Re: What if Tapestry's I18N was just UTF-8?

2008-07-30 Thread Renat Zubairov
+1 to UTF

IMHO it's advantage that T5 will take care about it.
Concerning the one/two bytes penalties one can always use gzipped output :)

2008/7/30 Josh Long [EMAIL PROTECTED]:
 +1 me too

 On Tue, Jul 29, 2008 at 1:04 PM, Ulrich Stärk [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:

 From me too.

 Uli

 Filip S. Adamsen schrieb:

  +1 on this one.

 -Filip

 On 2008-07-29 16:39, Howard Lewis Ship wrote:

 Well, it's not like we're pushing a bytestream from the web browser to
 the database, or vice-versa.  Everything is being read into memory as
 UTF, whether it starts as UTF-8 in the browser, or ISO-8859-1 in the
 database.  As its read from one source or written to another, the
 character set is going to change.

 My observation is that the current design; allowing every page to have
 its own charset, is beginning to feel like overkill, especially given
 that the solution has a number of frayed edges.

 On Tue, Jul 29, 2008 at 2:28 AM, Massimo Lusetti [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 wrote:

 On Tue, Jul 29, 2008 at 2:17 AM, Howard Lewis Ship [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 wrote:

  Here's a question.  I'm still struggling with getting Tapestry to do
 the right encoding when producing output, and to set the response
 encoding to the correct value before reading query parameters.

 There's lots of edge cases, related to Ajax, to form uploads, and to
 complex components, such as BeanEditForm, where content may be
 gathered from multiple pages.

 What if there was just a single default application character set,
 which would default to UTF-8?  This is pretty much what people are
 doing with the UTF-8 RequestHandler filter.

 This would simplify a bunch of stuff, since output encoding would
 always be the same, as would request encoding.  We could get rid of
 the some of the meta-data as well.

 Is UTF-8 sufficiently well supported by browsers?  Is this an option
 that works for Big5 Chinese and other non-Western language locales?

 Howard, how this would fit with existing DB and/or other data sources
 (files for example) already encoded as ISO-8859-1 ?


 --
 Massimo
 http://meridio.blogspot.com

 -
 To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]






 -
 To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]



 -
 To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]




 --
 Joshua Long
 Sun Certified Java Programmer
 http://www.joshlong.com/




-- 
Best regards,
Renat Zubairov


Re: What if Tapestry's I18N was just UTF-8?

2008-07-30 Thread Howard Lewis Ship
On Wed, Jul 30, 2008 at 1:29 AM, Renat Zubairov
[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
 +1 to UTF

 IMHO it's advantage that T5 will take care about it.
 Concerning the one/two bytes penalties one can always use gzipped output :)

Something that Tapestry 5.1 should just take care of automatically.


 2008/7/30 Josh Long [EMAIL PROTECTED]:
 +1 me too

 On Tue, Jul 29, 2008 at 1:04 PM, Ulrich Stärk [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:

 From me too.

 Uli

 Filip S. Adamsen schrieb:

  +1 on this one.

 -Filip

 On 2008-07-29 16:39, Howard Lewis Ship wrote:

 Well, it's not like we're pushing a bytestream from the web browser to
 the database, or vice-versa.  Everything is being read into memory as
 UTF, whether it starts as UTF-8 in the browser, or ISO-8859-1 in the
 database.  As its read from one source or written to another, the
 character set is going to change.

 My observation is that the current design; allowing every page to have
 its own charset, is beginning to feel like overkill, especially given
 that the solution has a number of frayed edges.

 On Tue, Jul 29, 2008 at 2:28 AM, Massimo Lusetti [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 wrote:

 On Tue, Jul 29, 2008 at 2:17 AM, Howard Lewis Ship [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 wrote:

  Here's a question.  I'm still struggling with getting Tapestry to do
 the right encoding when producing output, and to set the response
 encoding to the correct value before reading query parameters.

 There's lots of edge cases, related to Ajax, to form uploads, and to
 complex components, such as BeanEditForm, where content may be
 gathered from multiple pages.

 What if there was just a single default application character set,
 which would default to UTF-8?  This is pretty much what people are
 doing with the UTF-8 RequestHandler filter.

 This would simplify a bunch of stuff, since output encoding would
 always be the same, as would request encoding.  We could get rid of
 the some of the meta-data as well.

 Is UTF-8 sufficiently well supported by browsers?  Is this an option
 that works for Big5 Chinese and other non-Western language locales?

 Howard, how this would fit with existing DB and/or other data sources
 (files for example) already encoded as ISO-8859-1 ?


 --
 Massimo
 http://meridio.blogspot.com

 -
 To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]






 -
 To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]



 -
 To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]




 --
 Joshua Long
 Sun Certified Java Programmer
 http://www.joshlong.com/




 --
 Best regards,
 Renat Zubairov




-- 
Howard M. Lewis Ship

Creator Apache Tapestry and Apache HiveMind

-
To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]



Re: What if Tapestry's I18N was just UTF-8?

2008-07-29 Thread Massimo Lusetti
On Tue, Jul 29, 2008 at 2:17 AM, Howard Lewis Ship [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:

 Here's a question.  I'm still struggling with getting Tapestry to do
 the right encoding when producing output, and to set the response
 encoding to the correct value before reading query parameters.

 There's lots of edge cases, related to Ajax, to form uploads, and to
 complex components, such as BeanEditForm, where content may be
 gathered from multiple pages.

 What if there was just a single default application character set,
 which would default to UTF-8?  This is pretty much what people are
 doing with the UTF-8 RequestHandler filter.

 This would simplify a bunch of stuff, since output encoding would
 always be the same, as would request encoding.  We could get rid of
 the some of the meta-data as well.

 Is UTF-8 sufficiently well supported by browsers?  Is this an option
 that works for Big5 Chinese and other non-Western language locales?

Howard, how this would fit with existing DB and/or other data sources
(files for example) already encoded as ISO-8859-1 ?


-- 
Massimo
http://meridio.blogspot.com

-
To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]



Re: What if Tapestry's I18N was just UTF-8?

2008-07-29 Thread Howard Lewis Ship
Well, it's not like we're pushing a bytestream from the web browser to
the database, or vice-versa.  Everything is being read into memory as
UTF, whether it starts as UTF-8 in the browser, or ISO-8859-1 in the
database.  As its read from one source or written to another, the
character set is going to change.

My observation is that the current design; allowing every page to have
its own charset, is beginning to feel like overkill, especially given
that the solution has a number of frayed edges.

On Tue, Jul 29, 2008 at 2:28 AM, Massimo Lusetti [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
 On Tue, Jul 29, 2008 at 2:17 AM, Howard Lewis Ship [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:

 Here's a question.  I'm still struggling with getting Tapestry to do
 the right encoding when producing output, and to set the response
 encoding to the correct value before reading query parameters.

 There's lots of edge cases, related to Ajax, to form uploads, and to
 complex components, such as BeanEditForm, where content may be
 gathered from multiple pages.

 What if there was just a single default application character set,
 which would default to UTF-8?  This is pretty much what people are
 doing with the UTF-8 RequestHandler filter.

 This would simplify a bunch of stuff, since output encoding would
 always be the same, as would request encoding.  We could get rid of
 the some of the meta-data as well.

 Is UTF-8 sufficiently well supported by browsers?  Is this an option
 that works for Big5 Chinese and other non-Western language locales?

 Howard, how this would fit with existing DB and/or other data sources
 (files for example) already encoded as ISO-8859-1 ?


 --
 Massimo
 http://meridio.blogspot.com

 -
 To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]





-- 
Howard M. Lewis Ship

Creator Apache Tapestry and Apache HiveMind

-
To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]



Re: What if Tapestry's I18N was just UTF-8?

2008-07-29 Thread Thiago H. de Paula Figueiredo
Em Tue, 29 Jul 2008 11:39:21 -0300, Howard Lewis Ship [EMAIL PROTECTED]  
escreveu:



My observation is that the current design; allowing every page to have
its own charset, is beginning to feel like overkill, especially given
that the solution has a number of frayed edges.


What about setting a charset for every page, but having the option of what  
this charset is?


Thiago

-
To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]



Re: What if Tapestry's I18N was just UTF-8?

2008-07-29 Thread Marcelo Lotif
I agree with using UTF-8 as default... We're using the UTF-8 Filter
for a while with some different db's (PostgreSql and SqlServer,
encoded with ISO-8859-1) and we never had any problem with it.

+1

-- 
Atenciosamente,

Marcelo Lotif
Programador Java e Tapestry
FIEC - Federação das Indústrias do Estado do Ceará
(85) 3477-5910

-
To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]



Re: What if Tapestry's I18N was just UTF-8?

2008-07-29 Thread Christian Edward Gruber
Strings are stored in UTF-16 by default anyway in Java (a Char type is  
16bits), so unless you're constructing the strings in very creative  
ways, you're already paying the memory cost.  The question of what you  
output to the browser or the database is a matter for adaptation and  
transmission/communication time.


Christian.

On 29-Jul-08, at 12:53 , Marcelo Lotif wrote:


I agree with using UTF-8 as default... We're using the UTF-8 Filter
for a while with some different db's (PostgreSql and SqlServer,
encoded with ISO-8859-1) and we never had any problem with it.

+1

--
Atenciosamente,

Marcelo Lotif
Programador Java e Tapestry
FIEC - Federação das Indústrias do Estado do Ceará
(85) 3477-5910

-
To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]




-
To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]



RE: What if Tapestry's I18N was just UTF-8?

2008-07-29 Thread Blower, Andy
Thiago,

Sorry I don't understand your objection. Could you expand on it please? 
Especially where you say have a memory and bandwidth penalty using 2 bytes to 
encode many characters that would be encoded as 1 in UTF-8.

In my experience char encoding can be an absolute nightmare and having as much 
as possible as UTF-8 is highly desirable. IIRC Java uses UTF-16 internally 
which does have 2 bytes for each char, but UTF-8 only uses 2 bytes for unusual 
chars which is why it's the ideal external charset.

Andy.

 -Original Message-
 From: Thiago H. de Paula Figueiredo [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
 Sent: 29 July 2008 02:59
 To: Tapestry users
 Subject: Re: What if Tapestry's I18N was just UTF-8?

 Em Mon, 28 Jul 2008 21:17:11 -0300, Howard Lewis Ship
 [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 escreveu:

  What if there was just a single default application character set,
  which would default to UTF-8?

 This is not a nice option. Web applications that need accented
 characters
 (most Latin languages), but don't need to support another alphabets,
 will
 have a memory and bandwidth penalty using 2 bytes to encode many
 characters that would be encoded as 1 in UTF-8. In addition, I had some
 problems with Tapestry 5 using UTF-8 when using an existing ISO-8859-1
 MySQL database tables. Accented characters were always store as two
 garbled ones. Maybe I didn't spend enough time to solve it (I was doing
 some consultancy that had a fixed end date), but this could a huge
 problem
 for Tapestry adoption in Latin-speaking languages.

 My two Brazilian (Portuguese-speaking, with many accented characters)
 cents,

 Thiago

 -
 To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]


-
To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]



Re: What if Tapestry's I18N was just UTF-8?

2008-07-29 Thread Marcus
UTF-8 as default

+1


Re: What if Tapestry's I18N was just UTF-8?

2008-07-29 Thread Thiago H. de Paula Figueiredo
Em Tue, 29 Jul 2008 14:44:03 -0300, Blower, Andy  
[EMAIL PROTECTED] escreveu:



Thiago,


Hi!

Sorry I don't understand your objection. Could you expand on it please?  
Especially where you say have a memory and bandwidth penalty using 2  
bytes to encode many characters that would be encoded as 1 in UTF-8.


Oooops, typo of mine.
Most Portuguese accented characters are encoded as 2 bytes in UTF-8 and 1  
byte in *ISO-8859-1*, AFAIK. So, everytime I write não (no), UTF-8  
spends 4 bytes, ISO-8859-1 spends 3.


In my experience char encoding can be an absolute nightmare and having  
as much as possible as UTF-8 is highly desirable. IIRC Java uses UTF-16  
internally which does have 2 bytes for each char, but UTF-8 only uses 2  
bytes for unusual chars which is why it's the ideal external charset.


Agreed, but in many languages unusual characters (from a speaker of  
English or any other languagen without accents) are not unusual, are  
frequent.


I hope I worded my ideas better now.

Regarding database encodings, I think got confused. It was not the  
ISO-8859-1-encoded database the problem, but ISO-8859-1-encoded Tapestry  
templates. Everytime an accented character was submited in a form, I would  
get 2 characters unless I added accepted-encoding=iso-8859-1 to every  
form tag.


Thiago

-
To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]



Re: What if Tapestry's I18N was just UTF-8?

2008-07-29 Thread Filip S. Adamsen

+1 on this one.

-Filip

On 2008-07-29 16:39, Howard Lewis Ship wrote:

Well, it's not like we're pushing a bytestream from the web browser to
the database, or vice-versa.  Everything is being read into memory as
UTF, whether it starts as UTF-8 in the browser, or ISO-8859-1 in the
database.  As its read from one source or written to another, the
character set is going to change.

My observation is that the current design; allowing every page to have
its own charset, is beginning to feel like overkill, especially given
that the solution has a number of frayed edges.

On Tue, Jul 29, 2008 at 2:28 AM, Massimo Lusetti [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:

On Tue, Jul 29, 2008 at 2:17 AM, Howard Lewis Ship [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:


Here's a question.  I'm still struggling with getting Tapestry to do
the right encoding when producing output, and to set the response
encoding to the correct value before reading query parameters.

There's lots of edge cases, related to Ajax, to form uploads, and to
complex components, such as BeanEditForm, where content may be
gathered from multiple pages.

What if there was just a single default application character set,
which would default to UTF-8?  This is pretty much what people are
doing with the UTF-8 RequestHandler filter.

This would simplify a bunch of stuff, since output encoding would
always be the same, as would request encoding.  We could get rid of
the some of the meta-data as well.

Is UTF-8 sufficiently well supported by browsers?  Is this an option
that works for Big5 Chinese and other non-Western language locales?

Howard, how this would fit with existing DB and/or other data sources
(files for example) already encoded as ISO-8859-1 ?


--
Massimo
http://meridio.blogspot.com

-
To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]








-
To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]



Re: What if Tapestry's I18N was just UTF-8?

2008-07-29 Thread Howard Lewis Ship
I'm already coding it up, but I created a pre-change tag just in case
it turns out to be a problem.  I think this is the right approach.

On Tue, Jul 29, 2008 at 11:54 AM, Filip S. Adamsen [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
 +1 on this one.

 -Filip

 On 2008-07-29 16:39, Howard Lewis Ship wrote:

 Well, it's not like we're pushing a bytestream from the web browser to
 the database, or vice-versa.  Everything is being read into memory as
 UTF, whether it starts as UTF-8 in the browser, or ISO-8859-1 in the
 database.  As its read from one source or written to another, the
 character set is going to change.

 My observation is that the current design; allowing every page to have
 its own charset, is beginning to feel like overkill, especially given
 that the solution has a number of frayed edges.

 On Tue, Jul 29, 2008 at 2:28 AM, Massimo Lusetti [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 wrote:

 On Tue, Jul 29, 2008 at 2:17 AM, Howard Lewis Ship [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 wrote:

 Here's a question.  I'm still struggling with getting Tapestry to do
 the right encoding when producing output, and to set the response
 encoding to the correct value before reading query parameters.

 There's lots of edge cases, related to Ajax, to form uploads, and to
 complex components, such as BeanEditForm, where content may be
 gathered from multiple pages.

 What if there was just a single default application character set,
 which would default to UTF-8?  This is pretty much what people are
 doing with the UTF-8 RequestHandler filter.

 This would simplify a bunch of stuff, since output encoding would
 always be the same, as would request encoding.  We could get rid of
 the some of the meta-data as well.

 Is UTF-8 sufficiently well supported by browsers?  Is this an option
 that works for Big5 Chinese and other non-Western language locales?

 Howard, how this would fit with existing DB and/or other data sources
 (files for example) already encoded as ISO-8859-1 ?


 --
 Massimo
 http://meridio.blogspot.com

 -
 To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]






 -
 To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]





-- 
Howard M. Lewis Ship

Creator Apache Tapestry and Apache HiveMind

-
To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]



Re: What if Tapestry's I18N was just UTF-8?

2008-07-29 Thread Ulrich Stärk

From me too.

Uli

Filip S. Adamsen schrieb:

+1 on this one.

-Filip

On 2008-07-29 16:39, Howard Lewis Ship wrote:

Well, it's not like we're pushing a bytestream from the web browser to
the database, or vice-versa.  Everything is being read into memory as
UTF, whether it starts as UTF-8 in the browser, or ISO-8859-1 in the
database.  As its read from one source or written to another, the
character set is going to change.

My observation is that the current design; allowing every page to have
its own charset, is beginning to feel like overkill, especially given
that the solution has a number of frayed edges.

On Tue, Jul 29, 2008 at 2:28 AM, Massimo Lusetti [EMAIL PROTECTED] 
wrote:
On Tue, Jul 29, 2008 at 2:17 AM, Howard Lewis Ship [EMAIL PROTECTED] 
wrote:



Here's a question.  I'm still struggling with getting Tapestry to do
the right encoding when producing output, and to set the response
encoding to the correct value before reading query parameters.

There's lots of edge cases, related to Ajax, to form uploads, and to
complex components, such as BeanEditForm, where content may be
gathered from multiple pages.

What if there was just a single default application character set,
which would default to UTF-8?  This is pretty much what people are
doing with the UTF-8 RequestHandler filter.

This would simplify a bunch of stuff, since output encoding would
always be the same, as would request encoding.  We could get rid of
the some of the meta-data as well.

Is UTF-8 sufficiently well supported by browsers?  Is this an option
that works for Big5 Chinese and other non-Western language locales?

Howard, how this would fit with existing DB and/or other data sources
(files for example) already encoded as ISO-8859-1 ?


--
Massimo
http://meridio.blogspot.com

-
To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]








-
To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]




-
To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]



Re: What if Tapestry's I18N was just UTF-8?

2008-07-29 Thread Josh Long
+1 me too

On Tue, Jul 29, 2008 at 1:04 PM, Ulrich Stärk [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:

 From me too.

 Uli

 Filip S. Adamsen schrieb:

  +1 on this one.

 -Filip

 On 2008-07-29 16:39, Howard Lewis Ship wrote:

 Well, it's not like we're pushing a bytestream from the web browser to
 the database, or vice-versa.  Everything is being read into memory as
 UTF, whether it starts as UTF-8 in the browser, or ISO-8859-1 in the
 database.  As its read from one source or written to another, the
 character set is going to change.

 My observation is that the current design; allowing every page to have
 its own charset, is beginning to feel like overkill, especially given
 that the solution has a number of frayed edges.

 On Tue, Jul 29, 2008 at 2:28 AM, Massimo Lusetti [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 wrote:

 On Tue, Jul 29, 2008 at 2:17 AM, Howard Lewis Ship [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 wrote:

  Here's a question.  I'm still struggling with getting Tapestry to do
 the right encoding when producing output, and to set the response
 encoding to the correct value before reading query parameters.

 There's lots of edge cases, related to Ajax, to form uploads, and to
 complex components, such as BeanEditForm, where content may be
 gathered from multiple pages.

 What if there was just a single default application character set,
 which would default to UTF-8?  This is pretty much what people are
 doing with the UTF-8 RequestHandler filter.

 This would simplify a bunch of stuff, since output encoding would
 always be the same, as would request encoding.  We could get rid of
 the some of the meta-data as well.

 Is UTF-8 sufficiently well supported by browsers?  Is this an option
 that works for Big5 Chinese and other non-Western language locales?

 Howard, how this would fit with existing DB and/or other data sources
 (files for example) already encoded as ISO-8859-1 ?


 --
 Massimo
 http://meridio.blogspot.com

 -
 To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]






 -
 To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]



 -
 To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
 For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]




-- 
Joshua Long
Sun Certified Java Programmer
http://www.joshlong.com/


Re: What if Tapestry's I18N was just UTF-8?

2008-07-28 Thread Thiago H. de Paula Figueiredo
Em Mon, 28 Jul 2008 21:17:11 -0300, Howard Lewis Ship [EMAIL PROTECTED]  
escreveu:



What if there was just a single default application character set,
which would default to UTF-8?


This is not a nice option. Web applications that need accented characters  
(most Latin languages), but don't need to support another alphabets, will  
have a memory and bandwidth penalty using 2 bytes to encode many  
characters that would be encoded as 1 in UTF-8. In addition, I had some  
problems with Tapestry 5 using UTF-8 when using an existing ISO-8859-1  
MySQL database tables. Accented characters were always store as two  
garbled ones. Maybe I didn't spend enough time to solve it (I was doing  
some consultancy that had a fixed end date), but this could a huge problem  
for Tapestry adoption in Latin-speaking languages.


My two Brazilian (Portuguese-speaking, with many accented characters)  
cents,


Thiago

-
To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]
For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]