[jira] [Comment Edited] (SPARK-27367) Faster RoaringBitmap Serialization with v0.8.0

2019-04-18 Thread Liang-Chi Hsieh (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27367?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel=16821653#comment-16821653 ] Liang-Chi Hsieh edited comment on SPARK-27367 at 4/19/19 4:32 AM: -- I do

[jira] [Commented] (SPARK-27367) Faster RoaringBitmap Serialization with v0.8.0

2019-04-18 Thread Liang-Chi Hsieh (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27367?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel=16821653#comment-16821653 ] Liang-Chi Hsieh commented on SPARK-27367: - I do upgrade it in local. But seems the performance

[jira] [Updated] (SPARK-27518) Show statistics in Optimized Logical Plan in the "Details" On SparkSQL ui page when CBO is enabled

2019-04-18 Thread peng bo (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27518?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] peng bo updated SPARK-27518: Attachment: SPARK-27518-1.jpg > Show statistics in Optimized Logical Plan in the "Details" On SparkSQL ui

[jira] [Created] (SPARK-27518) Show statistics in Optimized Logical Plan in the "Details" On SparkSQL ui page when CBO is enabled

2019-04-18 Thread peng bo (JIRA)
peng bo created SPARK-27518: --- Summary: Show statistics in Optimized Logical Plan in the "Details" On SparkSQL ui page when CBO is enabled Key: SPARK-27518 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27518

[jira] [Commented] (SPARK-22044) explain function with codegen and cost parameters

2019-04-18 Thread Huon Wilson (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-22044?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel=16821645#comment-16821645 ] Huon Wilson commented on SPARK-22044: - I think this would be great, since the current ways to do it

[jira] [Commented] (SPARK-27465) Kafka Client 0.11.0.0 is not Supporting the kafkatestutils package

2019-04-18 Thread Praveen (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27465?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel=16821639#comment-16821639 ] Praveen commented on SPARK-27465: - Hi Shahid, Can you please let me know if you have any update on this

[jira] [Updated] (SPARK-27517) python.PythonRDD: Error while sending iterator

2019-04-18 Thread lucasysfeng (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27517?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] lucasysfeng updated SPARK-27517: Attachment: spark.stderr > python.PythonRDD: Error while sending iterator >

[jira] [Created] (SPARK-27517) python.PythonRDD: Error while sending iterator

2019-04-18 Thread lucasysfeng (JIRA)
lucasysfeng created SPARK-27517: --- Summary: python.PythonRDD: Error while sending iterator Key: SPARK-27517 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27517 Project: Spark Issue Type:

[jira] [Updated] (SPARK-27516) java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException: Futures timed out after [100000 milliseconds]

2019-04-18 Thread lucasysfeng (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27516?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] lucasysfeng updated SPARK-27516: Attachment: driver_gc > java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException: Futures timed out after [10 >

[jira] [Updated] (SPARK-27516) java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException: Futures timed out after [100000 milliseconds]

2019-04-18 Thread lucasysfeng (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27516?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] lucasysfeng updated SPARK-27516: Attachment: spark.stderr > java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException: Futures timed out after [10

[jira] [Updated] (SPARK-27516) java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException: Futures timed out after [100000 milliseconds]

2019-04-18 Thread lucasysfeng (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27516?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] lucasysfeng updated SPARK-27516: Description:   {code:java} #! /usr/bin/env python # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- from pyspark import

[jira] [Created] (SPARK-27516) java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException: Futures timed out after [100000 milliseconds]

2019-04-18 Thread lucasysfeng (JIRA)
lucasysfeng created SPARK-27516: --- Summary: java.util.concurrent.TimeoutException: Futures timed out after [10 milliseconds] Key: SPARK-27516 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27516

[jira] [Reopened] (SPARK-25079) [PYTHON] upgrade python 3.4 -> 3.6

2019-04-18 Thread shane knapp (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-25079?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] shane knapp reopened SPARK-25079: - going to reopen this until i'm done w/the branch-2.3 and -2.4 python deployment. > [PYTHON]

[jira] [Updated] (SPARK-27515) [Deploy] When application master retry after a long time running, the hdfs delegation token may be expired

2019-04-18 Thread feiwang (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27515?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] feiwang updated SPARK-27515: Description: When submit a spark yarn application, we first create a container launch context and store

[jira] [Updated] (SPARK-27515) [Deploy] When application master retry after a long time running, the hdfs delegation token may be expired

2019-04-18 Thread feiwang (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27515?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] feiwang updated SPARK-27515: Description: When submit a spark yarn application, we first create a container launch context and store

[jira] [Updated] (SPARK-27515) [Deploy] When application master retry after a long time running, the hdfs delegation token may be expired

2019-04-18 Thread feiwang (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27515?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] feiwang updated SPARK-27515: Description: When submit a spark yarn application, we first create a container launch context and store

[jira] [Updated] (SPARK-27515) [Deploy] When application master retry after a long time running, the hdfs delegation token may be expired

2019-04-18 Thread feiwang (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27515?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] feiwang updated SPARK-27515: Description: When submit a spark yarn application, we first create a container launch context and store

[jira] [Resolved] (SPARK-27515) [Deploy] When application master retry after a long time running, the hdfs delegation token may be expired

2019-04-18 Thread Marcelo Vanzin (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27515?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] Marcelo Vanzin resolved SPARK-27515. Resolution: Duplicate > [Deploy] When application master retry after a long time running,

[jira] [Created] (SPARK-27515) [Deploy] When application master retry after a long time running, the hdfs delegation token may be expired

2019-04-18 Thread feiwang (JIRA)
feiwang created SPARK-27515: --- Summary: [Deploy] When application master retry after a long time running, the hdfs delegation token may be expired Key: SPARK-27515 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27515

[jira] [Resolved] (SPARK-27501) Add test for HIVE-13083: Writing HiveDecimal to ORC can wrongly suppress present stream

2019-04-18 Thread Hyukjin Kwon (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27501?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] Hyukjin Kwon resolved SPARK-27501. -- Resolution: Fixed Fix Version/s: 3.0.0 Fixed in

[jira] [Assigned] (SPARK-27501) Add test for HIVE-13083: Writing HiveDecimal to ORC can wrongly suppress present stream

2019-04-18 Thread Hyukjin Kwon (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27501?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] Hyukjin Kwon reassigned SPARK-27501: Assignee: Yuming Wang > Add test for HIVE-13083: Writing HiveDecimal to ORC can wrongly

[jira] [Resolved] (SPARK-25079) [PYTHON] upgrade python 3.4 -> 3.6

2019-04-18 Thread Hyukjin Kwon (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-25079?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] Hyukjin Kwon resolved SPARK-25079. -- Resolution: Fixed Fix Version/s: 3.0.0 Issue resolved by pull request 24266

[jira] [Commented] (SPARK-15348) Hive ACID

2019-04-18 Thread Xiao Li (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-15348?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel=16821557#comment-16821557 ] Xiao Li commented on SPARK-15348: - Please follow the announcement of the upcoming Spark+AI summit. >

[jira] [Commented] (SPARK-27514) Empty window expression results in error in optimizer

2019-04-18 Thread Yifei Huang (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27514?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel=16821552#comment-16821552 ] Yifei Huang commented on SPARK-27514: - [~cloud_fan] [~dongjoon]  > Empty window expression results

[jira] [Created] (SPARK-27514) Empty window expression results in error in optimizer

2019-04-18 Thread Yifei Huang (JIRA)
Yifei Huang created SPARK-27514: --- Summary: Empty window expression results in error in optimizer Key: SPARK-27514 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27514 Project: Spark Issue

[jira] [Commented] (SPARK-27068) Support failed jobs ui and completed jobs ui use different queue

2019-04-18 Thread Sean Owen (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27068?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel=16821450#comment-16821450 ] Sean Owen commented on SPARK-27068: --- I dunno, is this common that you want to research a job from 1000

[jira] [Updated] (SPARK-27513) Spark tarball with binaries should have files owned by uid 0

2019-04-18 Thread koert kuipers (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27513?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] koert kuipers updated SPARK-27513: -- Description: currently the tarball is created in dev/make-distribution.sh like this:

[jira] [Created] (SPARK-27513) Spark tarball with binaries should have files owned by uid 0

2019-04-18 Thread koert kuipers (JIRA)
koert kuipers created SPARK-27513: - Summary: Spark tarball with binaries should have files owned by uid 0 Key: SPARK-27513 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27513 Project: Spark

[jira] [Updated] (SPARK-27512) Decimal parsing leads to unexpected type inference

2019-04-18 Thread koert kuipers (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27512?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] koert kuipers updated SPARK-27512: -- Summary: Decimal parsing leads to unexpected type inference (was: Decimal parsing leading to

[jira] [Created] (SPARK-27512) Decimal parsing leading to unexpected type inference

2019-04-18 Thread koert kuipers (JIRA)
koert kuipers created SPARK-27512: - Summary: Decimal parsing leading to unexpected type inference Key: SPARK-27512 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27512 Project: Spark Issue

[jira] [Created] (SPARK-27511) Spark Streaming Driver Memory

2019-04-18 Thread Badri Krishnan (JIRA)
Badri Krishnan created SPARK-27511: -- Summary: Spark Streaming Driver Memory Key: SPARK-27511 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27511 Project: Spark Issue Type: Question

[jira] [Comment Edited] (SPARK-27068) Support failed jobs ui and completed jobs ui use different queue

2019-04-18 Thread shahid (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27068?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel=16821286#comment-16821286 ] shahid edited comment on SPARK-27068 at 4/18/19 4:31 PM: - cc [~srowen] Can we

[jira] [Commented] (SPARK-27068) Support failed jobs ui and completed jobs ui use different queue

2019-04-18 Thread shahid (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27068?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel=16821286#comment-16821286 ] shahid commented on SPARK-27068: cc [~srowen] Can we raise a PR for the issue?. The actual issue is,

[jira] [Commented] (SPARK-24655) [K8S] Custom Docker Image Expectations and Documentation

2019-04-18 Thread Thomas Graves (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-24655?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel=16821270#comment-16821270 ] Thomas Graves commented on SPARK-24655: --- >From the linked issues it seems the goals would be: *

[jira] [Created] (SPARK-27510) Master fall into dead loop while launching executor failed in Worker

2019-04-18 Thread wuyi (JIRA)
wuyi created SPARK-27510: Summary: Master fall into dead loop while launching executor failed in Worker Key: SPARK-27510 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27510 Project: Spark Issue

[jira] [Resolved] (SPARK-27502) Update nested schema benchmark result for Orc V2

2019-04-18 Thread Dongjoon Hyun (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27502?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] Dongjoon Hyun resolved SPARK-27502. --- Resolution: Fixed Assignee: Liang-Chi Hsieh Fix Version/s: 3.0.0 This is

[jira] [Updated] (SPARK-27502) Update nested schema benchmark result for Orc V2

2019-04-18 Thread Dongjoon Hyun (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27502?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] Dongjoon Hyun updated SPARK-27502: -- Issue Type: Sub-task (was: Test) Parent: SPARK-25603 > Update nested schema

[jira] [Commented] (SPARK-25422) flaky test: org.apache.spark.DistributedSuite.caching on disk, replicated (encryption = on) (with replication as stream)

2019-04-18 Thread Imran Rashid (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-25422?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel=16821178#comment-16821178 ] Imran Rashid commented on SPARK-25422: -- [~magnusfa] handling blocks > 2GB was broken in many ways

[jira] [Created] (SPARK-27509) enable connection in cluster mode for output in client machine

2019-04-18 Thread Ilya Brodetsky (JIRA)
Ilya Brodetsky created SPARK-27509: -- Summary: enable connection in cluster mode for output in client machine Key: SPARK-27509 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27509 Project: Spark

[jira] [Resolved] (SPARK-27460) Running slowest test suites in their own forked JVMs for higher parallelism

2019-04-18 Thread Wenchen Fan (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27460?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] Wenchen Fan resolved SPARK-27460. - Resolution: Fixed Fix Version/s: 3.0.0 Issue resolved by pull request 24373

[jira] [Resolved] (SPARK-27508) Reduce test time of HiveClientSuites

2019-04-18 Thread Gengliang Wang (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27508?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] Gengliang Wang resolved SPARK-27508. Resolution: Won't Fix Sorry, I think I have made some mistakes. The time is quite the

[jira] [Updated] (SPARK-27508) Reduce test time of HiveClientSuites

2019-04-18 Thread Gengliang Wang (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27508?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] Gengliang Wang updated SPARK-27508: --- Component/s: (was: SQL) Tests > Reduce test time of HiveClientSuites >

[jira] [Created] (SPARK-27508) Reduce test time of HiveClientSuites

2019-04-18 Thread Gengliang Wang (JIRA)
Gengliang Wang created SPARK-27508: -- Summary: Reduce test time of HiveClientSuites Key: SPARK-27508 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27508 Project: Spark Issue Type: Task

[jira] [Updated] (SPARK-27507) get_json_object fails somewhat arbitrarily on long input

2019-04-18 Thread Michael Chirico (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27507?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] Michael Chirico updated SPARK-27507: Description: Some long JSON objects are parsed incorrectly by {{get_json_object}}. The

[jira] [Updated] (SPARK-27507) get_json_object fails somewhat arbitrarily on long input

2019-04-18 Thread Michael Chirico (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27507?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] Michael Chirico updated SPARK-27507: Attachment: Screen Shot 2019-04-18 at 7.13.02 PM.png > get_json_object fails somewhat

[jira] [Updated] (SPARK-27507) get_json_object fails somewhat arbitrarily on long input

2019-04-18 Thread Michael Chirico (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27507?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] Michael Chirico updated SPARK-27507: Description: Some long JSON objects are parsed incorrectly by {{get_json_object}}. The

[jira] [Created] (SPARK-27507) get_json_object fails somewhat arbitrarily on long input

2019-04-18 Thread Michael Chirico (JIRA)
Michael Chirico created SPARK-27507: --- Summary: get_json_object fails somewhat arbitrarily on long input Key: SPARK-27507 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27507 Project: Spark

[jira] [Created] (SPARK-27506) Function `from_avro` doesn't allow deserialization of data using other compatible schemas

2019-04-18 Thread Gianluca Amori (JIRA)
Gianluca Amori created SPARK-27506: -- Summary: Function `from_avro` doesn't allow deserialization of data using other compatible schemas Key: SPARK-27506 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27506

[jira] [Commented] (SPARK-27505) autoBroadcastJoinThreshold including bigger table

2019-04-18 Thread Mike Chan (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27505?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel=16820951#comment-16820951 ] Mike Chan commented on SPARK-27505: --- Table desc extended result: Statistics |24452111 bytes >

[jira] [Updated] (SPARK-27505) autoBroadcastJoinThreshold including bigger table

2019-04-18 Thread Mike Chan (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27505?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] Mike Chan updated SPARK-27505: -- Attachment: explain_plan.txt > autoBroadcastJoinThreshold including bigger table >

[jira] [Created] (SPARK-27505) autoBroadcastJoinThreshold including bigger table

2019-04-18 Thread Mike Chan (JIRA)
Mike Chan created SPARK-27505: - Summary: autoBroadcastJoinThreshold including bigger table Key: SPARK-27505 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27505 Project: Spark Issue Type:

[jira] [Resolved] (SPARK-24492) Endless attempted task when TaskCommitDenied exception writing to S3A

2019-04-18 Thread Yu-Jhe Li (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-24492?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] Yu-Jhe Li resolved SPARK-24492. --- Resolution: Won't Do Haven't happened again since upgrade to 2.3.2, i'm going to close this issue.

[jira] [Created] (SPARK-27504) File source V2: support refreshing metadata cache

2019-04-18 Thread Gengliang Wang (JIRA)
Gengliang Wang created SPARK-27504: -- Summary: File source V2: support refreshing metadata cache Key: SPARK-27504 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27504 Project: Spark Issue

[jira] [Created] (SPARK-27503) JobGenerator thread exit for some fatal errors but application keeps running

2019-04-18 Thread Genmao Yu (JIRA)
Genmao Yu created SPARK-27503: - Summary: JobGenerator thread exit for some fatal errors but application keeps running Key: SPARK-27503 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27503 Project:

[jira] [Created] (SPARK-27502) Update nested schema benchmark result for Orc V2

2019-04-18 Thread Liang-Chi Hsieh (JIRA)
Liang-Chi Hsieh created SPARK-27502: --- Summary: Update nested schema benchmark result for Orc V2 Key: SPARK-27502 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27502 Project: Spark Issue

[jira] [Comment Edited] (SPARK-27475) dev/deps/spark-deps-hadoop-3.2 is incorrect

2019-04-18 Thread Yuming Wang (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27475?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel=16820787#comment-16820787 ] Yuming Wang edited comment on SPARK-27475 at 4/18/19 7:08 AM: -- sbt can do

[jira] [Commented] (SPARK-27475) dev/deps/spark-deps-hadoop-3.2 is incorrect

2019-04-18 Thread Yuming Wang (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27475?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel=16820787#comment-16820787 ] Yuming Wang commented on SPARK-27475: - sbt can do it, but some result is incorrect. It added

[jira] [Resolved] (SPARK-27490) File source V2: return correct result for Dataset.inputFiles()

2019-04-18 Thread Wenchen Fan (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27490?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] Wenchen Fan resolved SPARK-27490. - Resolution: Fixed Fix Version/s: 3.0.0 Issue resolved by pull request 24393

[jira] [Assigned] (SPARK-27490) File source V2: return correct result for Dataset.inputFiles()

2019-04-18 Thread Wenchen Fan (JIRA)
[ https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/SPARK-27490?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:all-tabpanel ] Wenchen Fan reassigned SPARK-27490: --- Assignee: Gengliang Wang > File source V2: return correct result for Dataset.inputFiles()