Re: [Videolib] Seeking: Library Trends, volume 27, number 1, Summer 1978

2012-01-06 Thread exnav

Elena,

According to the publisher’s website copies (may be reprints) are available 
from Periodicals Service Company. It appears cost for the full volume is $65. A 
single issue may be available for less. Web address is 
https://www.press.jhu.edu/cgi-bin/order.cgi?oc_id=1165

George L. Abbott
librarian emeritus
Syracuse University Library
Syracuse, NY
glabb...@syr.edu

Details below:

Print Backsets, Back Volumes, and Back Issues
---Copies of print back issues for the current and previous two volumes can be 
obtained from the Johns Hopkins University Press. Contact us at 1-800-548-1784 
or via e-mail at jrnlc...@press.jhu.edu for additional information.
---Copies of print issues from volumes that are three or more years older can 
be obtained through Periodicals Service Company (PSC). Visit 
http://www.periodicals.com/jhup.html for more information.

Periodicals Service Company
11 Main Street
Germantown, NY 12526
USA
Tel. 00 1 518 537 4700
Fax 00 1 518 537 5899
p...@periodicals.com

LIBRARY TRENDS

Vols. 1-56. Champaign, 1952/53-2007/08. Partly reprint.
Complete set $ 2,700.-
Per volume $ 65.-

- LIBRARY TRENDS aims to provide a comprehensive treatment of current and 
future trends in librarianship. Each issue is coordinated by a guest editor and 
devoted to a special topic in library or information science.


 Elena Rossi-Snook  wrote:
> Hello,
>
> Any ideas where I can acquire a physical copy of Library trends, volume 27,
> number 1, Summer 1978 "Films In Public Libraries?" I know I can print the
> pdf online, but I'd like to own an actual copy of the complete issue.
>
> Thanks,
> Elena Rossi-Snook
> Archivist
> Reserve Film and Video Collection
> The New York Public Library
VIDEOLIB is intended to encourage the broad and lively discussion of issues 
relating to the selection, evaluation, acquisition,bibliographic control, 
preservation, and use of current and evolving video formats in libraries and 
related institutions. It is hoped that the list will serve as an effective 
working tool for video librarians, as well as a channel of communication 
between libraries,educational institutions, and video producers and 
distributors.


[Videolib] How Democracy Works Now

2012-01-06 Thread matthew . wright


We purchased the first (and only released) 5 of 12 of these films that came
in the box set room for the other 7 films when released.  Their web site
does not appear to work.  If anyone has any more information about these
films or their fate, please let me know.  Thanks,
Matthew



Matthew Wright
Head of Collection Development and Instructional Services
William S. Boyd School of Law
University of Nevada Las Vegas
4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 451080
Las Vegas, NV 89154-1080
(702) 895-2409; (702) 895-2410 (fax)VIDEOLIB is intended to encourage the broad and lively discussion of issues 
relating to the selection, evaluation, acquisition,bibliographic control, 
preservation, and use of current and evolving video formats in libraries and 
related institutions. It is hoped that the list will serve as an effective 
working tool for video librarians, as well as a channel of communication 
between libraries,educational institutions, and video producers and 
distributors.


Re: [Videolib] off-topic: duplicating dvds

2012-01-06 Thread ghandman
Why don't you pop for a DVD burner...they're not all that expensive and
you can buy ones that'll burn multiples, so the time investment isn't all
that great.

gary


> I've got a question about duplicating dvds of lectures that the college
> has recorded.  We want to transfer them onto archival gold dvds for
> preservation and have a vendor quote at $25 per dvd for two copies.  Does
> this seem like a reasonable price?  We have 70 to do so having someone sit
> at their computer to burn them seems a waste of manpower.  Any other
> options?  Thanks much, Janice @cca.edu
>
>
>
> VIDEOLIB is intended to encourage the broad and lively discussion of
> issues relating to the selection, evaluation, acquisition,bibliographic
> control, preservation, and use of current and evolving video formats in
> libraries and related institutions. It is hoped that the list will serve
> as an effective working tool for video librarians, as well as a channel of
> communication between libraries,educational institutions, and video
> producers and distributors.
>


Gary Handman
Director
Media Resources Center
Moffitt Library
UC Berkeley

510-643-8566
ghand...@library.berkeley.edu
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC

"I have always preferred the reflection of life to life itself."
--Francois Truffaut


VIDEOLIB is intended to encourage the broad and lively discussion of issues 
relating to the selection, evaluation, acquisition,bibliographic control, 
preservation, and use of current and evolving video formats in libraries and 
related institutions. It is hoped that the list will serve as an effective 
working tool for video librarians, as well as a channel of communication 
between libraries,educational institutions, and video producers and 
distributors.


[Videolib] off-topic: duplicating dvds

2012-01-06 Thread jwoo
I've got a question about duplicating dvds of lectures that the college has 
recorded.  We want to transfer them onto archival gold dvds for preservation 
and have a vendor quote at $25 per dvd for two copies.  Does this seem like a 
reasonable price?  We have 70 to do so having someone sit at their computer to 
burn them seems a waste of manpower.  Any other options?  Thanks much, Janice 
@cca.edu



VIDEOLIB is intended to encourage the broad and lively discussion of issues 
relating to the selection, evaluation, acquisition,bibliographic control, 
preservation, and use of current and evolving video formats in libraries and 
related institutions. It is hoped that the list will serve as an effective 
working tool for video librarians, as well as a channel of communication 
between libraries,educational institutions, and video producers and 
distributors.


Re: [Videolib] Scarlet Letter (Sjostrom/Gish, 1926)

2012-01-06 Thread Jessica Rosner
not been legally released that I know of. Sounds to me like Warner Bros is
working on something special with the Gish silents ( Wind, Annie Laurie etc)

On Fri, Jan 6, 2012 at 12:41 PM, Kerbel, Michael wrote:

>   Hi,
>
> Does anyone know a legitimate source for this film on DVD? 
>
> Thank you!
>
> Michael Kerbel
>
> VIDEOLIB is intended to encourage the broad and lively discussion of
> issues relating to the selection, evaluation, acquisition,bibliographic
> control, preservation, and use of current and evolving video formats in
> libraries and related institutions. It is hoped that the list will serve as
> an effective working tool for video librarians, as well as a channel of
> communication between libraries,educational institutions, and video
> producers and distributors.
>
>


-- 
Jessica Rosner
Media Consultant
224-545-3897 (cell)
212-627-1785 (land line)
jessicapros...@gmail.com
VIDEOLIB is intended to encourage the broad and lively discussion of issues 
relating to the selection, evaluation, acquisition,bibliographic control, 
preservation, and use of current and evolving video formats in libraries and 
related institutions. It is hoped that the list will serve as an effective 
working tool for video librarians, as well as a channel of communication 
between libraries,educational institutions, and video producers and 
distributors.


[Videolib] Scarlet Letter (Sjostrom/Gish, 1926)

2012-01-06 Thread Kerbel, Michael
Hi,
Does anyone know a legitimate source for this film on DVD?
Thank you!
Michael Kerbel
VIDEOLIB is intended to encourage the broad and lively discussion of issues 
relating to the selection, evaluation, acquisition,bibliographic control, 
preservation, and use of current and evolving video formats in libraries and 
related institutions. It is hoped that the list will serve as an effective 
working tool for video librarians, as well as a channel of communication 
between libraries,educational institutions, and video producers and 
distributors.


Re: [Videolib] Segments of a DVD

2012-01-06 Thread John Streepy
Just my two cents, but I don't even think point one is actually against you 
either. It is my belief that point 1 means if you will be using the clips for 
direct profit.  Yes, your institution is for profit, but the clips in and of 
themselves are not being used to create a product (like a new movie etc) that 
will be profited from, but just being shown to students, it is in essence 
footnotes for the professors lecture. So 2 of 4 points (3&4) clearly in your 
favor, one point (1) can easily be argued in your favor, and the fourth (2) 
just doesn't seem enough to warrant not using the clips.  I say use them. 

regards 
jhs 


John H. Streepy

Library-Government Publications
James E. Brooks Library
Central Washington University
400 East University Way
Ellensburg, WA  98926-7548

(509) 963-2861
http://www.lib.cwu.edu/Documents

"Hand to hand combat just goes with the territory.
All part of being a librarian" -- James Turner "Rex Libris"

Transitus profusum est nocens!





>>>  1/6/2012 8:33 AM >>>
I still think it is fair use, although on somewhat less firm ground than
if you had been in a non-profit. (Points 3 and 4 of Section 107 are in
your favor, I think).  If you ask the studio for permission, they will
most certainly say "no"...and my guess is that buying those permissions
for segments is going to be very difficult.

Gary Handman


> Seems the consensus on here is that this is fair use:
>
> I work for a for-profit college so classroom exceptions do not apply.  I
> have a professor who wants to screen the feature "Thank You for Smoking"
> in
> a classroom setting however he will not be screening the entire film.  He
> will be choosing 5-6 snippets of the film (5 minutes long).  Do I need to
> secure viewing rights for this?
>
> I've just been instructed by my Director that there are no exceptions for
> for-profit institutions and that I will need to get PPR for the film.
> What
> she wrote:
>
> Section 107 contains a list of the various purposes for which the
> reproduction of a particular work may be considered fair, such as
> criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.
> Section 107 also sets out four factors to be considered in determining
> whether or not a particular use is fair:
>  1.The purpose and character of the use, including whether such
> use is of commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational
> purposes
>  2.The nature of the copyrighted work
>  3.The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation
> to the copyrighted work as a whole
>  4.The effect of the use upon the potential market for, or value
> of, the copyrighted work
>
> Still think it's fair use?
>
>
> James  Leftwich
> Berkeley College
> Director, Westchester Campus Library
> 99 Church Street
> White Plains, NY 10601
> 914-694-1122 x3370
> j...@berkeleycollege.edu
>
>
> VIDEOLIB is intended to encourage the broad and lively discussion of
> issues relating to the selection, evaluation, acquisition,bibliographic
> control, preservation, and use of current and evolving video formats in
> libraries and related institutions. It is hoped that the list will serve
> as an effective working tool for video librarians, as well as a channel of
> communication between libraries,educational institutions, and video
> producers and distributors.
>


Gary Handman
Director
Media Resources Center
Moffitt Library
UC Berkeley

510-643-8566
ghand...@library.berkeley.edu
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC

"I have always preferred the reflection of life to life itself."
--Francois Truffaut


VIDEOLIB is intended to encourage the broad and lively discussion of issues 
relating to the selection, evaluation, acquisition,bibliographic control, 
preservation, and use of current and evolving video formats in libraries and 
related institutions. It is hoped that the list will serve as an effective 
working tool for video librarians, as well as a channel of communication 
between libraries,educational institutions, and video producers and 
distributors.

VIDEOLIB is intended to encourage the broad and lively discussion of issues 
relating to the selection, evaluation, acquisition,bibliographic control, 
preservation, and use of current and evolving video formats in libraries and 
related institutions. It is hoped that the list will serve as an effective 
working tool for video librarians, as well as a channel of communication 
between libraries,educational institutions, and video producers and 
distributors.


Re: [Videolib] Segments of a DVD

2012-01-06 Thread Jessica Rosner
Actually there is a long tradition of "fair use" in commercial and for
profit uses. You can for instance quote parts of copyrighted books, poems
etc, in other works. The whole concept of "fair use" was to allow portions
of copyrighted works to  be used to create new works and it is by no means
limited to being non for profit. My view is that the only way this is NOT
"fair use" is if you can make a legitimate argument that the portions being
used represent to large a chunk of the original work and/or that you are
making a profit specifically from using the other work in a way that
damages its value. If the use of clips in a class of for profit school were
not "fair use" than pretty much any quotation, paragraph, used either in
the class or in any
work circulated in a course pack would also violate "fair use". ( I don't
mean whole articles in course packs which do have to be cleared I mean
anything that just quotes from another work).

In general I think the director may be confusing the face to face exemption
which of course allows non profits to use an entire film in a class with
"fair use" because per above if you literally had to clear quote & clip
used say a lecture, article etc you might go nuts.



On Fri, Jan 6, 2012 at 11:33 AM,  wrote:

> I still think it is fair use, although on somewhat less firm ground than
> if you had been in a non-profit. (Points 3 and 4 of Section 107 are in
> your favor, I think).  If you ask the studio for permission, they will
> most certainly say "no"...and my guess is that buying those permissions
> for segments is going to be very difficult.
>
> Gary Handman
>
>
> > Seems the consensus on here is that this is fair use:
> >
> > I work for a for-profit college so classroom exceptions do not apply.  I
> > have a professor who wants to screen the feature "Thank You for Smoking"
> > in
> > a classroom setting however he will not be screening the entire film.  He
> > will be choosing 5-6 snippets of the film (5 minutes long).  Do I need to
> > secure viewing rights for this?
> >
> > I've just been instructed by my Director that there are no exceptions for
> > for-profit institutions and that I will need to get PPR for the film.
> > What
> > she wrote:
> >
> > Section 107 contains a list of the various purposes for which the
> > reproduction of a particular work may be considered fair, such as
> > criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.
> > Section 107 also sets out four factors to be considered in determining
> > whether or not a particular use is fair:
> >  1.   The purpose and character of the use, including whether
> such
> > use is of commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational
> > purposes
> >  2.   The nature of the copyrighted work
> >  3.   The amount and substantiality of the portion used in
> relation
> > to the copyrighted work as a whole
> >  4.   The effect of the use upon the potential market for, or
> value
> > of, the copyrighted work
> >
> > Still think it's fair use?
> >
> >
> > James  Leftwich
> > Berkeley College
> > Director, Westchester Campus Library
> > 99 Church Street
> > White Plains, NY 10601
> > 914-694-1122 x3370
> > j...@berkeleycollege.edu
> >
> >
> > VIDEOLIB is intended to encourage the broad and lively discussion of
> > issues relating to the selection, evaluation, acquisition,bibliographic
> > control, preservation, and use of current and evolving video formats in
> > libraries and related institutions. It is hoped that the list will serve
> > as an effective working tool for video librarians, as well as a channel
> of
> > communication between libraries,educational institutions, and video
> > producers and distributors.
> >
>
>
> Gary Handman
> Director
> Media Resources Center
> Moffitt Library
> UC Berkeley
>
> 510-643-8566
> ghand...@library.berkeley.edu
> http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC
>
> "I have always preferred the reflection of life to life itself."
> --Francois Truffaut
>
>
> VIDEOLIB is intended to encourage the broad and lively discussion of
> issues relating to the selection, evaluation, acquisition,bibliographic
> control, preservation, and use of current and evolving video formats in
> libraries and related institutions. It is hoped that the list will serve as
> an effective working tool for video librarians, as well as a channel of
> communication between libraries,educational institutions, and video
> producers and distributors.
>



-- 
Jessica Rosner
Media Consultant
224-545-3897 (cell)
212-627-1785 (land line)
jessicapros...@gmail.com
VIDEOLIB is intended to encourage the broad and lively discussion of issues 
relating to the selection, evaluation, acquisition,bibliographic control, 
preservation, and use of current and evolving video formats in libraries and 
related institutions. It is hoped that the list will serve as an effective 
working tool for video librarians, as well as a channel of communica

Re: [Videolib] Seeking: Library Trends, volume 27, number 1, Summer 1978

2012-01-06 Thread Jessica Rosner
normally I would suggest eBay but I think this one thing they are not going
to have.

On Fri, Jan 6, 2012 at 11:19 AM, Elena Rossi-Snook  wrote:

> Hello,
>
> Any ideas where I can acquire a physical copy of Library trends, volume
> 27, number 1, Summer 1978 "Films In Public Libraries?"  I know I can print
> the pdf online, but I'd like to own an actual copy of the complete issue.
>
> Thanks,
> Elena Rossi-Snook
> Archivist
> Reserve Film and Video Collection
> The New York Public Library
>
> VIDEOLIB is intended to encourage the broad and lively discussion of
> issues relating to the selection, evaluation, acquisition,bibliographic
> control, preservation, and use of current and evolving video formats in
> libraries and related institutions. It is hoped that the list will serve as
> an effective working tool for video librarians, as well as a channel of
> communication between libraries,educational institutions, and video
> producers and distributors.
>
>


-- 
Jessica Rosner
Media Consultant
224-545-3897 (cell)
212-627-1785 (land line)
jessicapros...@gmail.com
VIDEOLIB is intended to encourage the broad and lively discussion of issues 
relating to the selection, evaluation, acquisition,bibliographic control, 
preservation, and use of current and evolving video formats in libraries and 
related institutions. It is hoped that the list will serve as an effective 
working tool for video librarians, as well as a channel of communication 
between libraries,educational institutions, and video producers and 
distributors.


Re: [Videolib] Segments of a DVD

2012-01-06 Thread Dennis Doros
Dear James,

Not to be commercially officious or even have the correct opinion, but this
is based on our history. When speakers give public talks using clips from
our films, they often call us to clear the rights. Obviously, we charge the
large corporate talks more than we would ever charge a college, even a
for-profit one. So you director *might* be right.

Dennis

On Fri, Jan 6, 2012 at 11:28 AM, James Leftwich wrote:

> Seems the consensus on here is that this is fair use:
>
> I work for a for-profit college so classroom exceptions do not apply.  I
> have a professor who wants to screen the feature "Thank You for Smoking" in
> a classroom setting however he will not be screening the entire film.  He
> will be choosing 5-6 snippets of the film (5 minutes long).  Do I need to
> secure viewing rights for this?
>
> I've just been instructed by my Director that there are no exceptions for
> for-profit institutions and that I will need to get PPR for the film.  What
> she wrote:
>
> Section 107 contains a list of the various purposes for which the
> reproduction of a particular work may be considered fair, such as
> criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.
> Section 107 also sets out four factors to be considered in determining
> whether or not a particular use is fair:
> 1. The purpose and character of the use, including whether such
>use is of commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational
>purposes
> 2. The nature of the copyrighted work
> 3. The amount and substantiality of the portion used in
> relation
>to the copyrighted work as a whole
> 4. The effect of the use upon the potential market for, or
> value
>of, the copyrighted work
>
> Still think it's fair use?
>
>
> James  Leftwich
> Berkeley College
> Director, Westchester Campus Library
> 99 Church Street
> White Plains, NY 10601
> 914-694-1122 x3370
> j...@berkeleycollege.edu
>
>
> VIDEOLIB is intended to encourage the broad and lively discussion of
> issues relating to the selection, evaluation, acquisition,bibliographic
> control, preservation, and use of current and evolving video formats in
> libraries and related institutions. It is hoped that the list will serve as
> an effective working tool for video librarians, as well as a channel of
> communication between libraries,educational institutions, and video
> producers and distributors.
>



-- 
Best regards,
Dennis Doros
Milestone Film & Video/Milliarium Zero
PO Box 128
Harrington Park, NJ 07640
Phone: 201-767-3117
Fax: 201-767-3035
email: milefi...@gmail.com
www.milestonefilms.com
www.comebackafrica.com
www.yougottomove.com
www.ontheboweryfilm.com
www.arayafilm.com
www.exilesfilm.com
www.wordisoutmovie.com
www.killerofsheep.com

Join "Milestone Film" on Facebook and Twitter!
and the
Association of Moving Image Archivists !


Follow Milestone on Twitter! 
VIDEOLIB is intended to encourage the broad and lively discussion of issues 
relating to the selection, evaluation, acquisition,bibliographic control, 
preservation, and use of current and evolving video formats in libraries and 
related institutions. It is hoped that the list will serve as an effective 
working tool for video librarians, as well as a channel of communication 
between libraries,educational institutions, and video producers and 
distributors.


Re: [Videolib] Segments of a DVD

2012-01-06 Thread ghandman
I still think it is fair use, although on somewhat less firm ground than
if you had been in a non-profit. (Points 3 and 4 of Section 107 are in
your favor, I think).  If you ask the studio for permission, they will
most certainly say "no"...and my guess is that buying those permissions
for segments is going to be very difficult.

Gary Handman


> Seems the consensus on here is that this is fair use:
>
> I work for a for-profit college so classroom exceptions do not apply.  I
> have a professor who wants to screen the feature "Thank You for Smoking"
> in
> a classroom setting however he will not be screening the entire film.  He
> will be choosing 5-6 snippets of the film (5 minutes long).  Do I need to
> secure viewing rights for this?
>
> I've just been instructed by my Director that there are no exceptions for
> for-profit institutions and that I will need to get PPR for the film.
> What
> she wrote:
>
> Section 107 contains a list of the various purposes for which the
> reproduction of a particular work may be considered fair, such as
> criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.
> Section 107 also sets out four factors to be considered in determining
> whether or not a particular use is fair:
>  1.   The purpose and character of the use, including whether such
> use is of commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational
> purposes
>  2.   The nature of the copyrighted work
>  3.   The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation
> to the copyrighted work as a whole
>  4.   The effect of the use upon the potential market for, or value
> of, the copyrighted work
>
> Still think it's fair use?
>
>
> James  Leftwich
> Berkeley College
> Director, Westchester Campus Library
> 99 Church Street
> White Plains, NY 10601
> 914-694-1122 x3370
> j...@berkeleycollege.edu
>
>
> VIDEOLIB is intended to encourage the broad and lively discussion of
> issues relating to the selection, evaluation, acquisition,bibliographic
> control, preservation, and use of current and evolving video formats in
> libraries and related institutions. It is hoped that the list will serve
> as an effective working tool for video librarians, as well as a channel of
> communication between libraries,educational institutions, and video
> producers and distributors.
>


Gary Handman
Director
Media Resources Center
Moffitt Library
UC Berkeley

510-643-8566
ghand...@library.berkeley.edu
http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/MRC

"I have always preferred the reflection of life to life itself."
--Francois Truffaut


VIDEOLIB is intended to encourage the broad and lively discussion of issues 
relating to the selection, evaluation, acquisition,bibliographic control, 
preservation, and use of current and evolving video formats in libraries and 
related institutions. It is hoped that the list will serve as an effective 
working tool for video librarians, as well as a channel of communication 
between libraries,educational institutions, and video producers and 
distributors.


[Videolib] Segments of a DVD

2012-01-06 Thread James Leftwich
Seems the consensus on here is that this is fair use:

I work for a for-profit college so classroom exceptions do not apply.  I
have a professor who wants to screen the feature "Thank You for Smoking" in
a classroom setting however he will not be screening the entire film.  He
will be choosing 5-6 snippets of the film (5 minutes long).  Do I need to
secure viewing rights for this?

I've just been instructed by my Director that there are no exceptions for
for-profit institutions and that I will need to get PPR for the film.  What
she wrote:

Section 107 contains a list of the various purposes for which the
reproduction of a particular work may be considered fair, such as
criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.
Section 107 also sets out four factors to be considered in determining
whether or not a particular use is fair:
 1. The purpose and character of the use, including whether such
use is of commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational
purposes
 2. The nature of the copyrighted work
 3. The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation
to the copyrighted work as a whole
 4. The effect of the use upon the potential market for, or value
of, the copyrighted work

Still think it's fair use?


James  Leftwich
Berkeley College
Director, Westchester Campus Library
99 Church Street
White Plains, NY 10601
914-694-1122 x3370
j...@berkeleycollege.edu


VIDEOLIB is intended to encourage the broad and lively discussion of issues 
relating to the selection, evaluation, acquisition,bibliographic control, 
preservation, and use of current and evolving video formats in libraries and 
related institutions. It is hoped that the list will serve as an effective 
working tool for video librarians, as well as a channel of communication 
between libraries,educational institutions, and video producers and 
distributors.


[Videolib] Seeking: Library Trends, volume 27, number 1, Summer 1978

2012-01-06 Thread Elena Rossi-Snook
Hello,

Any ideas where I can acquire a physical copy of Library trends, volume 27,
number 1, Summer 1978 "Films In Public Libraries?"  I know I can print the
pdf online, but I'd like to own an actual copy of the complete issue.

Thanks,
Elena Rossi-Snook
Archivist
Reserve Film and Video Collection
The New York Public Library
VIDEOLIB is intended to encourage the broad and lively discussion of issues 
relating to the selection, evaluation, acquisition,bibliographic control, 
preservation, and use of current and evolving video formats in libraries and 
related institutions. It is hoped that the list will serve as an effective 
working tool for video librarians, as well as a channel of communication 
between libraries,educational institutions, and video producers and 
distributors.