Re: [Vo]:A cup of coffee and the history of heat

[H LV]

The type of "negative temperature" discussed in the article is not actually
colder than absolute zero. It corresponds to something that has alot of
energy so it cannot be called a heat sink. This "Negative temperature" is a
statistical consequence of "population inversion",   whereby most of the
particles are confined to a higher energy state, which is unlike the usual
Bolztmann statistics where most particles have low kinetic energy and only
a few have high kinetic energy. The aim of Boltzmann statistics was to
explain temperature in terms of the kinetics of vast numbers of microscopic
particles. A temperature below absolute zero  that is hotter than absolute
zero is an oxymoron and is a sign there is something intellectually
bankrupt with physics.

Harry

On Sun., Nov. 15, 2020, 4:07 p.m. Jones Beene,  wrote:

> H LV wrote:
>
> Using a cup of coffee as a starting point this blogger provides a friendly
> introduction to the history of the science of heat. He also leaves the
> reader with an open question.
>
> https://www.beanthinking.org/?tag=caloric
>
> Harry
>
> Well-named article... even though it chooses to ignore implications of
> "negative temperature" (below zero K).
>
> And why not? It is a contentious subject. Here is an older Science News
> article which touches on negative temperature.
>
> https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/01/130104143516.htm
>
> But ... for the sake of argument, imagine that a simple experiment
> determines two things about the special type of hydrogen which is formed
> via the Holmlid/Mills effect - which effect results in a dense hydrogen
> species that should be useful in its own right, even after giving up
> anomalous heat. This would be a second use of the Holmlid effect.
>
> Furthermore let's assume that one characteristic of this H* gas (besides
> higher density) is that the atoms do not repel each other as does normal
> hydrogen -- since electrons have been catalytically moved into stable lower
> orbitals  - which make the apparent nuclear charge more positive than
> before to its surroundings (due to the negative near-field of orbital
> electrons being compressed. Thus. thus dense H clusters can be easily
> formed. Even if the effect of negative temperature is weak, it points the
> way to a simple energy anomaly in thermal conversion efficiency .
>
> Proposed application of negative temperature effect: It could be possible
> such a dense hydrogen gas, mixed together with an inert gas like Argon
> (which atoms do repel one another) -- to construct a new type of Sterling
> piston engine which is extremely efficient, perhaps twice the Carnot
> efficiency using only solar heat, since there is an effective heat sink
> available from within the gas itself - which can be used to harness a bit
> of negative temperature.
>
> Of course, this is assuming that "negative temperature" and dense hydrogen
> are both real and interrelated.
>
> The bottom line is that atoms of dense hydrogen would tend to exert a
> negative instead of a positive pressure when heated. As a consequence, the
> atoms for a dense cloud which "wants to contract" when thermal input and
> this is balanced against the Argon component, which is more like a perfect
> gas. For this to work there would probably need to be a permeable membrane
> to separate the two gas, but there are a few good candidates for this.
>
> Maybe this is a product of too much coffee...
>
>

RE: [Vo]:A cup of coffee and the history of heat

[JonesBeene]

From: H LV

➢ The type of "negative temperature" discussed in the article is not actually 
colder than absolute zero. It corresponds to something that has alot of energy 
so it cannot be called a heat sink. 

Maybe not. Firstly, any and all mass contains “a lot of energy” in one 
appraisal,  so that characteristic alone does not make a new kind of heat sink 
impossible.

This goes beyond semantics in a way when we get down to specifics -- since the 
actual energy content of dense hydrogen, for instance, must be less than the 
natural species – assuming that it gave up energy in order to reach a dense 
state. OTOH a cooling or heat sink effect could serve to slowly “reinflate” the 
gas, which makes it of limited usefulness but definitely a thermal anomaly

True – a dense state of hydrogen does not mean that the effective “coldness” is 
usable in a secondary (Boyle’s Law) way but all of this is wildly speculative.

Obviously, the best if not only resolution is to find a way to produce and 
store dense hydrogen for later use in experiments.

Mills claims to have done this, and possibly Norront as well -  but most 
observers are not convinced.

If Mills could really collect hydrinos, he would have demonstrated the 
hydrino-battery a lone time ago. In fact, the battery could be his best 
application of the effect (on paper).

[Vo]:Willian Thomson (Lord Kelvin) and absolute zero

[H LV]

Here is a classroom demonstration of how to estimate absolute zero.

Charles Law and absolute zero.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wkWo-8tY8cY

Btw, if the temperatures and volumes of other gases are measured and
plotted you will get lines with different slopes, but they will all
converge on the same value of absolute zero. However, this is based on a
_extrapolation_. Maybe the volume of a gas and its temperature don't
maintain this linear relationship as the volume approaches zero. William
Thomson (Lord Kelvin) first proposed  that this linear extrapolation was
reliable. The demonstrator quotes him at about seven minutes into the video:

<< ...infinite cold must correspond to a finite number of degrees of the
air-thermometer below zero;  if we push the strict principle of graduation,
stated above, sufficiently far, we should arrive at a point corresponding
to the volume of air being reduced to nothing, which would be marked as
-273° of the scale (-100/.366, if .366 be the coefficient of expansion);
and therefore -273° of the air-thermometer is a point which cannot be
reached at any finite temperature, however low. >> footnote 6 from
https://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_an_absolute_thermometric_scale.html

I think it is illogical to propose a linear relationship exists all the way
down to absolute zero. Air with no volume is an oxymoron. Linearity may be
an excellent approximation over most scales,  but I would say below some
small but finite volume the linear assumption breaks down with or without
appeals to quantum mechanics.
Harry

[Vo]:Good news about the pandemic at last

[Jed Rothwell]

I realize this is off topic. And I expect everyone here has heard about it.
But I thought you would like to see some quantitative information.

Here is a note on temperatures. The second article says the Moderna vaccine
can be kept at -20°C. The Pfizer vaccine has to be kept at -75°C during
shipping and storage. It can be stored in an ordinary refrigerator for up
to 5 days before it is used. (https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-54889084)
I asked a nurse about this. She said there are several vaccines that
require cold storage. She said this will probably come as a powder, which
is mixed with room temperature fluid before inoculation. The older version
of the shingles vaccine was like this.



Good news! Moderna's vaccine is reportedly 95% effective. Here are the raw
numbers as reported by CNN:


15,000 vaccines administered. 5 people in that group got COVID-19. They had
mild cases.

15,000 placebos administered. 90 people in that group got COVID-19. 11 had
severe cases.


This is reported as 94.5% effective, which I think is too many digits of
precision. I would say >90%. But I quibble. I think there is no question it
is effective.


It seems the vaccine reduces the severity of the disease when it does not
prevent it completely


There were no severe side effects. There were some side effects in some
patients, such as headaches.


Fauci said this is good news. If the Pfizer and or the Moderna vaccines are
approved, the first ones may be administered in December to risk groups
such as doctors and nurses. Fauci predicted the general population may be
vaccinated from May to July 2021.


https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/16/health/Covid-moderna-vaccine.html


"Early Data Show Moderna’s Coronavirus Vaccine Is 94.5% Effective

Moderna is the second company to report preliminary results from a large
trial testing a vaccine. But there are still months to go before it will be
widely available to the public."



More good news, from CNN. This may drive down the stock market value of
Pfizer:


While the two vaccines appear to have very similar safety and efficacy
profiles, Moderna's vaccine has a significant practical advantage over
Pfizer's.


Pfizer's vaccine has to be kept at minus 75 degrees Celsius — or about
minus 103 degrees Fahrenheit. No other vaccine in the US needs to be kept
that cold, and doctors' offices and pharmacies do not have freezers that go
that low.


Moderna's vaccine can be kept at minus 20 degrees Celsius, which is about
minus 4 degrees Fahrenheit. Other vaccines, such as the one against
chickenpox, need to be kept at that temperature.


That means Moderna's vaccine can be kept in "a readily available freezer
that is available in most doctors' offices and pharmacies," said Dr. Tal
Zacks, Moderna's chief medical officer. "We leverage infrastructure that
already exists for other marketed vaccines."


Another advantage of Moderna's vaccine is that it can be kept for 30 days
in the refrigerator, the company announced Monday. Pfizer's vaccine can
last only five days in the refrigerator.

Re: [Vo]:A cup of coffee and the history of heat

[H LV]

On Mon, Nov 16, 2020 at 9:05 AM JonesBeene  wrote:

> *From: *H LV 
>
>
>
>- The type of "negative temperature" discussed in the article is not
>actually colder than absolute zero. It corresponds to something that has
>alot of energy so it cannot be called a heat sink.
>
>
>
> Maybe not. Firstly, any and all mass contains “a lot of energy” in one
> appraisal,  so that characteristic alone does not make a new kind of heat
> sink impossible.
>
>
>

I don't have a problem with temperatures below absolute zero. I have a
problem with this particular construct. This  "negative temperatures" is
described as being hotter than all temperatures above absolute zero which
suggests the presence of a error somewhere in the chain of reasoning.



> This goes beyond semantics in a way when we get down to specifics -- since
> the actual energy content of dense hydrogen, for instance, must be less
> than the natural species – assuming that it gave up energy in order to
> reach a dense state. OTOH a cooling or heat sink effect could serve to
> slowly “reinflate” the gas, which makes it of limited usefulness but
> definitely a thermal anomaly
>
>  -
>

By definition a heat sink is capable of absorbing energy, so a hydrino is a
heat sink waiting to absorb energy and re-inflate.



> True – a dense state of hydrogen does not mean that the effective
> “coldness” is usable in a secondary (Boyle’s Law) way but all of this is
> wildly speculative.
>
>
>
Obviously, the best if not only resolution is to find a way to produce and
> store dense hydrogen for later use in experiments.
>
>
>
> Mills claims to have done this, and possibly Norront as well -  but most
> observers are not convinced.
>
>
>
> If Mills could really collect hydrinos, he would have demonstrated the
> hydrino-battery a lone time ago. In fact, the battery could be his best
> application of the effect (on paper).
>
>
>
>
>

If hydrino is a heat sink, i.e. a source of cold, it could be used to
perform work as part of an engine.
If it is possible  to make or harvest hydrinos with less energy than you
can get out of them when they are re-inflated then hydrinos could serve as
a primary source of energy. If not they can "only" serve a secondary source
of energy.

Harry

Re: [Vo]:Good news about the pandemic at last

[H LV]

awesome
harry

On Mon, Nov 16, 2020 at 2:58 PM Jed Rothwell  wrote:

> I realize this is off topic. And I expect everyone here has heard about
> it. But I thought you would like to see some quantitative information.
>
> Here is a note on temperatures. The second article says the Moderna
> vaccine can be kept at -20°C. The Pfizer vaccine has to be kept at -75°C
> during shipping and storage. It can be stored in an ordinary refrigerator
> for up to 5 days before it is used. (
> https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-54889084) I asked a nurse about this.
> She said there are several vaccines that require cold storage. She said
> this will probably come as a powder, which is mixed with room temperature
> fluid before inoculation. The older version of the shingles vaccine was
> like this.
>
>
>
> Good news! Moderna's vaccine is reportedly 95% effective. Here are the raw
> numbers as reported by CNN:
>
>
> 15,000 vaccines administered. 5 people in that group got COVID-19. They
> had mild cases.
>
> 15,000 placebos administered. 90 people in that group got COVID-19. 11 had
> severe cases.
>
>
> This is reported as 94.5% effective, which I think is too many digits of
> precision. I would say >90%. But I quibble. I think there is no question it
> is effective.
>
>
> It seems the vaccine reduces the severity of the disease when it does not
> prevent it completely
>
>
> There were no severe side effects. There were some side effects in some
> patients, such as headaches.
>
>
> Fauci said this is good news. If the Pfizer and or the Moderna vaccines
> are approved, the first ones may be administered in December to risk groups
> such as doctors and nurses. Fauci predicted the general population may be
> vaccinated from May to July 2021.
>
>
> https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/16/health/Covid-moderna-vaccine.html
>
>
> "Early Data Show Moderna’s Coronavirus Vaccine Is 94.5% Effective
>
> Moderna is the second company to report preliminary results from a large
> trial testing a vaccine. But there are still months to go before it will be
> widely available to the public."
>
>
>
> More good news, from CNN. This may drive down the stock market value of
> Pfizer:
>
>
> While the two vaccines appear to have very similar safety and efficacy
> profiles, Moderna's vaccine has a significant practical advantage over
> Pfizer's.
>
>
> Pfizer's vaccine has to be kept at minus 75 degrees Celsius — or about
> minus 103 degrees Fahrenheit. No other vaccine in the US needs to be kept
> that cold, and doctors' offices and pharmacies do not have freezers that go
> that low.
>
>
> Moderna's vaccine can be kept at minus 20 degrees Celsius, which is about
> minus 4 degrees Fahrenheit. Other vaccines, such as the one against
> chickenpox, need to be kept at that temperature.
>
>
> That means Moderna's vaccine can be kept in "a readily available freezer
> that is available in most doctors' offices and pharmacies," said Dr. Tal
> Zacks, Moderna's chief medical officer. "We leverage infrastructure that
> already exists for other marketed vaccines."
>
>
> Another advantage of Moderna's vaccine is that it can be kept for 30 days
> in the refrigerator, the company announced Monday. Pfizer's vaccine can
> last only five days in the refrigerator.
>
>
>

Re: [Vo]:Good news about the pandemic at last

[Jürg Wyttenbach]

Currently a big mass  murder organized by the world wide rotary free 
masons mafia pharma mafia is ongoing and daily killing 10'000ds of 
peoples that not get the well working medication.


Ivermectin is able to save the live even of ICU patients. It works 
against West-Nil, Zikka, Hanta and other virus but nobody should know this.


It works best against CoV-19 by blocking the virus replication in the 
cell. It also can stop the virus outside the cell but there not better 
than HCQ or Nitazoxanide. It cost nothing. The horse version (dose of 
800kg)  in Europe is sold for about 8$. (USA human version 8 doses > 
800$) The horse version is used in South America, because its not 
suppressed!


https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.10.26.20219345

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344877090


The full HCQ story:

 https://hcqtrial.com/ !


Please inform the newspapers  about the facts and tell/threat, you will 
bring them to Den Haag if they stay silent or publish miss information. 
This will work again with Biden!  Keep a copy of your communication 
together with the mail confirmation.


J.W.

On 16.11.2020 21:16, H LV wrote:

awesome
harry

On Mon, Nov 16, 2020 at 2:58 PM Jed Rothwell > wrote:


I realize this is off topic. And I expect everyone here has heard
about it. But I thought you would like to see some quantitative
information.

Here is a note on temperatures. The second article says the
Moderna vaccine can be kept at -20°C. The Pfizer vaccine has to be
kept at -75°C during shipping and storage. It can be stored in an
ordinary refrigerator for up to 5 days before it is used.
(https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-54889084) I asked a nurse
about this. She said there are several vaccines that require cold
storage. She said this will probably come as a powder, which is
mixed with room temperature fluid before inoculation. The older
version of the shingles vaccine was like this.



Good news! Moderna's vaccine is reportedly 95% effective. Here are
the raw numbers as reported by CNN:


15,000 vaccines administered. 5 people in that group got COVID-19.
They had mild cases.

15,000 placebos administered. 90 people in that group got
COVID-19. 11 had severe cases.


This is reported as 94.5% effective, which I think is too many
digits of precision. I would say >90%. But I quibble. I think
there is no question it is effective.


It seems the vaccine reduces the severity of the disease when it
does not prevent it completely


There were no severe side effects. There were some side effects in
some patients, such as headaches.


Fauci said this is good news. If the Pfizer and or the Moderna
vaccines are approved, the first ones may be administered in
December to risk groups such as doctors and nurses. Fauci
predicted the general population may be vaccinated from May to
July 2021.


https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/16/health/Covid-moderna-vaccine.html


"Early Data Show Moderna’s Coronavirus Vaccine Is 94.5% Effective

Moderna is the second company to report preliminary results from a
large trial testing a vaccine. But there are still months to go
before it will be widely available to the public."



More good news, from CNN. This may drive down the stock market
value of Pfizer:


While the two vaccines appear to have very similar safety and
efficacy profiles, Moderna's vaccine has a significant practical
advantage over Pfizer's.


Pfizer's vaccine has to be kept at minus 75 degrees Celsius — or
about minus 103 degrees Fahrenheit. No other vaccine in the US
needs to be kept that cold, and doctors' offices and pharmacies do
not have freezers that go that low.


Moderna's vaccine can be kept at minus 20 degrees Celsius, which
is about minus 4 degrees Fahrenheit. Other vaccines, such as the
one against chickenpox, need to be kept at that temperature.


That means Moderna's vaccine can be kept in "a readily available
freezer that is available in most doctors' offices and
pharmacies," said Dr. Tal Zacks, Moderna's chief medical officer.
"We leverage infrastructure that already exists for other marketed
vaccines."


Another advantage of Moderna's vaccine is that it can be kept for
30 days in the refrigerator, the company announced Monday.
Pfizer's vaccine can last only five days in the refrigerator.



--
Jürg Wyttenbach
Bifangstr. 22
8910 Affoltern am Albis

+41 44 760 14 18
+41 79 246 36 06