Marshall, Regarding our friendly discussion concerning the output voltage of the Clark Zapper:
When I stated that the average voltage of an AC signal is not zero I was actually referring to the average USABLE voltage. You are correct, technically speaking, that the average voltage is zero. However this is meaningless to most of the non- technical people reading this. There is enough power to light an L.E.D. lamp. This is not zero voltage. It is important that these people know something about this device that may help them in some way. I had stated that the skin resistance of our body is usually over 100,000 ohms. You say that while holding one of the copper pipes (covered with a wet paper towel) in each hand your meter measured a resistance of 3 to 5 ohms from hand to hand. PLEASE!! Get another meter! If this were true then with as little as 5 volts you could have around 1 amp flowing through your body and you'd be fried. I made the same test this evening. I cleaned the copper pipes nice and bright, wrapped one wet (strong saline solution) paper towel around each one. With my digital meter probes clipped to each of the pipes, while grabbing them very firmly the lowest reading from pipe to pipe was 8,000 ohms. Much higher than 3 to 5 ohms. My earlier statement that the body's resistance is usually over 100,000 ohms does not seem correct in this case. I had never measured it using the copper pipes. I do hold my ground concerning the Zapper supplying only DC. AC stands for Alternating Current (a voltage that reverses polarity). The pulsating DC voltage coming out of this device absolutely does not do this. Bil ----- Original Message ----- From: Marshall Dudley <mdud...@execonn.com> To: 2001 TV VCR <x2...@qnet.com>; <silver-list@eskimo.com> Sent: Tuesday, November 30, 1999 1:09 PM Subject: Re: CS> SILVER PULSER? (Electronic Healing) > 2001 TV VCR wrote: > > > Marshall, > > > > Thank you for your response regarding > > the Zapper and Beck units. I am sorry > > that I have to disagree with some of your > > statements. The following electrical > > measurements are incorrect: > > > > The average voltage of an AC signal is > > not zero. The Beck unit outputs approx > > 50 volts peak equal to around 30 volts > > AC RMS (in layman's terms: average > > voltage). > > > > The wave is square so the peak voltage is the same as the RMS. The .707 factor > is only valid for a sine wave, which the BECK unit is not. The Beck unit > reverses polarity so that the positive is negative and the negative is positive > after the polarity switch. I stand by my statement that the average is 0, you > can put an integrator on it and see. The RMS is not 0, it is 50 volts, but I > did not reference the RMS before. RMS voltage is not the same as average > voltage, in any terms, laymans or otherwise. They are very distinct mathmatical > constructs. For the average you take the integral over time, and divide by > time. For the RMS you take the integral of the square over time, divide by > time, then take the square root. The former can give any value from negative > infinity to postive infinty, but the latter can only be 0 or positive. The > latter is useful for power measurements. The average voltage on a wall outlet > is 0, but the RMS is about 120. > > > The Clark unit (Zapper) could supply > > 5 mA uf your skin resistance was as > > low as 1500 ohms. But your skin > > resistance is usually above 100,000 > > ohms ( less than 0.1 mA). > > > > Skin resistance cannot be expressed in ohms. Since we are talking about a > surface phenomenon it must be in ohms per square cm or square inch. I just took > a digital voltmeter and measured from one hand to the other holding the small > probes. My hands were dry and I measured about 50K. I then connected up the > electrodes I use on the Clark unit and measured about 500 ohms, because it was > contacting about 100 times as much surface area. It kept dropping though > because my hands would immediately start sweating. I then wrapped wet paper > towels around each electrode and measured the resistance when I held them in > each hand. The resistance was around 5 ohms (3 to 10), depending on how hard I > held them. > > I stand by my statement before that when holding a large electrode with a wet > paper towel on it, skin resistance is so low as to be virtually irrelevent. > > > With skin resistance at 1500 ohms, > > contacting a car battery's terminals > > would be a very shocking experience > > ( yet you don't even feel anything). > > > > That is true, because it is DC only. But both units have an AC component and > thus a tingling can be felt. > > > The Clark unit does not put out any > > form of AC. The 555 timer circuit > > inside is not capable of doing that. > > The output is pulsating DC (no AC). > > > > Pulsing DC is by definition the same as AC plus DC. A 10 volt pulsing DC is > exactly the same thing as a 10 volt square wave AC riding on a DC offset of 5 > volts. They are equivalent and simply two different ways to express the same > thing. A capacitor will pass AC but not DC. Put a capacitor in series with the > Clark unit and you will end up with a +/- 4 volt square wave AC signal. All the > capacitor does is block the DC component. > > Marshall > > > -- > The silver-list is a moderated forum for discussion of colloidal silver. > > To join or quit silver-list or silver-digest send an e-mail message to: > silver-list-requ...@eskimo.com -or- silver-digest-requ...@eskimo.com > with the word subscribe or unsubscribe in the SUBJECT line. > > To post, address your message to: silver-list@eskimo.com > Silver-list archive: http://escribe.com/health/thesilverlist/index.html > List maintainer: Mike Devour <mdev...@id.net> >
