Re: [Vo]:New Lattice Energy presentation on nano-carbon LENRs
I wrote: One question I have concerns the thermal properties of the [carbon nanotube bulk] system. I have started to conclude that the thermal properties are important -- for example, perhaps the temperature in the substrate must gradually build to the point where some kind of resonance is triggered in smaller sites throughout the material. It is not difficult to envision how this might occur in a thermally conducting material such as a metal. It is harder to see how this would happen in a carbon substrate. On second thought, graphene has some interesting thermal properties, as do carbon nanotubes: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphene#Thermal_properties http://authors.library.caltech.edu/1745/1/CHEnano00.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_properties_of_nanostructures#Carbon_nanotubes Wikipedia gives the thermal conductivity of nickel as 90.9 W/m/K. There are different numbers for the thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes. The second source mentions up to ~29 W/m/K, provided there are few defects. The third source, from Wikipedia, says that the conductivity can get up to 3500 W/m/k, two orders of magnitude higher. But even if the carbon substrate were coal, it's obvious that it would have interesting thermal properties. Another important property would be the ability to load hydrogen. Apparently it might be possible to store hydrogen in carbon nanotubes: http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2011/January/26011103.asp How high a loading can be obtained in the structure that is discussed in this source is unclear. In the model in my mind, the cavity would probably need to be filled with hydrogen. If the rate of desorption of hydrogen is too high, a reaction might not be possible according to this line of thinking. A very nice thing about carbon bulk is that it can sustain high temperatures. The temperatures mentioned in the third link above, to Wikipedia, for temperature stability, are 2800 C (3073 K) in a vacuum and 750 C (1023 K) in air. The following source gives a melting temperature for carbon nanotube material without defects of 4500 K and a pre-melting temperature of 2600 K. http://iopscience.iop.org/0957-4484/18/28/285703;jsessionid=D53B81E04C8D46A0D606206C1E32DF70.c2 By comparison, the melting point of nickel is 1728 K. The reason the higher temperature would be useful in this line of reasoning is that a higher frequency of infrared would permeate the bulk. One might even have a fun time taking coal and heating it in a chamber loaded with hydrogen (but doing so very carefully). I believe Less Case did an interesting experiment with activated carbon that was reproduced by Michael McKubre. It included a palladium catalyst, but the palladium might not have been essential to the experiment if a suitable carbon material had been used. Activated carbon is carbon that has a large number of small pores and therefore a high surface area. If carbon nanotube material with some of these exotic properties, such as high thermal conductivity, high magnetic fields, and optical resonance, was used, a transition metal might not be needed. Eric
Re: [Vo]:New Lattice Energy presentation on nano-carbon LENRs
Thank you, Lou, for the interesting links. Concerning Lewis Larsen's slides, the first twenty or so include abstracts from recent papers on various topics relating to graphene and carbon nanotubes. The second paper you mention touches on high magnetic fields generated in carbon nanotubes (I am going off of the abstract in this instance) and the third paper, on arxiv.org, discusses a high temperature (~1700 K) superconducting state in multi-walled carbon nanotubes. These are all some interesting properties. Larsen's slides include an abstract of a paper discussing a tunable resonant plasmonic cavity, i.e., an optical cavity that interacts with plasmons along the walls, I believe. The optics are subwavelength, which I understand to mean that the wavelength of the cavity mode is significantly larger than one or more dimensions of the cavity. Somehow at the nanometer scale you can have a mode with a relatively long wavelength in a much smaller cavity. The last link leads to a patent for a device that will focus EM radiation into the THz range. If this is possible, I wonder whether the wavelength cannot be decreased further still into the EUV or x-ray range. With regard to new possibilities concerning carbon nanotubes, it seems likely that you can get an x-ray pulse in these nanotubes. One question I have concerns the thermal properties of the system. I have started to conclude that the thermal properties are important -- for example, perhaps the temperature in the substrate must gradually build to the point where some kind of resonance is triggered in smaller sites throughout the material. It is not difficult to envision how this might occur in a thermally conducting material such as a metal. It is harder to see how this would happen in a carbon substrate. What are your thoughts on the relationship between the temperature and the reaction? (To ask the same question I recently asked Guenter.) With regard to the focusing of EM radiation, there is the focusing of the wavelength and the modification of the field strength. What are your thoughts on the enhancement of the field strength? Concerning the focusing of the wavelength, I have been reading through some of the LENR papers and taking note of the x-ray energies that are observed. Often the x-rays are in the 1-2 keV range; in at least one instance they were as high as 200 keV or higher. One of the shortcomings of some of the papers is that sometimes omit to report what was seen in control runs. In one instance where the x-ray spectrum of a control was provided, it looked very similar to a spectrum shown in another paper that was associated with a live cell. So I'm not sure how much the specifics of the x-ray data are to be relied upon. Sometimes there are sporadic gammas as well. The gammas appear to be due to individual events. Although the specifics of the x-ray spectra are hard to pin down, the number of papers finding soft x-rays (in the 100 eV - 10 keV range) is large. So the existence of x-rays in PdD electrolyte and Pd+D2 gas glow discharge experiments seems to be pretty solid. The in-situ x-ray spectra are sometimes explained in terms of characteristic lines of palladium or transmuted elements, but when I look at the graphs, they are often broad, and I wonder how much can be deduced about individual elements rather than simply there being a resonance of some kind stepping up the frequency; for example, some kind of focusing into the 0.5-3 keV range by a mechanism similar to that presented in the patent you mentioned. I am not sure what the dimensions of the focusing device would need to be in order to accomplish this, although from reading elsewhere I understand that x-ray resonators are possible at these scales. On magnetic fields such as the one generated in the superconducting nanotube, above, Stan Szpak and Pamella Mosier-Boss make reference to there being morphological effects on systems in the presence of magnetic and electric fields; see, for example, page 13 of these slides: http://lenr-canr.org/acrobat/SzpakSexperiment.pdf They do not characterize much the effects they believe that these fields to cause, but they seem to have concluded that it is under the influence of magnetic and electric fields that you get the dramatic mini-volcanos and explosions that are seen in some of the photographs. I recall Abd saying that there was no claim of any effects of the (possibly AC) electric field in the paper he recently analyzed. Eric On Sat, Jul 7, 2012 at 2:24 PM, pagnu...@htdconnect.com wrote: Lattice Energy LLC recently posted a new presentation reviewing evidence for LENRs in carbon nanostructures: LENRs on Hydrogenated Fullerenes and Graphene-July 6 2012 http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llclenrs-on-hydrogenated-fullerenes-and-graphenejuly-6-2012 Especially interesting since carbon supports ballistic current at high temperatures. Slide 26 cites this intriguing paper: Macroscopic
[Vo]:New Lattice Energy presentation on nano-carbon LENRs
Lattice Energy LLC recently posted a new presentation reviewing evidence for LENRs in carbon nanostructures: LENRs on Hydrogenated Fullerenes and Graphene-July 6 2012 http://www.slideshare.net/lewisglarsen/lattice-energy-llclenrs-on-hydrogenated-fullerenes-and-graphenejuly-6-2012 Especially interesting since carbon supports ballistic current at high temperatures. Slide 26 cites this intriguing paper: Macroscopic Transport of Mega-ampere Electron Currents in Aligned Carbon-Nanotube ArraysPhys. Rev. Lett. 108, 235005 (2012) http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v108/i23/e235005 ABSTRACT: We demonstrate that aligned carbon-nanotube arrays are efficient transporters of laser-generated mega-ampere electron currents over distances as large as a millimeter. A direct polarimetric measurement of the temporal and the spatial evolution of the megagauss magnetic fields (as high as 120 MG) at the target rear at an intensity of (10^1810^19)W/cm2 was corroborated by the rear-side hot electron spectra. Simulations show that such high magnetic flux densities can only be generated by a very well collimated fast electron bunch. A couple of interesting nanotech papers (not cited): Quantum statistical model for superconducting phase in graphene and nanotubes http://arxiv.org/pdf/0903.0701.pdf ABSTRACT: A quantum statistical theory is presented, supporting a superconducting state of an ultrahigh critical temperature (1275 K) in the multiwalled nanotubes reported by Zhao and Beeli [Phys. Rev.B 77, 245433 (2008)]. Patent application title: NANOGAP DEVICE FOR FIELD ENHANCEMENT AND A SYSTEM FOR NANOPARTICLE DETECTION USING THE SAME www.google.com/patents/US20110220799.pdf ITEM[40] -- ...it is possible to reduce a critical dimension with respect to a wavelength to maximally lambda/10,000. This is enormous focusing degree of one hundred million times the intensity or energy of the electromagnetic wave.
