Re: [Vo]:Hardness of nickel wrt palladium and also Johnson-Matthey "Type A"

[Axil Axil]

If the LENR reaction is only based solely on plasmon production, a another
soft metal coating on the nickel mesh might also work in the R20 that
includes silver, aluminum, copper, cesium, and so on.

On Thu, Jul 25, 2019 at 5:43 PM Axil Axil  wrote:

> https://arxiv.org/pdf/1709.04876
>
> Excitation of multiple surface plasmon-polaritons(SPPs) by an equichiral
> sculptured thin film
> with a metal layer defect was studied theoretically in the Sarid
> configuration, using the
> transfer matrix method. Multiple SPP modes were distinguished from
> waveguide modes in
> optical absorption for p- polarized plane wave. The degree of localization
> of multiple SPP
> waves was investigated by calculation of the time averaged Poynting
> vector.
> *The resultsshowed that the long-range and short-range SPP waves can
> simultaneously be excited at both interfaces of metal core in this proposed
> structure which may be used in a broad range of sensing applications.*
>
> When multiple dissimilar metal layers are uses to form Surface Plasmon
> Polaritons(SPP), each separate layer generates it own unique polariton SPP
> waveform. This could possibly means that the number of polaritons is
> multiplied by the number of metal layers used.
>
> I wonder is a mush using multiple micro layers of nickel, palladium, and
> titanium would produce three times the polariton population.
>
> On Thu, Jul 25, 2019 at 5:00 PM Axil Axil  wrote:
>
>> Plasmon entangles with heat when their energy levels are equal. This is
>> what produces plasmon polaritons. Ultra dense deuterium is not needed to
>> host the polariton condensate. What is needed to create this condensate is
>> a high level of polariton creation.  Ultra dense deuterium greatly
>> facilitates this increase in polariton density because of the
>> superconductive nature of this ultras dense material's superconductive
>> surface  which maximizes the lifespan of the polaritons. But a high
>> polariton production rate can get to the critical polariton density needed
>> for a polariton condensate to form. When this condensation condition is
>> reached, then the heat production begins.
>>
>> The micro cavities in the mesh provides the amplification mechanism
>> needed to help for polaritons formation, since the mixing of photons and
>> plasmons is maximized by having a longer time to reach energy equilibrium.
>> There is also a optimum mesh size that aids in the resonance between the
>> plasmons, and phonton energy that leads to polariton formation.
>>
>> This mesh concept standardizes and optimizes the cavity based polariton
>> formation process.
>>
>> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_plasmon_polariton
>>
>> A grating coupler matches the wave vectors by increasing the parallel
>> wave vector component by an amount related to the grating period (Figure
>> 2). This method, while less frequently utilized, is critical to the
>> theoretical understanding of the effect of *surface roughness
>> *. Moreover, simple
>> isolated surface defects such as a groove, a slit or a corrugation on an
>> otherwise planar surface provides a mechanism by which *free-space
>> radiation and SPs can exchange energy and hence couple*.
>>
>> On Thu, Jul 25, 2019 at 4:16 PM Jones Beene  wrote:
>>
>>> Axil Axil wrote:
>>>
>>> > The palladium coating must serve only to provide a better surface
>>> plasmon performance profile than does nickel.
>>>
>>> Not exactly the "only" purpose but certainly the Mizuno breakthrough
>>> does appear to have a plasmon methodology for thermal gain using dense
>>> deuterium. Palladium is the co-catalyst for densification. This is the part
>>> Mills perhaps got right - you need many catalysts to maximized shrinkage
>>> and nickel alone will not do it alone.
>>>
>>> Palladium has narrow optical properties; but primarily, it is the primo
>>> spillover catalyst, which would be responsible - acting in sequence with
>>> nickel to provide 6-7 different Rydberg levels for forming dense deuterium
>>> from D2 gas. Perhaps it is a cascade - all the way down to the Dirac level.
>>>
>>> A plasmon methodology would also explain why "Type A" Pd alloy is or
>>> should be used.
>>>
>>> As I recall, the silver content is surprisingly high in Type A -
>>> something like 25% of the alloy. Silver is extraordinarily photoactive
>>> (which is why compounds of silver were used in photography in the days
>>> before digital). In a plasmon only context - silver makes more sense than
>>> palladium.
>>>
>>> BTW if plasmons are the operative mechanism then much better results
>>> will be had by dispensing with the heater coil and finding the proper LEDs
>>> to radiate only the exact frequency which is needed (through a window)...
>>> which would mean the red photons at ~590 nm in most cases.
>>>
>>> As it is now - heat from resistance wire does have a strong red line but
>>> also 90% of the energy is in frequencies not needed for plasmons - and
>>> wasted. 

Re: [Vo]:Hardness of nickel wrt palladium and also Johnson-Matthey "Type A"

[Axil Axil]

https://arxiv.org/pdf/1709.04876

Excitation of multiple surface plasmon-polaritons(SPPs) by an equichiral
sculptured thin film
with a metal layer defect was studied theoretically in the Sarid
configuration, using the
transfer matrix method. Multiple SPP modes were distinguished from
waveguide modes in
optical absorption for p- polarized plane wave. The degree of localization
of multiple SPP
waves was investigated by calculation of the time averaged Poynting vector.
*The resultsshowed that the long-range and short-range SPP waves can
simultaneously be excited at both interfaces of metal core in this proposed
structure which may be used in a broad range of sensing applications.*

When multiple dissimilar metal layers are uses to form Surface Plasmon
Polaritons(SPP), each separate layer generates it own unique polariton SPP
waveform. This could possibly means that the number of polaritons is
multiplied by the number of metal layers used.

I wonder is a mush using multiple micro layers of nickel, palladium, and
titanium would produce three times the polariton population.

On Thu, Jul 25, 2019 at 5:00 PM Axil Axil  wrote:

> Plasmon entangles with heat when their energy levels are equal. This is
> what produces plasmon polaritons. Ultra dense deuterium is not needed to
> host the polariton condensate. What is needed to create this condensate is
> a high level of polariton creation.  Ultra dense deuterium greatly
> facilitates this increase in polariton density because of the
> superconductive nature of this ultras dense material's superconductive
> surface  which maximizes the lifespan of the polaritons. But a high
> polariton production rate can get to the critical polariton density needed
> for a polariton condensate to form. When this condensation condition is
> reached, then the heat production begins.
>
> The micro cavities in the mesh provides the amplification mechanism needed
> to help for polaritons formation, since the mixing of photons and plasmons
> is maximized by having a longer time to reach energy equilibrium. There is
> also a optimum mesh size that aids in the resonance between the plasmons,
> and phonton energy that leads to polariton formation.
>
> This mesh concept standardizes and optimizes the cavity based polariton
> formation process.
>
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_plasmon_polariton
>
> A grating coupler matches the wave vectors by increasing the parallel wave
> vector component by an amount related to the grating period (Figure 2).
> This method, while less frequently utilized, is critical to the theoretical
> understanding of the effect of *surface roughness
> *. Moreover, simple
> isolated surface defects such as a groove, a slit or a corrugation on an
> otherwise planar surface provides a mechanism by which *free-space
> radiation and SPs can exchange energy and hence couple*.
>
> On Thu, Jul 25, 2019 at 4:16 PM Jones Beene  wrote:
>
>> Axil Axil wrote:
>>
>> > The palladium coating must serve only to provide a better surface
>> plasmon performance profile than does nickel.
>>
>> Not exactly the "only" purpose but certainly the Mizuno breakthrough does
>> appear to have a plasmon methodology for thermal gain using dense
>> deuterium. Palladium is the co-catalyst for densification. This is the part
>> Mills perhaps got right - you need many catalysts to maximized shrinkage
>> and nickel alone will not do it alone.
>>
>> Palladium has narrow optical properties; but primarily, it is the primo
>> spillover catalyst, which would be responsible - acting in sequence with
>> nickel to provide 6-7 different Rydberg levels for forming dense deuterium
>> from D2 gas. Perhaps it is a cascade - all the way down to the Dirac level.
>>
>> A plasmon methodology would also explain why "Type A" Pd alloy is or
>> should be used.
>>
>> As I recall, the silver content is surprisingly high in Type A -
>> something like 25% of the alloy. Silver is extraordinarily photoactive
>> (which is why compounds of silver were used in photography in the days
>> before digital). In a plasmon only context - silver makes more sense than
>> palladium.
>>
>> BTW if plasmons are the operative mechanism then much better results will
>> be had by dispensing with the heater coil and finding the proper LEDs to
>> radiate only the exact frequency which is needed (through a window)...
>> which would mean the red photons at ~590 nm in most cases.
>>
>> As it is now - heat from resistance wire does have a strong red line but
>> also 90% of the energy is in frequencies not needed for plasmons - and
>> wasted. Mizuno could bump the COP way up with photon irradiation at the
>> plasmon frequency.
>>
>> It all fits together... on paper  :-)
>>
>>
>>
>>
>>

Re: [Vo]:Hardness of nickel wrt palladium and also Johnson-Matthey "Type A"

[Axil Axil]

Plasmon entangles with heat when their energy levels are equal. This is
what produces plasmon polaritons. Ultra dense deuterium is not needed to
host the polariton condensate. What is needed to create this condensate is
a high level of polariton creation.  Ultra dense deuterium greatly
facilitates this increase in polariton density because of the
superconductive nature of this ultras dense material's superconductive
surface  which maximizes the lifespan of the polaritons. But a high
polariton production rate can get to the critical polariton density needed
for a polariton condensate to form. When this condensation condition is
reached, then the heat production begins.

The micro cavities in the mesh provides the amplification mechanism needed
to help for polaritons formation, since the mixing of photons and plasmons
is maximized by having a longer time to reach energy equilibrium. There is
also a optimum mesh size that aids in the resonance between the plasmons,
and phonton energy that leads to polariton formation.

This mesh concept standardizes and optimizes the cavity based polariton
formation process.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_plasmon_polariton

A grating coupler matches the wave vectors by increasing the parallel wave
vector component by an amount related to the grating period (Figure 2).
This method, while less frequently utilized, is critical to the theoretical
understanding of the effect of *surface roughness
*. Moreover, simple
isolated surface defects such as a groove, a slit or a corrugation on an
otherwise planar surface provides a mechanism by which *free-space
radiation and SPs can exchange energy and hence couple*.

On Thu, Jul 25, 2019 at 4:16 PM Jones Beene  wrote:

> Axil Axil wrote:
>
> > The palladium coating must serve only to provide a better surface
> plasmon performance profile than does nickel.
>
> Not exactly the "only" purpose but certainly the Mizuno breakthrough does
> appear to have a plasmon methodology for thermal gain using dense
> deuterium. Palladium is the co-catalyst for densification. This is the part
> Mills perhaps got right - you need many catalysts to maximized shrinkage
> and nickel alone will not do it alone.
>
> Palladium has narrow optical properties; but primarily, it is the primo
> spillover catalyst, which would be responsible - acting in sequence with
> nickel to provide 6-7 different Rydberg levels for forming dense deuterium
> from D2 gas. Perhaps it is a cascade - all the way down to the Dirac level.
>
> A plasmon methodology would also explain why "Type A" Pd alloy is or
> should be used.
>
> As I recall, the silver content is surprisingly high in Type A -
> something like 25% of the alloy. Silver is extraordinarily photoactive
> (which is why compounds of silver were used in photography in the days
> before digital). In a plasmon only context - silver makes more sense than
> palladium.
>
> BTW if plasmons are the operative mechanism then much better results will
> be had by dispensing with the heater coil and finding the proper LEDs to
> radiate only the exact frequency which is needed (through a window)...
> which would mean the red photons at ~590 nm in most cases.
>
> As it is now - heat from resistance wire does have a strong red line but
> also 90% of the energy is in frequencies not needed for plasmons - and
> wasted. Mizuno could bump the COP way up with photon irradiation at the
> plasmon frequency.
>
> It all fits together... on paper  :-)
>
>
>
>
>

Re: [Vo]:Hardness of nickel wrt palladium and also Johnson-Matthey "Type A"

[Jones Beene]

Axil Axil wrote: 
> The palladium coating must serve only to provide a better surface plasmon 
> performance profile than does nickel.
Not exactly the "only" purpose but certainly the Mizuno breakthrough does 
appear to have a plasmon methodology for thermal gain using dense deuterium. 
Palladium is the co-catalyst for densification. This is the part Mills perhaps 
got right - you need many catalysts to maximized shrinkage and nickel alone 
will not do it alone.

 Palladium has narrow optical properties; but primarily, it is the primo 
spillover catalyst, which would be responsible - acting in sequence with nickel 
to provide 6-7 different Rydberg levels for forming dense deuterium from D2 
gas. Perhaps it is a cascade - all the way down to the Dirac level. 

A plasmon methodology would also explain why "Type A" Pd alloy is or should be 
used. 

As I recall, the silver content is surprisingly high in Type A -  something 
like 25% of the alloy. Silver is extraordinarily photoactive (which is why 
compounds of silver were used in photography in the days before digital). In a 
plasmon only context - silver makes more sense than palladium.

BTW if plasmons are the operative mechanism then much better results will be 
had by dispensing with the heater coil and finding the proper LEDs to radiate 
only the exact frequency which is needed (through a window)... which would mean 
the red photons at ~590 nm in most cases.

As it is now - heat from resistance wire does have a strong red line but also 
90% of the energy is in frequencies not needed for plasmons - and wasted. 
Mizuno could bump the COP way up with photon irradiation at the plasmon 
frequency.
It all fits together... on paper  :-) 








  

Re: [Vo]:Hardness of nickel wrt palladium and also Johnson-Matthey "Type A"

[Axil Axil]

I beleive that the big design innovation in the Mizuno design is the micro
sized mesh whose topology  replaces the cracking that must usually occur in
the old electrode designs.

The palladium coating must serve only to provide a better surface plasmon
performance profile than does nickel. Plasmon production does not require
very much thickness. The mesh would alleviate the need for a palladium
process that requires the need for the surface to crack, bend, and distort
to form the required surface topology, IMHO.

On Thu, Jul 25, 2019 at 2:49 PM JonesBeene  wrote:

> From an Infinite Energy article on the active alloy of palladium for LENR
> excess heat … written  by Jed Rothwell. If this information is still
> accurate then Mizuno must be using Type A palladium.
>
>
>
> “Type A” Palladium
>
>
>
> For many years Martin Fleischmann has recommended a particular type of
> palladium made by Johnson-Matthey. He handed out several samples of this
> material to experienced researchers, and, as far as he knows, in nearly
> every test the samples produced excess heat. Fleischmann calls this
> material “Type A” palladium.
>
>
>
> It was developed decades ago for use in hydrogen diffusion tubes: filters
> that allow hydrogen to pass while holding back other gasses. It was
> designed to have great structural integrity under high loading. It lasts
> for years, withstanding cracking and
>
> deformation that would quickly destroy other alloys and allow other gasses
> to seep through the filters.
>
>
>
> This robustness happens to be the quality we most need for cold fusion.
> The main reason cold fusion is difficult to reproduce is because when bulk
> palladium loads with deuterium, it cracks, bends, distorts, [snip]
>
>
>
> *“You could perform thousands of tests for cold fusion with ordinary
> palladium and never see measurable excess heat.”*
>
>
>
> *End of Rothwell quote*
>
> 
>
> https://www.infinite-energy.com/iemagazine/issue30/RothwellIE30.pdf
>
>
>
> *.*
>
> Given there is conflicting information floating around concerning the
> relative hardness of nickel vs palladium - perhaps more attention should be
> directed to this detail.
>
>
>
> Apparently all of the direct comparisons agree that nickel is indeed
> softer than palladium unless it has been work hardened (as when it is drawn
> into wire). It is indeed drawn into wire to make mesh, normally so it
> should be harder than Pd... end of story.
>
>
>
> Catch-22 when drawn nickel is to be woven to make the wire mesh then it is
> almost always first annealed as it is too hard to weave, otherwise. When
> annealed it is softer.
>
>
>
> Opps. Nickel does not re-harden after a heat treatment and quench so the
> normal mesh should, on paper, be too soft for burnishing with Pd. In short
> - it should NOT be possible to use a palladium rod to coat nickel mesh
> unless the nickel has been work hardened, which it has been in order to
> make wire - BUT when wire is woven into mesh it is most often but not
> always annealed to make it softer. So the bottom line is that nickel wire
> must hardened and not annealed in order to coat it and yet this detail is
> not mentioned... yet there is more.
>
>
>
> One exception to this hardness issue would be if the rod being used to
> apply the Pd was made from J-M Type A palladium, which is considerably
> softer than pure. I double checked and nowhere could I find the composition
> of the palladium rod. There are several relevant papers and I may have
> missed it. Does anyone know?
>
>
>
> BTW - Some of this detail about Type A goes back a decade or more to when
> BARC in India discovered that the alloy used in palladium filters (which is
> Type A) was testing dramatically better at excess heat than pure Pd. Later
> in France IIRC, Type A was used for the hero results. Normally it would be
> specified by anyone following P protocol.
>
>
>
> Prior to BARC, it was thought that Silver prevents full deuterium loading,
> but there is scant evidence for that, and anyway - in the new Mizuno
> technique, high loading is to be avoided so it makes sense that the rod
> would be Type A or else the nickel was not annealed before weaving.
>
>
>
> Given the cost of palladium these days, I suspect it could be a rod that
> Mizuno has owned for some time and he may not have been fully aware that it
> was Type A alloy.
>
>
>
> Hopefully Jed will have the answer to this ...
>
>
>
>
>
>
>

RE: [Vo]:Hardness of nickel wrt palladium and also Johnson-Matthey "Type A"

[JonesBeene]

>From an Infinite Energy article on the active alloy of palladium for LENR 
>excess heat … written  by Jed Rothwell. If this information is still accurate 
>then Mizuno must be using Type A palladium.

“Type A” Palladium

For many years Martin Fleischmann has recommended a particular type of 
palladium made by Johnson-Matthey. He handed out several samples of this 
material to experienced researchers, and, as far as he knows, in nearly every 
test the samples produced excess heat. Fleischmann calls this material “Type A” 
palladium.

It was developed decades ago for use in hydrogen diffusion tubes: filters that 
allow hydrogen to pass while holding back other gasses. It was designed to have 
great structural integrity under high loading. It lasts for years, withstanding 
cracking and
deformation that would quickly destroy other alloys and allow other gasses to 
seep through the filters. 

This robustness happens to be the quality we most need for cold fusion. The 
main reason cold fusion is difficult to reproduce is because when bulk 
palladium loads with deuterium, it cracks, bends, distorts, [snip]

“You could perform thousands of tests for cold fusion with ordinary palladium 
and never see measurable excess heat.”

End of Rothwell quote

https://www.infinite-energy.com/iemagazine/issue30/RothwellIE30.pdf

.
Given there is conflicting information floating around concerning the relative 
hardness of nickel vs palladium - perhaps more attention should be directed to 
this detail.

Apparently all of the direct comparisons agree that nickel is indeed softer 
than palladium unless it has been work hardened (as when it is drawn into 
wire). It is indeed drawn into wire to make mesh, normally so it should be 
harder than Pd... end of story.

Catch-22 when drawn nickel is to be woven to make the wire mesh then it is 
almost always first annealed as it is too hard to weave, otherwise. When 
annealed it is softer. 

Opps. Nickel does not re-harden after a heat treatment and quench so the normal 
mesh should, on paper, be too soft for burnishing with Pd. In short - it should 
NOT be possible to use a palladium rod to coat nickel mesh unless the nickel 
has been work hardened, which it has been in order to make wire - BUT when wire 
is woven into mesh it is most often but not always annealed to make it softer. 
So the bottom line is that nickel wire must hardened and not annealed in order 
to coat it and yet this detail is not mentioned... yet there is more. 

One exception to this hardness issue would be if the rod being used to apply 
the Pd was made from J-M Type A palladium, which is considerably softer than 
pure. I double checked and nowhere could I find the composition of the 
palladium rod. There are several relevant papers and I may have missed it. Does 
anyone know?

BTW - Some of this detail about Type A goes back a decade or more to when BARC 
in India discovered that the alloy used in palladium filters (which is Type A) 
was testing dramatically better at excess heat than pure Pd. Later in France 
IIRC, Type A was used for the hero results. Normally it would be specified by 
anyone following P protocol.

Prior to BARC, it was thought that Silver prevents full deuterium loading, but 
there is scant evidence for that, and anyway - in the new Mizuno technique, 
high loading is to be avoided so it makes sense that the rod would be Type A or 
else the nickel was not annealed before weaving.

Given the cost of palladium these days, I suspect it could be a rod that Mizuno 
has owned for some time and he may not have been fully aware that it was Type A 
alloy.

Hopefully Jed will have the answer to this ...

[Vo]:Hardness of nickel wrt palladium and also Johnson-Matthey "Type A"

[Jones Beene]

Given there is conflicting information floating around concerning the relative 
hardness of nickel vs palladium - perhaps more attention should be directed to 
this detail.
Apparently all of the direct comparisons agree that nickel is indeed softer 
than palladium unless it has been work hardened (as when it is drawn into 
wire). It is indeed drawn into wire to make mesh, normally so it should be 
harder than Pd... end of story.

Catch-22 when drawn nickel is to be woven to make the wire mesh then it is 
almost always first annealed as it is too hard to weave, otherwise. When 
annealed it is softer. 

Opps. Nickel does not re-harden after a heat treatment and quench so the normal 
mesh should, on paper, be too soft for burnishing with Pd. In short - it should 
NOT be possible to use a palladium rod to coat nickel mesh unless the nickel 
has been work hardened, which it has been in order to make wire - BUT when wire 
is woven into mesh it is most often but not always annealed to make it softer. 
So the bottom line is that nickel wire must hardened and not annealed in order 
to coat it and yet this detail is not mentioned... yet there is more. 

One exception to this hardness issue would be if the rod being used to apply 
the Pd was made from J-M Type A palladium, which is considerably softer than 
pure. I double checked and nowhere could I find the composition of the 
palladium rod. There are several relevant papers and I may have missed it. Does 
anyone know?

BTW - Some of this detail about Type A goes back a decade or more to when BARC 
in India discovered that the alloy used in palladium filters (which is Type A) 
was testing dramatically better at excess heat than pure Pd. Later in France 
IIRC, Type A was used for the hero results. Normally it would be specified by 
anyone following P protocol.

Prior to BARC, it was thought that Silver prevents full deuterium loading, but 
there is scant evidence for that, and anyway - in the new Mizuno technique, 
high loading is to be avoided so it makes sense that the rod would be Type A or 
else the nickel was not annealed before weaving.

Given the cost of palladium these days, I suspect it could be a rod that Mizuno 
has owned for some time and he may not have been fully aware that it was Type A 
alloy.
Hopefully Jed will have the answer to this ...