le partition. I mean, your most active
table is also the largest? Seems a bit backward, to me.
--
Shaun Thomas
Database Administrator
Leapfrog Online
807 Greenwood Street
Evanston, IL 60201
Tel. 847-440-8253
Fax. 847-570-5750
www.leapfrogonline.com
---(end of broadcas
, b DESC;
Maybe I'm just misunderstanding your situation, though.
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Shaun Thomas
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stho...@peak6.com
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for term
> Shaun's example is a bit off: normally, when using DISTINCT ON, you want
> an ORDER BY key that uses all the given DISTINCT keys and then some
> more. To get the max revision for each a/b combination it ought to be
Hah, well i figured I was doing something wrong. I just thought about it a
lit
ith the
ability to discard non-aggregate results just by screwing around with your
sorting. Still one of my favorite tricks.
--
Shaun Thomas
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stho...@peak6.com
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ATILE.
Joining on the result of a function will always do this. The database
can't know what your function will return. If you can avoid using a
function in your join clause, do so.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago
alue to find out which is the "max", which is why using ORDER BY *may*
fix your problem.
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w many
queries you're processing per minute or per second pretty easily. We've
hit 8600 TPS before and don't have nearly the trouble you've been reporting.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-676-8870
stho...
w xlog.
3. Copy the file from step 1 and anything older than it to your
archive/slave. Doing this *may* confuse the built-in archive system if
your archive_command is too strict.
4. Profit.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago
s a 10% boost if just the keys are switched over to INT or
BIGINT.
--
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for terms and c
're probably working from memory cache, or getting
less requests. There have been times our queries are "slow" and
when we check this stat, it's often at or above 90%, sometimes
for minutes at a time. That's almost always a clear indicator
you have IO contention. Queries can
.
Hints are not even that complicated to program.
Then write a contrib module. It's not part of the core DB, and it
probably never will be. This is a *very* old argument. There's literally
nothing you can say, no argument you can bring, that hasn't been heard a
million t
y're doing it wrong, and how they're just another vendor making a
database product that can't support massive production databases, is
doing nothing but ensuring they'll ignore you. Flies, honey, vinegar, etc.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse
rum.
Folks, I apologize for ever taking part in this conversation and contributing
to the loss of signal to noise. Please forgive me.
--
Shaun Thomas
Peak6 | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago, IL 60604
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stho...@peak6.com
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seem to enjoy berating the PostgreSQL community
as if it owes you something.
Also, we don't care if you don't use PostgreSQL. If I put something up
for free, some random guy not taking it won't exactly hurt my feelings.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Su
xample, is a boolean. If it's evenly distributed, that's 150k matches
for true or false, rendering it useless, yet still requiring space and
maintenance. I'm guessing the story is similar for quite a few of the
others.
It doesn't really ex
t much.
Felix, If you're running a version before 8.4, what is your
max_fsm_pages setting? If it's too low, autovacuum won't save you, and
your tables will continue to grow daily unless you vacuum full
regularly, and I wouldn't recommend that to my worst enemy. ;)
-
bined were less than 10%. The index was 10x
smaller and much faster than before.
If you know both booleans are used together often, you can combine them
into a single index, again using a partial where it only indexes if both
values are true. Much smaller, much faster index if it's mo
space for the larger tables, you see) and the database ended
up at less than 20GB.
--
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OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
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stho...@peak6.com
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for
x27;t. If you run an all-database vacuum after-hours, you'll
see the stuff at the end. And if your 'page slots are required' is
greater than your 'page slots are in use,' you've got a problem.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackso
u installed this database. Tables with the
highest turnover were hit hardest, but they all have non-ideal sizes
compared to what they would be if your maintenance was working.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-676-8870
stho...@peak6.com
every time I use it.
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Shaun Thomas
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312-676-8870
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Sent via pgsql
like your DB is big enough to benefit from that.
Later versions have made 100 the default, so you'd just be catching up. :)
--
Shaun Thomas
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312-676-8870
stho...@peak6.com
__
See
On 02/04/2011 01:59 PM, felix wrote:
still no advice on the pages
I think it just hates you.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-676-8870
stho...@peak6.com
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you just do a
delete, the table won't change at all, except that it'll have less
active records.
well just think how sprightly my website will run tomorrow once I fix
these.
Maybe. :)
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 |
You really got screwed by the default settings. You don’t actually need to
“hack” the kernel, but you do have to make these changes, because the amount of
memory PG has on your system is laughable. That might actually be the majority
of your problem.
In your /etc/sysctl.conf, you need these lin
> I checked the site, everything was normal. I went in via psql and tried some
> queries for about half an hour and continued to monitor the site. then I went
> to bed at 7am (EU time).
>
> Why did it shutdown so much later ?
That’s one of the things I talked about. To be safe, PG will start to
ou have no choice because your company
doesn't have an official DBA. Either way, you'll need to know this
stuff. Which is why we're helping out.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-676-8870
stho...@peak6.com
_
e optimizer out.
Really... how difficult would it be to add that syntax to the JOIN
statement, for example?
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-676-8870
stho...@peak6.com
__
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nd their Oracle-style syntax, and the only
thing he said about that was to use it as further evidence that
PostgreSQL should implement them. I'm very tempted to say he wanted
something for free, and was angry he couldn't get it.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suit
sting concept. Tell the optimizer what
you want and how the data is really related in cases where it's wrong,
and let it figure out the best path.
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Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-676-8870
stho...
ould remove the
necessity of the first wildcard, which is really what's hurting you.
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Shaun Thomas
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tition
definition, you're not helping yourself.
The main issue might just be that you've used an order clause. LIMIT
1000 or not, even if it can restrict the result set based on your CHECK
criteria, it'll still need to select every matching row from every
matched partition, order
n general, but this will find all the "safe" indexes for removal.
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for terms an
trick fail, but from your
perspective of working with so many variations, I could see how you'd
want to avoid it.
I'll be good from now on. ;)
--
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OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-676-8870
stho...@peak6.com
__
) as filtered_table
WHERE ranking = 1
Why did you use row_number instead of rank?
I am now curious how the speed compares though. I still think the
DISTINCT ON will be faster, but it would be a great surprise.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL
plication
to scale horizontally via data sharding or some other shared-nothing
cluster with plProxy, GridSQL or PGPool.
You'll have this problem with any modern database. Big tables are a pain
in everybody's asses.
It's too bad PostgreSQL can't assign one thread per da
d, and I've run into it
on occasion for effectively the entire history of PostgreSQL. Normally
increasing the statistics on the affected columns and re-analyzing fixes
it, but on a composite index, that won't necessarily be the case.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson
te to associate with the tablespace, if nothing else.
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Shaun Thomas
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ow you don't want to "experiment" with kernel parameters, but
you *need* to increase your max_fsm_pages setting.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-676-8870
stho...@peak6.com
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UP BY p.crawled_page_id;
Or if you like the cleaner query without a sub-select:
EXPLAIN ANALYZE
SELECT p.crawled_page_id
FROM page_content p
LEFT JOIN clause2 c ON (c.source_id = p.crawled_page_id)
WHERE c.source_id IS NULL
GROUP BY p.crawled_page_id;
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. |
ng it out of so much old code it's been fused to my DNA.
Actually, we're still on 8.2 so... :)
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Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-676-8870
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d this way, so we're not at
any risk with 64GB on our main nodes.
We already run a custom init.d script anyway because we needed something
LSB compatible for Pacemaker. I highly recommend it. :)
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-6
config file. What I meant was that /dev/shm
automatically exists on our Linux box and we make use of it. :)
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-676-8870
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__
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ting back 10,000 rows, or even a million rows, your query could
execute in a fraction of the time. But joining every row in both tables
and returning a 30-million row result set isn't going to be fun for
anyone. Are you actually processing all 30-million rows you get back?
Storin
anning 4 years. 2 days should come back instantly. Both tables are
freshly vacuumed
and analyzed, so I'll just chalk this up to 7.4 sucking unless someone
says otherwise.
--
Shaun Thomas
Database Administrator
Leapfrog Online
807 Greenwood Street
Evanston, IL 60201
Tel. 847
generated a much more accurate set of estimates. I have to assume
that
7.4 is incapable of that optimization step. Now that I know this, I
plan on modifying my stored proc to calculate the value before
inserting
it into the query.
Thanks!
--
Shaun Thomas
Database Administrator
Leapfrog Online
; What's your stats target set to for that table?
Not sure what you mean by that. It's just that this table has 27M
rows
extending over 4 years, and I'm not quite sure how to hint to that.
An index scan for a few days would be a tiny fraction of the entire
table, so PG being insi
s (like when I replace
lastTime with the text equivalent), it takes 10 minutes...
I can see the planner not liking the results of a function,
but a variable? That's a static value! ::cry::
--
Shaun Thomas
Database Administrator
Leapfrog Online
807 Greenwood Street
Evanston,
required. I was just surprised at the large
difference in manual execution as opposed to the SP with the same
query.
> We've occasionally debated ways to do it better, but no such
> improvement will ever appear in 7.4 ;-)
Agreed! When we finally upgrade, I fully plan on putting a symboli
lbumjoins. From there, add on the
track information, and use that to restrict the matching nodes. Your
explain should be better with the above.
Just remember with the levenshtein in there, you're forcing a sequence
scan on the node table. Depending on how big that table is, you may
not b
ee
is some way of directly addressing the query-planner's API and
circumvent SQL entirely for really nasty or otherwise convoluted
result-sets, but of course I know that's rather unreasonable.
C'mon, some of us DBAs have math degrees and know set theory... ;)
--
Shaun Thomas
Databas
ow about an "IN
(blabla LIMIT 1)" ?
--
Shaun Thomas
Database Administrator
Leapfrog Online
807 Greenwood Street
Evanston, IL 60201
Tel. 847-440-8253
Fax. 847-570-5750
www.leapfrogonline.com
---(end of broadcast)---
TIP 3: Have you check
you also cluster
them, so a backwards index scan is almost always the wrong answer.
Personally I consider this a bug, and it's been around since at least
the 8.1 tree. The only real answer is that you have a fast version of
the query, so try and play with it until it acts the way you want.
--
Shaun T
ed summary table that contains this information (and maybe
more) maintained by a trigger or regularly invoked stored-procedure and
then you can select from *that* with much less agony.
Then there's fact-tables, but that's beyond the scope of this email. ;)
Good luck!
--
Shaun Thomas
Dat
about not having query hints or being able
to tell Postgres to never, ever, ever index-scan certain tables. :)
--
Shaun Thomas
Database Administrator
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807 Greenwood Street
Evanston, IL 60201
Tel. 847-440-8253
Fax. 847-570-5750
www.leapfrogonline.com
--
Sent via pgsql-performanc
hen you have an order clause and are
expecting a ton of results, (say you're getting the first 25 rows of
1 or something). But if it would be faster to generate the results
and *then* sort, but Postgres thinks otherwise, you're pretty much
screwed.
But that's the long answer. Yo
h a little tweaking here and
there to make the query-planner happy.
But that's the long version. Postgres is by no means bare-bones, but it
assumes DBAs are smart enough to manage the structures they bolt onto
the metal. :)
--
Shaun Thomas
Database Administrator
Leapfrog Online
807 Greenwoo
ript
just launches them and makes a log directory so you can watch the progress.
I've run this with up to 16 concurrent threads without major issue. It
comes in handy.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-676-8870
st
as are stats on your joined
id for this particular query, and you're basically telling to join all
of them. That usually calls for a sequence scan, because millions of
index seeks will almost always be slower than a few sequence scans.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. |
other SSDs of that generation.
I can't imagine that would be very good for database usage patterns by
comparison. Especially with that aggressive garbage collection.
I mean... an old Indilinx OCZ Vertex has better performance than that.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Bl
/message/65648/
The consensus seems to be that Amazon's cloud is fine... so long as you
stay far, far away from EBS. Apparently that needs a little more work.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-676-8870
stho...@peak
ional 20-30% spikes. Even
that's an unfair comparison in favor of the RAID, because we added DRBD
to the mix because you can't share a PCI card between two servers.
If you do have two 1.3TB Duo cards in a 4x640GB RAID-10, you should get
even better read times than we did.
--
Shaun T
ry and caching the entire dataset is only an improvement.
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stho...@peak6.com
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nodes cut execution time in half.
It's meant for server parallelism, so I wouldn't necessarily recommend
splitting your data up across nodes on the same server. But it seems to
deliver as promised when used in the right circumstances.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jacks
start badly skewing query plans.
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Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
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Sen
op, reload, and
index the entire table faster than that.
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mance' and they're
all specific examples taken from day-to-day queries and jobs here, all
from different categories of mistake. It's just a part of being a good DBA.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-676-8870
stho..
on system monitoring or allocation tests. Little things Senior DBAs
might know after experiencing them, or reading lists like this one.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
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stho...@peak6.com
__
S
h. ;) But the
stats are all pretty darn close, so far as I can tell. The only
thing that's off is the group aggregate... by about two orders
of magnitude. So I just chalked it up to 8.2 being relatively
horrible, and punted to just using a temp table to trick the
optimizer into doing it rig
y for exactly that reason. But what I
found odd is that in my rush to execute this for the end of day reports,
I forgot that step, and it still ran fine. I've found that the planner
tends to treat un-analyzed tables somewhat pessimistically, which is
fine by me.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHou
sent to an internal
recipient. You can see this for yourselves in this message, as my
company's little blurb gets attached after my signature lines. It's just
standard boilerplate meant as a CYA measure, really.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL
Increase your checkpoint_segments. If you see "checkpoint starting:
xlog" instead of "checkpoint starting: time", you don't have enough
checkpoint segments to handle your writes. Checkpoints *will* degrade
your throughput.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd.
ount -o allocsize=256m,logbufs=8,noatime,nodiratime,attr2,logbsize=256k
Maybe more recent XFS kernels have other options we're not aware of, but
we've had good luck with these so far.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago
7;ll still get a sequence scan from these, however.
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the two unique column sets, and it's possible it represents
combinations that don't exist. But I suppose a late EXISTS pass could
solve that problem.
I assume there's an easier way to do that. In either case, when is PG
getting loose index scans? ;)
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHous
re where clauses. If you need reports on a lot of
this data on a regular basis, consider running a nightly or hourly batch
to insert them into a reporting table you can check later.
There's a lot you can do here.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse |
x27;tcpsessions', 'id');
Someone probably has a better solution. :)
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for ter
further inheritance. It's rare,
but possible. This function will always get you the max value on a
column in a series of partitioned tables, and quickly so long as it's
indexed.
It's a bit of a hack, but it's worked fine for us while we wait for the
planner to catch up. :
On 06/17/2011 03:31 PM, Jim Nasby wrote:
c_parent_oid CONSTANT oid := (p_parent_schema || '.' ||
p_parent_table )::regclass;
Well isn't *that* a handy bit of magic. How did I not know about that?
Thanks!
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Ch
y function. :) EDB 8.3
(which is really PostgreSQL 8.2) doesn't have a regclass->text
conversion. But I'll bookmark the wiki page anyway, so I can update my
function after upgrading. Heh.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-676
numbers and think to themselves "What if that were in a RAID?" Right
now, drives aren't quite there yet, or the ones that are cost more than
most want to spend.
It's a shame, really. But I'm willing to wait it out for now.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson
cause we decided to skip 8.4 in favor of 9.0. And as we use EDB
instead of PostgreSQL directly, our 8.3 is actually 8.2. Got that? ;)
Sorry for the confusion.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-676-8870
stho...@p
x27;s even way beyond an OS-level dirty buffer flush on a massive
system. Wow!
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312-676-8870
stho...@peak6.com
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for
in. I wouldn't use it for
anything but a reporting database that can be reconstructed if necessary.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-676-8870
stho...@peak6.com
__
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ll it takes to bring down a heavy OLTP
system.
I'd say it's probably safe enough these days. But it's also one of those
exclusive selling points they're using right now to garner EDB
customers. So I doubt it'll be released any time *soon*, though may make
it event
have done so.
I've noticed lots of little things like this recently, and I have to
say, the planner has made huge improvements regardless of what
perception may reflect sometimes. It still has some holes and room for
improvement, but I just wanted to thank the devs for all their hard work.
abled up to at least 5x the
number of cores.
I was honestly shocked at those results, but they were consistent across
multiple machines from two separate vendors.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-676-88
75s
cores against our old E7450s. The scary part was that a dual X5675 ended
up being 2.5x faster than a quad E7450 at 24-user concurrency. It's
unreal. It's a great way to save on per-core licensing fees.
We're also on an 8.2 database. We're upgrading soon, I promise. :)
--
Sha
s peaked at
24-concurrency. At that concurrency, HT was 60% faster than non-HT.
Sorry if I mixed my terminology. :)
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
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stho...@peak6.com
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ccount for the fact
disks suck. :p
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312-676-8870
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n't really notice further tweaking, and a really active system would
converge to cpu count through a pooler and be cached to the gills anyway.
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___
abase
during a high transactional period.
Lemme tell ya... no RAID-10 in the world can supply 12k TPS with little
to no warning. A good set of SSDs or PCI cards can.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-676-88
se, and not storage
capacity. Some vendors have demo hardware they'll let you use to
determine if it applies to your case, so you might want to contact
FusionIO, RAMSAN, Virident, or maybe OCZ.
--
Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago
) for even more win.
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OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
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--
Sent via pgsql-perf
ction traffic by
60%, and it greatly improved the database's overall health.
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OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-676-8870
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raction of
their former length.
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Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-676-8870
stho...@peak6.com
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Sent
emory, is a
very, very bad idea.
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Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-676-8870
stho...@peak6.com
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Sen
t.
My point stands, though. Don't go crazy with transactions until you know
your config can stand up to it, and reduce if possible. We found some
tweak points that drastically reduced transaction count with no
detrimental effect on the app itself, so we jumped on them.
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Shaun Th
, but it's certainly not corruption. :)
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Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. | Suite 800 | Chicago IL, 60604
312-676-8870
stho...@peak6.com
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't want the
complaints about tables or indexes or constraints that already exist,
use the -a option for data-only dumps.
Also, might I suggest using the pgsql-novice list? They're more likely
to help with general issues like this.
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Shaun Thomas
OptionsHouse | 141 W. Jackson Blvd. |
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