Re: Adding parameters to a link

2004-12-02 Thread James Mitchell
This may not be the best approach, but this works for me... (if you can use JSTL) me -- James Mitchell Software Engineer / Open Source Evangelist EdgeTech, Inc. 678.910.8017 AIM: jmitchtx - Original Message - From: "Randall Svancara" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> To: "St

Re: Pre-populating a form from a database

2004-12-02 Thread Tak Yoshida
Carlos Cajina wrote in <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> >One of the solutions I've implemented is to create an intermediate action >that loads data from a database, populates de ActionForm, and directs the >user to the apropiate JSP. This could be a better option, which has the consistent prepare method invo

RE: Adding parameters to a link

2004-12-02 Thread Randall Svancara
Thanks, I will check google on the proper way to implement this. It sounds like a hassle to me. I am doing my best to adopt struts and the model view controller paradigm. It seemed so easy to just hack out some code and deploy it. Randall From: Jim Barro

RE: Adding parameters to a link

2004-12-02 Thread Jim Barrows
> -Original Message- > From: Randall Svancara [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > Sent: Thursday, December 02, 2004 4:01 PM > To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] > Subject: Adding parameters to a link > > > I am new to struts. I am trying to add parameters to a link using > someplace. Here is the code below.

RE: Error upgrading from 1.1 to 1.2.4

2004-12-02 Thread David G. Friedman
Shouldn't you change PUBLIC to SYSTEM? See changing PUBLIC to SYSTEM for a local DTD in this page: http://struts.apache.org/userGuide/installation-was352-x.html Regards, David -Original Message- From: [EMAIL PROTECTED] [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Thursday, December 02, 2004 7:33 PM T

Error upgrading from 1.1 to 1.2.4

2004-12-02 Thread Mick.Knutson
I am trying to upgrade and I switched the jars and other files required from the binary release. Then I updated the dtd declarations of my struts-config, validation, validation-rules, and validation-nbbc (our project rules). Everything compiles fine, but I get the following error when I deploy:

Re: Help Validating Accepted/Not Accepted radio buttons

2004-12-02 Thread Wendy Smoak
From: "Jim Barrows" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> > >name="mask" >key="registrationForm.lastname.maskmsg"/> Thank, Jim! This this is exactly what I needed: test (*this* == "Y") [The bit you quoted from http://struts.a

RE: ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.struts.ActionServlet (was: retrieveMessageResources: NullPointerException)

2004-12-02 Thread Bernd Prager
That was it! That was it! Oh gracious, thanks a lot. -Original Message- From: Niall Pemberton [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Thursday, December 02, 2004 5:54 PM To: Struts Users Mailing List Subject: Re: ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.struts.ActionServlet (was: retrieveMessageResour

Re: Help Validating Accepted/Not Accepted radio buttons

2004-12-02 Thread Dakota Jack
This help, Wendy?

Re: Help Validating Accepted/Not Accepted radio buttons

2004-12-02 Thread Gareth Meyrick
hi, Wendy Smoak wrote: > > From: "Jeff Beal" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> > > I'd just put that in the Action class instead of in validation. It > > seems like more of a "business" decision than a "validation" decision. > > (After all, 'Y' and 'N' are both valid responses.) > > > > In Action: > > > > if

RE: Help Validating Accepted/Not Accepted radio buttons

2004-12-02 Thread Jim Barrows
> -Original Message- > From: Wendy Smoak [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > Sent: Thursday, December 02, 2004 3:42 PM > To: Struts Users Mailing List > Subject: Re: Help Validating Accepted/Not Accepted radio buttons > > > > The problem with both of these is that they just ask for > which

Adding parameters to a link

2004-12-02 Thread Randall Svancara
I am new to struts. I am trying to add parameters to a link using someplace. Here is the code below. For each iteration, I want to create a dynamic link. me I have a ActionForm called ParcelSearchAction and a Form bean called Parcel. How do I generate a d

Re: ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.struts.ActionServlet (was: retrieveMessageResources: NullPointerException)

2004-12-02 Thread Niall Pemberton
The package for ActionServlet is wrong - in your web.xml you must have: org.apache.struts.ActionServlet Change it to org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet Niall - Original Message - From: "Bernd Prager" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> To: "Struts Users Mailing List" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> Sent: Th

test

2004-12-02 Thread Randall Svancara
test - To unsubscribe, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED] For additional commands, e-mail: [EMAIL PROTECTED]

Re: Help Validating Accepted/Not Accepted radio buttons

2004-12-02 Thread Wendy Smoak
From: "Jeff Beal" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> > I'd just put that in the Action class instead of in validation. It > seems like more of a "business" decision than a "validation" decision. > (After all, 'Y' and 'N' are both valid responses.) > > In Action: > > if ("Y".equals(myForm.getAccept)) { >retur

RE: Problem with tomcat

2004-12-02 Thread David G. Friedman
Can you give us some example code that you use in your JSP which can reproduce this problem and give us a better idea? Regards, David -Original Message- From: Santosh Kumar Panda [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Thursday, December 02, 2004 6:29 AM To: Struts Users Mailing List Subject: Pro

RE: Problem with validation using both minlength and maxlength on the same field

2004-12-02 Thread David G. Friedman
Bill, I like how you think! Hats off to you for that good idea. Regards, David -Original Message- From: news [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Behalf Of Bill Siggelkow Sent: Thursday, December 02, 2004 10:21 AM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: Re: Problem with validation using both minlength and m

Re: ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.struts.ActionServlet (was: retrieveMessageResources: NullPointerException)

2004-12-02 Thread Hubert Rabago
I had seen this once before on a coworker's machine. He used some Eclipse plugins for Tomcat and Struts, and was letting Eclipse generate the war file. I think a fresh download of Struts, and a fresh compile outside of all those plugins, solved the problem. (I think he went from ClassNotFoundEx:

Re: Help Validating Accepted/Not Accepted radio buttons

2004-12-02 Thread Jeff Beal
I'd just put that in the Action class instead of in validation. It seems like more of a "business" decision than a "validation" decision. (After all, 'Y' and 'N' are both valid responses.) In Action: if ("Y".equals(myForm.getAccept)) { return mapping.findForward("accept") } else { return ma

Re: Problem with validation using both minlength and maxlength on the same field

2004-12-02 Thread Niall Pemberton
I had a similar thought recently - maybe adding key/bundle attributes to the element or something along those lines. Currently I don't have any time to look at this but my initial thought is that it would be a v.useful enhancement. Currently you can specify multiple formsets with different Locales

RE: Help Validating Accepted/Not Accepted radio buttons

2004-12-02 Thread Jim Barrows
> -Original Message- > From: Wendy Smoak [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > Sent: Thursday, December 02, 2004 2:19 PM > To: Struts Users Mailing List > Subject: Help Validating Accepted/Not Accepted radio buttons > > > I have a form on which the user must accept the terms and > conditions when

Help Validating Accepted/Not Accepted radio buttons

2004-12-02 Thread Wendy Smoak
I have a form on which the user must accept the terms and conditions when registering for an account. This is done with a pair of radio buttons set to "Y" or "N". (It defaults to "N".) What is the best way to set up validation for this field so that if the user does not change the selection to "

Re: JSF and non-struts controllerServlets

2004-12-02 Thread Dakota Jack
Hello, I think that you have to choose between a JSF controller and a controller in the sense you are discussing it. If I am not mistaken, the use of Struts together with JSF, for example, requires that when a request is presented to the web application it choose at the outset between Struts and

ClassNotFoundException: org.apache.struts.ActionServlet (was: retrieveMessageResources: NullPointerException)

2004-12-02 Thread Bernd Prager
Hm, the problem might already be somewhere else. Turning the log level to debug, reveales following error after tomcat startup before even I try to get my message ressource: --- snip -- Dec 2, 2004 3:27:39 PM org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Protocol init INFO: Initializing Coyot

Re: view controller

2004-12-02 Thread Joe Germuska
I tell you what, don't bother about it for the moment as I have unfortunately no time and it looks like I should be taking this over to the dev list to carry on the discussion. If I do get time soon I'll subscribe to that list. Well, I'll bother anyway, on the off chance anyone else is following

Re: JSF and non-struts controllerServlets

2004-12-02 Thread Craig McClanahan
On Thu, 2 Dec 2004 12:24:48 -0700, Jim Barrows <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote: > Answer: > http://struts.apache.org/faqs/kickstart.html#jsf This link points at resources focused on people that have existing Struts apps and might want to use JSF components on the pages, but keep all their back-end logic

RE: JSTL when...test won't work.

2004-12-02 Thread Nadia Kunkov
Thank you. I tried it and got an error attribute manager not found. What does it mean? Am i better of using scriplets? Thanks for your help. NK -Original Message- From: Rick Reumann [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Thursday, December 02, 2004 2:18 PM To: Struts Users Mailing List Subject:

RE: JSTL, Tiles PutList and Tomcat 5.028

2004-12-02 Thread Jim Barrows
> -Original Message- > From: Jerry Rodgers [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > Sent: Thursday, December 02, 2004 12:11 PM > To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] > Subject: JSTL, Tiles PutList and Tomcat 5.028 > > > Hi All, > > > > I have a jsp page that I am trying to run on Tomcat that > currently work

Re: view controller

2004-12-02 Thread Adam Hardy
On 12/02/2004 04:05 PM Joe Germuska wrote: At 10:26 AM + 12/2/04, Adam Hardy wrote: I'm intrigued to know how you would declare the view controllers and register them against URLs. It would be in struts-config.xml presumably. Would you be able to register them against a tile def? Would the v

RE: JSF and non-struts controllerServlets

2004-12-02 Thread Jim Barrows
Answer: http://struts.apache.org/faqs/kickstart.html#jsf > -Original Message- > From: Seetamraju, Uday [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > Sent: Thursday, December 02, 2004 11:46 AM > To: Struts Users Mailing List > Subject: JSF and non-struts controllerServlets > > > (If JSF can work with Stru

Re: JSTL when...test won't work.

2004-12-02 Thread Rick Reumann
Nadia Kunkov wrote the following on 12/2/2004 2:06 PM: Well, your suggestion almost worked. I got the keys and values printed out but the "test" wouldn't work! Here is what I tried to do: Found manager Is the syntax right? No, it should be --

JSTL, Tiles PutList and Tomcat 5.028

2004-12-02 Thread Jerry Rodgers
Hi All, I have a jsp page that I am trying to run on Tomcat that currently works in Weblogic. It appears the primary problem is that the forEach tag is not putting the variable menuItem into the pageContext attributes and or it thinks the menuItem is of type String. I am not sure where my actu

JSTL, Tiles PutList and Tomcat 5.028

2004-12-02 Thread Jerry Rodgers
Hi All, I have a jsp page that I am trying to run on Tomcat that currently works in Weblogic. It appears the primary problem is that the forEach tag is not putting the variable menuItem into the pageContext attributes and or it thinks the menuItem is of type String. I am not sure where my actu

RE: JSTL when...test won't work.

2004-12-02 Thread Nadia Kunkov
Well, your suggestion almost worked. I got the keys and values printed out but the "test" wouldn't work! Here is what I tried to do: Found manager Is the syntax right? Anyway the above code doesn't find the key manager while I can print it out using your suggestion. I

RE: retrieveMessageResources: NullPointerException

2004-12-02 Thread Lane, Brad
Message-resources needs to come AFTER action-mappings according to dtd. You should be getting errors from your container about it. -Original Message- From: Bernd Prager [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Thursday, December 02, 2004 12:00 PM To: [EMAIL PROTECTED] Subject: retrieveMessageReso

JSF and non-struts controllerServlets

2004-12-02 Thread Seetamraju, Uday
(If JSF can work with Struts controller, then someone here can give me tips). I am asked to upgrade an application that is based on the circa-2001 Model 2 JSP/controllerservlet architecture. Given the amount of JSP work, I am strongly proposing (here in my company) to switch to JSF. I have a spe

Re: Pre-populating a form from a database

2004-12-02 Thread Carlos Cajina
However, I can't get the action to trigger when I go to the form initially. I am a bit lost on this one even though I'm trying to understand these tutorials. One of the solutions I've implemented is to create an intermediate action that loads data from a database, populates de ActionForm, and dir

RE: Checking radio button based on object value

2004-12-02 Thread Jim Barrows
> -Original Message- > From: Ciaran Hanley [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > Sent: Thursday, December 02, 2004 11:15 AM > To: 'Struts Users Mailing List'; [EMAIL PROTECTED] > Subject: RE: Checking radio button based on object value > > > Ok so I've tried the following but still I get the defa

RE: Checking radio button based on object value

2004-12-02 Thread Ciaran Hanley
Ok so I've tried the following but still I get the default values on the form when it's forwarded to the JSP. My action class has the following: public ActionForward execute(ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form, HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException, Se

convert NCR formated string

2004-12-02 Thread Otto, Frank
Hi, I want to convert a NCR formated String to a "normal" string. for example: spółkę My problem is that I have an input field, in which the use can change text. But he couldn't see it with the right characters, but NCR formated. If I show this text in a jsp page it will function (). I use th

retrieveMessageResources: NullPointerException

2004-12-02 Thread Bernd Prager
After days of reading tons of docs and searching the mail archive I feel kind of stupid right now. I know this question came up a couple of times but I didn't find the answer. Here I am and hope you can help me: I try to use the bean:message tags and my index.jsp fails with: --- snip -

AW: obfuscation Struts config

2004-12-02 Thread Leon Rosenberg
Tried http://www.zelix.com/klassmaster/ already? Regards Leon > -Ursprüngliche Nachricht- > Von: Franck DARRAS [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > Gesendet: Donnerstag, 2. Dezember 2004 18:31 > An: Struts Users Mailing List > Betreff: obfuscation Struts config > > Hello, > > I search a product

AW: obfuscation Struts config

2004-12-02 Thread Leon Rosenberg
Tried http://www.zelix.com/klassmaster/ already? Regards Leon > -Ursprüngliche Nachricht- > Von: Franck DARRAS [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > Gesendet: Donnerstag, 2. Dezember 2004 18:31 > An: Struts Users Mailing List > Betreff: obfuscation Struts config > > Hello, > > I search a product

Re: JSTL when...test won't work.

2004-12-02 Thread Rick Reumann
Nadia Kunkov wrote the following on 12/2/2004 10:24 AM: You don't want to do this. Comparisons to null won't work. You want to use "empty." Change it to !empty should evaluate both null and empty. (At least I 'think' that's right:) -- Rick

RE: obfuscation Struts config

2004-12-02 Thread Paul McCulloch
Won't obfuscating your classnames make any analysis of a stack trace, for example, very difficult? Anyway - I would expect that any commercial J2EE code obfuscation tool which changes classnames would know how to modify the XML files. EJBs for instance are also referenced, by name, in xml config f

obfuscation Struts config

2004-12-02 Thread Franck DARRAS
Hello, I search a product (free or commercial) for obfuscation of my source. But I have a problem with the file struts-config.xml or jsp file (usebean for e.g.). This files declare the class, but if in my bytecode, i rename the class how does it work. I search a product for struts framework wi

RE: JSTL when...test won't work.

2004-12-02 Thread Jarnot Voytek Contr AU/SC
What happens when you try: instead of logic:iterate > Nadia Kunkov wrote: > > > Hello, > > > > This is my first try with JSTL and somewhere I'm getting > the syntax wrong. Could you please help me? > > I have a bean called user in the session. One of this > bean's properties is a has

RE: Pre-populating a form from a database

2004-12-02 Thread Jim Barrows
> -Original Message- > From: Donie Kelly [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > Sent: Thursday, December 02, 2004 9:57 AM > To: Struts Users Mailing List > Subject: RE: Pre-populating a form from a database > > > Hi (and sorry for the noob question) It's what we're here for :) > > I am using a DT

RE: Pre-populating a form from a database

2004-12-02 Thread Donie Kelly
Hi (and sorry for the noob question) I am using a DTO object to transfer the data from the data access object. I copy that data from the Dto to the form in the action class and it works when I resubmit the page (refresh) becuase the action is triggered. However, I can't get the action to trigger

Re: OT: Runtime exec (again)

2004-12-02 Thread andy wix
Hi, The shutdown command now works OK. There have been a few issues with this that I didn't have in the right combination. The Tomcat service must have suitable permissions. To do this: - Under control panel select Admin tools -> Services - Right click Apache Tomcat service and select properties

RE: Pre-populating a form from a database

2004-12-02 Thread Jim Barrows
The form bean is a not a data access object!!! Get the data in the action class, populate the form bean from that. FormBeans are for display only. > -Original Message- > From: Donie Kelly [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > Sent: Thursday, December 02, 2004 9:43 AM > To: Struts Users Mailing

Pre-populating a form from a database

2004-12-02 Thread Donie Kelly
Hi all I've been going through the tutorials at http://www.coreservlets.com/Apache-Struts-Tutorial/index.html which shows how to pre-populate forms. However, as I'm new to this, is there a "proper" way to access the database t

RE: Runtime exec (again)

2004-12-02 Thread Jim Barrows
If you can get one command to run, and not the other... problem must be with the way the shutdown is being handled. I don't do windows, however it may be possible (easy to do under Unix, but with Windows sorry execuse for a shell scripting language I dunno) to find out what user the batch comma

Re: view controller

2004-12-02 Thread Joe Germuska
At 10:26 AM + 12/2/04, Adam Hardy wrote: OK, I understand now. :) I'm intrigued to know how you would declare the view controllers and register them against URLs. It would be in struts-config.xml presumably. Would you be able to register them against a tile def? Would the view controller hav

Re: Checking radio button based on object value

2004-12-02 Thread Lee Harrington
Struts handles the creating of the form for you. You should not be "creating" a form nor "storing it" in the session scope. Look at the parameters on your Action's execute. There is a "ActionForm form" -- you cast that form to your form's type: MyFormClass myform = (MyFormClass) form; then you

RE: Checking radio button based on object value

2004-12-02 Thread Jim Barrows
> -Original Message- > From: Ciaran Hanley [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] > Sent: Thursday, December 02, 2004 8:00 AM > To: 'Struts Users Mailing List' > Subject: RE: Checking radio button based on object value > > > Thanks for your replies. > > I followed your suggestions, now I create a f

RE: JSTL when...test won't work.

2004-12-02 Thread Nadia Kunkov
Thank you, but it still says NOT Found!!! But key:value pairs are printed out right above so I do have all I need for it to work. Any other ideas? N.K. -Original Message- From: news [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Behalf Of Bill Siggelkow Sent: Thursday, December 02, 2004 10:44 AM To: [EMAIL

Re: JSTL when...test won't work.

2004-12-02 Thread Bill Siggelkow
Found formRoles manager NOT Found Nadia Kunkov wrote: Hello, This is my first try with JSTL and somewhere I'm getting the syntax wrong. Could you please help me? I have a bean called user in the session. One of this bean's properties is a hash map c

JSTL when...test won't work.

2004-12-02 Thread Nadia Kunkov
Hello, This is my first try with JSTL and somewhere I'm getting the syntax wrong. Could you please help me? I have a bean called user in the session. One of this bean's properties is a hash map called frmRoles. I need to go over the hashmap's keys and test if a particular key exists. I'm no

How to compare a Bean with a request parameter?

2004-12-02 Thread Riedling, Michael
hello I have a problem with my website navigation logic. There are rootnodes and nodes, when rootnodes is klicked it should appear all the nodes under the specific rootnode in the menu. i have two Beans, one for rootnodes and one for nodes. The parameter nodeId specifics the rootnode. i have i

Re: Problem with validation using both minlength and maxlength on the same field

2004-12-02 Thread Bill Siggelkow
AFAIK you cannot pull the minlength and maxlength values from the resource bundle; BUT, you can define these values as global constants in a validation.xml file. If you want, you could create a separate validation-constants.xml file only containing these values; making it easier for modificatio

Re: Adding rows (beans) to dynamic form

2004-12-02 Thread Bill Siggelkow
Miles, I think you will want to use the indexed attribute of the field. Take a look at http://struts.apache.org/faqs/indexedprops.html. -Bill Siggelkow Daffin, Miles (Company IT) wrote: Hi All, I apologise in advance for this question - but I have searched/tried all day without nailing a solut

RE: Checking radio button based on object value

2004-12-02 Thread Ciaran Hanley
Thanks for your replies. I followed your suggestions, now I create a form in my action class, set its values based on the session object, store it in session scope and forward to the JSP but the form produced has the default values of my action form instead of the values in the form object I have

RE: message-resources in struts-config.xml won't work!

2004-12-02 Thread Lane, Brad
That's your problem. You need to have elements in the order they are listed in the dtd. So, message-resources go between controller and plug-in or if you don't have those they should be after action-mappings. -Original Message- From: René Thol [mailto:[EMAIL PROTECTED] Sent: Thursday, Dec

RE: Problem with validation using both minlength and maxlength on the same field

2004-12-02 Thread David G. Friedman
AHA! It all makes sense then. Since I didn't see a way to make the ... tag pull from a resource, is there any way to do that? Then, theoretically, I can make the arg AND the var pull from the same resource label and make it easier for someone else to modify things instead of giving them access to

Problem with tomcat

2004-12-02 Thread Santosh Kumar Panda
I'm having a strange problem. In one of my jsp pages I have a dynamic table which I populate using data from the database. Since the page is a bit dynamic too I'm populating it with labels from the resource bundle from the previous action. But somehow, the first time round when I reach the jsp the

Re: view controller

2004-12-02 Thread Adam Hardy
On 12/01/2004 02:37 PM Joe Germuska wrote: Yes but only half. Regarding the first point, since struts is actually able to accept and deal with a second action mapping in that mapping's "input" (or "forward") param, then somehow struts must be designed for it. It can't possibly have been a happy

Re: Totally stuck handling forms

2004-12-02 Thread Adam Hardy
Hi Alex, put a pair of getter/setter methods for dispatch into your form and then use a hidden field to pass the variable on. The method you outline though seems overcomplicated, although it could be just that it seems so because it's not totally clear what the flow of control is meant to be. I

Re: Problem with validation using both minlength and maxlength on the same field

2004-12-02 Thread Niall Pemberton
David, Its not a bug, its not designed to work that way. For the minlength validator you have to specify a minlength otherwise it doesn't work properly (it will check for a minimum length of zero, which is nonsense). For the maxlength validator you have to specify a maxlength otherwise it does

Re: OT: Runtime exec (again)

2004-12-02 Thread Keshav Shetty
May be cmd.exe is not available within the path when executing from tomcat. Try to add full path and try. Alternatively find out what is the message returned when cmd.exe is executed within the tomcat(Not the return code). You can display this message using following code. exitValue = proc.wai

OT: Runtime exec (again)

2004-12-02 Thread andy wix
Hi, Still can't get this to work. There must be some reason why this won't run under Tomcat but does work stand-alone. I have also tried the Tomcat list to no avail. To recap, I am trying to execute the following code on an Xp box with Tomcat 5.0.27: Process proc = runtime.exec("cmd.exe /C shut

Re: message-resources in struts-config.xml won't work!

2004-12-02 Thread René Thol
Ok now it seems that I've found the solution: When using struts1.0.2 the documentation of the tags claims that "bundle" can be used with bean:message, html:image, etc. But the struts-config dtd that is provided within the struts.jar does not support the message-resource tag at all! But what is w

Re: message-resources in struts-config.xml won't work!

2004-12-02 Thread René Thol
Hello again, I'm wondering where to place message-resources within the struts-config.xml in struts version 1.0.2? I'm always getting errors in tomcat's log file regarding the struts-config.xml whenever I insert a message-resource tag!? Any ideas? Many thanx Best regards -- ==