search.___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Help! Pickle file
On 05/07/07, Sara Johnson [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
This may sound silly, but when writing a program where there is a pickle
file, how does that get included into the entire program? For instance;
Hi Sara,
You create pickles with pickle.dump and you read them with pickle.load.
For example:
### create.py ###
import pickle
data = ['one', 'two', 'three']
outfile = open('data.pickle', 'wb')
pickle.dump(data, outfile)
outfile.close()
#
load.py
import pickle
infile = open('data.pickle')
data = pickle.load(infile)
print data
#
If you run the first script, it will create a pickle of the list
['one', 'two', 'three']. You'll be able to see the file in the
directory where you ran the script; you can even look at it if you
like. The second script will read the pickle and reconstruct the
list.
Hope this helps!
--
John.
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[Tutor] n.isalnum() is failing
Hi Terry According to the Gregorian calendar, which is the civil calendar in use today, years evenly divisible by 4 are leap years, with the exception of centurial years that are not evenly divisible by 400. def isLeapYear(y): if y % 4 == 0: return True As it always return True, if y%4 == 0, there is problem with the exceptions if (y % 4 == 0) and not (y %100 == 0): return True else: return False I feel that, the cleanest way to translate the definition into Boolean logic is to do it backward instead of thinking on the exceptions. def leap_year(year): if year%400 == 0: return True# We said these years are always leap year if year%100 == 0: return False # the exception handled already if year%4 == 0: return True# no problem with the exceptions return False # this it the default ps hungarians name format: family name, christian name hungarian date format: year/month/day Your logic is backward, and mine is the forward, isn't it? ;) Janos___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
