Hmmm In my testing, the class level functionality doesn't seem to be used ever. Only the instance level.
I thought the class level functionality would be used if the @hybrid_property.expression was declared: In this case, it was the recursive CTE that didn't get the `cls.id` "automagically" populated but it never worked. On Tuesday, June 12, 2018 at 10:19:35 AM UTC-5, Mike Bayer wrote: > > > > On Tue, Jun 12, 2018, 10:20 AM HP3 <henddher...@gmail.com <javascript:>> > wrote: > >> Hmmm >> >> I didn't use the @hybrid_property.expression for anything else so I ended >> up not using it. >> >> However, I still use @hybrid_property ... wouldn't it be the same as >> @property? >> >> (I thought they were "pretty much" the same) >> > > > They're quite different because the hybrid has behavior at the class level > as well, that's the whole complexity of hybrids > > > >> >> On Saturday, June 9, 2018 at 8:06:18 AM UTC-5, Mike Bayer wrote: >>> >>> That's fine but you should probably use a normal @property for that, >>> unless you are still making use of a separate "expression" portion. >>> >>> On Fri, Jun 8, 2018, 8:04 PM HP3 <henddher...@gmail.com> wrote: >>> >>>> I ended up settling for this: >>>> >>>> @hybrid_property >>>> >>>> def ancestors(self): >>>> >>>> session = inspect(self).session >>>> >>>> cte = session.query(P2B) \ >>>> >>>> .filter(P2B.id == self.id) \ >>>> >>>> .cte(name='cte', recursive=True) >>>> >>>> cte = cte.union( >>>> >>>> session.query(P2B) >>>> >>>> .filter(P2B.id == cte.c.parent_id) >>>> >>>> ) >>>> >>>> return session.query(cte).all() >>>> >>>> And each time I call child.ancestors, the SQL CTE RECURSIVE is issued >>>> (of course!?) >>>> >>>> Thanks again for all your help Mike! >>>> >>>> On Friday, June 8, 2018 at 6:39:05 PM UTC-5, HP3 wrote: >>>>> >>>>> BTW, the solution of `.params(child_id=child_id)` you provided worked >>>>> perfectly - forgot to mentioned earlier. >>>>> It issued the recursive CTE I wanted. >>>>> >>>>> I still need to ponder if I can simply live with a plain >>>>> select().cte() within a vanilla method or @hybrid_property or >>>>> @hybrid_method, all except @hybrid_property.expression as in the latter >>>>> the >>>>> "caller" would need to remember to bind `child_id` explicitly and forfeit >>>>> the usage of `filter(ancs.c.id==child_id)` >>>>> >>>>> Thank you very much again Mike !!!! >>>>> >>>>> On Friday, June 8, 2018 at 6:06:54 PM UTC-5, Mike Bayer wrote: >>>>>> >>>>>> On Fri, Jun 8, 2018 at 6:59 PM, HP3 <henddher...@gmail.com> wrote: >>>>>> > :( >>>>>> > >>>>>> > Basically, I was trying to prevent the SQL Select for each >>>>>> child-to-parent >>>>>> > loop-iteration when navigating the tree from leaf to root because I >>>>>> figured >>>>>> > I could use CTE recursive as @hybrid_property.expression. >>>>>> > >>>>>> > I was trying to take full advantage of @hybrid_property.expression >>>>>> like the >>>>>> > examples in >>>>>> > >>>>>> http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/orm/extensions/hybrid.html#join-dependent-relationship-hybrid >>>>>> >>>>>> > and >>>>>> > >>>>>> http://docs.sqlalchemy.org/en/latest/orm/extensions/hybrid.html#module-sqlalchemy.ext.hybrid >>>>>> >>>>>> > The examples show that self/cls is magically chosen depending on >>>>>> the >>>>>> > context. >>>>>> > >>>>>> > Seems like I will end up having *limited* functionality for my >>>>>> > `@hybrid_property.expression` as I would have to pass the extra >>>>>> param >>>>>> > `cls_id` explicitly. >>>>>> > >>>>>> > I was hoping that >>>>>> `dbsession.query(P2B.ancestors).filter(P2B.id==mychildid)` >>>>>> > would automagically bind 'mychildid' to `cls.id` within the >>>>>> > @ancestors.expression. >>>>>> > Perhaps such is possible some other way? >>>>>> >>>>>> a hybrid is just a function to give you a component of SQL. if you >>>>>> want to change the inside of it, then you need to send a parameter on >>>>>> the inside or do a transformation of it. I guess you could run a >>>>>> transform, which is what the lazy loader does, e.g. looks for where >>>>>> something like "cls.id" is and then replaces it but this is very >>>>>> specialized, it wouldn't look any nicer from the calling point of >>>>>> view. >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> >>>>>> > >>>>>> > Another catch is that by issuing the manual CTE, the session would >>>>>> always >>>>>> > issue the SQL and never returned previously loaded ancestors. >>>>>> > >>>>>> > root >>>>>> > / \ >>>>>> > c1 c2 >>>>>> > >>>>>> > c1.ancestors and c2.ancestors will each issue SQL recursive CTE ... >>>>>> right? >>>>>> > >>>>>> > >>>>>> > On Friday, June 8, 2018 at 5:33:08 PM UTC-5, Mike Bayer wrote: >>>>>> >> >>>>>> >> On Fri, Jun 8, 2018 at 5:14 PM, HP3 <henddher...@gmail.com> >>>>>> wrote: >>>>>> >> > Thank you so much Mike >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > I am trying to write @ancestors.expression to produce a SQL like >>>>>> this: >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > WITH RECURSIVE scte(id, parent_id) AS >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > (SELECT p2bases.id AS id, p2bases.parent_id AS parent_id >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > FROM p2bases >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > WHERE p2bases.id = %(id_1)s --- This is the param I need at >>>>>> runtime >>>>>> >> > (cls.id) >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > UNION SELECT p2bases.id AS id, p2bases.parent_id AS parent_id >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > FROM p2bases, scte >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > WHERE p2bases.id = scte.parent_id) >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > SELECT scte.id >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > FROM scte >>>>>> >> >>>>>> >> >>>>>> >> you'd have to put the parameter inside the CTE then, here's one >>>>>> way: >>>>>> >> >>>>>> >> @ancestors.expression >>>>>> >> def ancestors(cls): >>>>>> >> cte = select([P2B.id, P2B.parent_id]) \ >>>>>> >> .where(P2B.id == bindparam("cls_id")) \ >>>>>> >> .cte(name='cte', recursive=True) >>>>>> >> cte = cte.union( >>>>>> >> select([P2B.id, P2B.parent_id]) >>>>>> >> .where(P2B.id == cte.c.parent_id) >>>>>> >> ) >>>>>> >> return cte >>>>>> >> >>>>>> >> >>>>>> >> then you do: >>>>>> >> >>>>>> >> dbsession.query(P2B.ancestors).params(cls_id=child_id).all() >>>>>> >> >>>>>> >> >>>>>> >> but note that you always need to provide params(cls_id=x) in that >>>>>> case. >>>>>> >> >>>>>> >> >>>>>> >> >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > Here is the @hybrid_property.expression >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > @ancestors.expression >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > def ancestors(cls): >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > cte = select([P2B.id, P2B.parent_id]) \ >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > .where(P2B.id == cls.id) \ # <<<<<<< I cannot >>>>>> figure out how >>>>>> >> > make cls.id the param >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > .cte(name='cte', recursive=True) >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > cte = cte.union( >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > select([P2B.id, P2B.parent_id]) >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > .where(P2B.id == cte.c.parent_id) >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > ) >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > return cte >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > I tried alias, aliased and bindparam in multiple ways >>>>>> unsuccessfully. >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > The SQL that is coming out doesn't set the first (cte anchor) >>>>>> WHERE >>>>>> >> > clause >>>>>> >> > with the bound param id_1 (cls.id in the >>>>>> @ancestors.expression). >>>>>> >> > Instead, is the column again? >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > WITH RECURSIVE cte(id, parent_id) AS >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > (SELECT p2bases.id AS id, p2bases.parent_id AS parent_id >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > FROM p2bases >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > WHERE p2bases.id = p2bases.id -- <<<< I can't figure out how to >>>>>> make >>>>>> >> > expr.left 'cls.id' from the @ancestors.expression >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > UNION SELECT p2bases.id AS id, p2bases.parent_id AS parent_id >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > FROM p2bases, cte >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > WHERE p2bases.id = cte.parent_id) >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > SELECT cte.id AS cte_id, cte.parent_id AS cte_parent_id >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > FROM cte >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > WHERE cte.id = %(id_1)s >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > The correct SQL comes out when I do this: >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > scte = select([P2B.id, P2B.parent_id]) \ >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > .where(P2B.id == child_id) \ >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > .cte(name='scte', recursive=True) >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > scte = scte.union( >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > select([P2B.id, P2B.parent_id]).where(P2B.id == >>>>>> >> > scte.c.parent_id)) >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > s = select([scte.c.id]) >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > ancestors = dbsession.execute(s).fetchall() >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > But I don't know how to integrate that into my >>>>>> @ancestors.expression >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > I want `child_id` to get the value of `cls.id` when the >>>>>> @hybrid_property >>>>>> >> > is >>>>>> >> > called for the class. >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > >>>>>> >> > On Friday, June 8, 2018 at 1:48:55 PM UTC-5, Mike Bayer wrote: >>>>>> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> the example is huge can you point out which two queries you'd >>>>>> like to >>>>>> >> >> compare? >>>>>> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> this: >>>>>> >> >> cte = dbsession.query(P2B.id, P2B.parent_id) \ >>>>>> >> >> .filter(P2B.id == child_id) \ >>>>>> >> >> .cte(name='cte', recursive=True) >>>>>> >> >> cte = cte.union( >>>>>> >> >> dbsession.query(P2B.id, P2B.parent_id).filter( >>>>>> >> >> P2B.id == cte.c.parent_id)) >>>>>> >> >> cteids = dbsession.query(cte.c.id) >>>>>> >> >> ancestors = >>>>>> >> >> dbsession.query(P2B).filter(P2B.id.in_(cteids)).all()[1:] >>>>>> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> and this? >>>>>> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> ancestors = dbsession.query( >>>>>> >> >> P2B.ancestors).filter(P2B.id == child_id).all() # >>>>>> <<<< >>>>>> >> >> child_id IS NEVER USED IN EXPRESSION >>>>>> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> it might surprise you to know I barely follow what these >>>>>> queries are >>>>>> >> >> returning for you, I just look very briefly to get the desired >>>>>> syntax >>>>>> >> >> right, so a simple "here's teh code hre's the SQL" is best >>>>>> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> On Fri, Jun 8, 2018 at 2:44 PM, HP3 <henddher...@gmail.com> >>>>>> wrote: >>>>>> >> >> > Ahhhh!!! Makes perfect sense! >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > But there is something still amiss ... >>>>>> >> >> > The last 2 assertions are triggering because the query is >>>>>> returning a >>>>>> >> >> > single >>>>>> >> >> > ancestor (self) instead of the whole recursive list. >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > See the plain CTE and the @hybrid_property.expression CTE: >>>>>> The where >>>>>> >> >> > clauses >>>>>> >> >> > are still different :( >>>>>> >> >> > (and hence the output) >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > Are my @hybrid_property.expressions incorrectly declared? >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > CTE ---------------------------------------- >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > 2018-06-08 13:14:44,144 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine >>>>>> BEGIN >>>>>> >> >> > (implicit) >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > 2018-06-08 13:14:44,145 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine >>>>>> WITH >>>>>> >> >> > RECURSIVE >>>>>> >> >> > cte(id, parent_id) AS >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > (SELECT p2bases.id AS id, p2bases.parent_id AS parent_id >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > FROM p2bases >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > WHERE p2bases.id = %(id_1)s UNION SELECT p2bases.id AS >>>>>> p2bases_id, >>>>>> >> >> > p2bases.parent_id AS p2bases_parent_id >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > FROM p2bases, cte >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > WHERE p2bases.id = cte.parent_id) >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > SELECT p2bases.id AS p2bases_id, p2bases.uuid AS >>>>>> p2bases_uuid, >>>>>> >> >> > p2bases.classname AS p2bases_classname, p2bases.position AS >>>>>> >> >> > p2bases_position, p2bases.extras AS p2bases_extras, >>>>>> p2bases.val AS >>>>>> >> >> > p2bases_val, p2bases.time AS p2bases_time, p2bases.parent_id >>>>>> AS >>>>>> >> >> > p2bases_parent_id >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > FROM p2bases >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > WHERE p2bases.id IN (SELECT cte.id AS cte_id >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > FROM cte) >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > 2018-06-08 13:14:44,146 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine >>>>>> {'id_1': >>>>>> >> >> > 20} >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > CTE ANCESTORS <__main__.P2Pg object at 0x10bf94be0> >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > CTE ANCESTORS <__main__.P2An object at 0x10bf9a160> >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > CTE ANCESTORS <__main__.P2KVP object at 0x10bf9a6a0> >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > @hybrid_property.expression ANCESTORS CLS >>>>>> >> >> > ---------------------------------------- >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > 2018-06-08 13:14:44,181 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine >>>>>> WITH >>>>>> >> >> > RECURSIVE >>>>>> >> >> > cte(id, parent_id) AS >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > (SELECT p2bases.id AS id, p2bases.parent_id AS parent_id >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > FROM p2bases >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > WHERE p2bases.id = p2bases.id UNION SELECT p2bases.id AS id, >>>>>> >> >> > p2bases.parent_id AS parent_id >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > FROM p2bases, cte >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > WHERE p2bases.id = cte.parent_id) >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > SELECT cte.id AS cte_id, cte.parent_id AS cte_parent_id >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > FROM cte >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > WHERE cte.id = %(id_1)s >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > 2018-06-08 13:14:44,182 INFO sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine >>>>>> {'id_1': >>>>>> >> >> > 20} >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > @hybrid_property.expression ANCESTORS CLS (20, 5) >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> > On Friday, June 8, 2018 at 12:27:28 PM UTC-5, Mike Bayer >>>>>> wrote: >>>>>> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> On Fri, Jun 8, 2018 at 12:16 PM, HP3 <henddher...@gmail.com> >>>>>> wrote: >>>>>> >> >> >> > Attached the whole file >>>>>> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> OK, removing all the "zope" stuff as well as all the other >>>>>> queries >>>>>> >> >> >> that aren't noted as failing, I am only looking at this >>>>>> query: >>>>>> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> ancestors = dbsession.query(P2B.ancestors).filter(P2B.id >>>>>> == >>>>>> >> >> >> child_id).all() # <<<< child_id IS NEVER USED IN EXPRESSION >>>>>> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> the problem is that you are re-introducing P2B a second >>>>>> time, rather >>>>>> >> >> >> than referring to the columns that your CTE returns, it >>>>>> should be: >>>>>> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> ansc = P2B.ancestors >>>>>> >> >> >> ancestors = dbsession.query(ansc).filter(ansc.c.id == >>>>>> >> >> >> child_id).all() >>>>>> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> this produces SQL that obeys the same form I see at >>>>>> >> >> >> >>>>>> https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/static/queries-with.html. >>>>>> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> Since P2B.ancestors produces a new selectable each time, you >>>>>> need to >>>>>> >> >> >> assign it to a variable in order to refer to its set of >>>>>> columns >>>>>> >> >> >> without re-introducing it. >>>>>> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> >> > >>>>>> >> >> >> > On Thursday, June 7, 2018 at 7:01:21 PM UTC-5, HP3 wrote: >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> Hello >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> Having difficulty with CTE and >>>>>> @hybrid_property.expression on a >>>>>> >> >> >> >> adjacency >>>>>> >> >> >> >> list model. >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> class P2B(Base): >>>>>> >> >> >> >> __tablename__ = 'p2bases' >>>>>> >> >> >> >> id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) >>>>>> >> >> >> >> classname = Column(String) >>>>>> >> >> >> >> parent_id = Column( >>>>>> >> >> >> >> Integer, >>>>>> >> >> >> >> ForeignKey('p2bases.id', ondelete='CASCADE'), >>>>>> >> >> >> >> index=True >>>>>> >> >> >> >> ) >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> parent = relationship( >>>>>> >> >> >> >> 'P2B', >>>>>> >> >> >> >> primaryjoin='P2B.parent_id == P2B.id', >>>>>> >> >> >> >> foreign_keys='P2B.id', >>>>>> >> >> >> >> uselist=False >>>>>> >> >> >> >> ) >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> __mapper_args__ = { >>>>>> >> >> >> >> 'polymorphic_identity': 'P2B', >>>>>> >> >> >> >> 'polymorphic_on': classname >>>>>> >> >> >> >> } >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> @hybrid_property >>>>>> >> >> >> >> def ancestors(self): >>>>>> >> >> >> >> _ancestors = [] >>>>>> >> >> >> >> parent = self.parent >>>>>> >> >> >> >> while parent is not None: >>>>>> >> >> >> >> _ancestors.append(parent) >>>>>> >> >> >> >> parent = parent.parent >>>>>> >> >> >> >> return _ancestors >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> @ancestors.expression >>>>>> >> >> >> >> def ancestors(cls): >>>>>> >> >> >> >> cte = select([P2B.id, P2B.parent_id]) \ >>>>>> >> >> >> >> .where(P2B.id == cls.id) \ # <<<<<< Based >>>>>> on >>>>>> >> >> >> >> Example1 >>>>>> >> >> >> >> .cte(name='cte', recursive=True) >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> cte = cte.union( >>>>>> >> >> >> >> select([P2B.id, P2B.parent_id]) >>>>>> >> >> >> >> .where(P2B.id == cte.c.parent_id) >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> ) >>>>>> >> >> >> >> return cte >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> The issue I am facing is that the SQL statement for >>>>>> ancestors >>>>>> >> >> >> >> expression >>>>>> >> >> >> >> becomes this >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> WITH RECURSIVE cte(id, parent_id) AS >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> (SELECT p2bases.id AS id, p2bases.parent_id AS parent_id >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> FROM p2bases >>>>>> >> >> >> >> >>>>>> >> >> >> >> WHERE p2bases.id = <a href="http://p2bases.id"; >>>>>> target="_blank" rel="nofollow" onmousedown="this.href=' >>>>>> http://www.google.com/url?q\x3dhttp%3A%2F%2Fp2bases.id\x26sa\x3dD\x26sntz\x3d1\x26usg\x3dAFQjCNFXb6853cCgweqpw68fbajiKFHNJg';return >>>>>> >>>>>> <http://www.google.com/url?q%5Cx3dhttp%3A%2F%2Fp2bases.id%5Cx26sa%5Cx3dD%5Cx26sntz%5Cx3d1%5Cx26usg%5Cx3dAFQjCNFXb6853cCgweqpw68fbajiKFHNJg';return> >>>>>> >>>>>> true;" onclick="this.href=' >>>>>> http://www.google.com/url?q\x3dhttp%3A%2F%2Fp2bases.id\x26sa\x3dD\x26sntz\x3d1\x26usg\x3dAFQj >>>>>> >>>>>> <http://www.google.com/url?q%5Cx3dhttp%3A%2F%2Fp2bases.id%5Cx26sa%5Cx3dD%5Cx26sntz%5Cx3d1%5Cx26usg%5Cx3dAFQj> >>>>> >>>>> -- >>>> SQLAlchemy - >>>> The Python SQL Toolkit and Object Relational Mapper >>>> >>>> http://www.sqlalchemy.org/ >>>> >>>> To post example code, please provide an MCVE: Minimal, Complete, and >>>> Verifiable Example. See http://stackoverflow.com/help/mcve for a full >>>> description. >>>> --- >>>> You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google >>>> Groups "sqlalchemy" group. >>>> To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send >>>> an email to sqlalchemy+...@googlegroups.com. >>>> To post to this group, send email to sqlal...@googlegroups.com. >>>> Visit this group at https://groups.google.com/group/sqlalchemy. >>>> For more options, visit https://groups.google.com/d/optout. >>>> >>> -- >> SQLAlchemy - >> The Python SQL Toolkit and Object Relational Mapper >> >> http://www.sqlalchemy.org/ >> >> To post example code, please provide an MCVE: Minimal, Complete, and >> Verifiable Example. 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