Q and A 18123 G
Q1 & Q4 The closest ancestors of modern-day humans (*Homo sapiens)* and
other subspecies of the genus *Homo *are thought to have originated in
Eastern Africa around 2.85 million years ago. Archaeologists interested in
the link between the earliest members of the genus *Homo *and modern humans
often study the migration patterns of *Homo sapiens* and their closest
relatives to refine our evolutionary tree. The earliest record of
modern-day humans dates to around 250,000 years ago, but, until recently,
the earliest *Homo sapiens *fossil found outside of Africa was only about
120,000 years old. A recent discovery of a partially intact *Homo sapiens* jaw
bone in Israel, however, has been dated between 177,000 and 194,000 years
old.
Israel Hershkovitz of Tel Aviv University led the expedition responsible
for unearthing the well-preserved jaw fragment. The fossil suggests that
modern-day humans were exploring regions outside of Africa more than 55,000
years earlier than previously thought. This finding adds further
complications to the accepted understanding of *Homo sapiens* dispersal,
which primarily consists of two waves of out-of- Africa migration at
100,000 and 70,000 years ago. Genetic testing indicates that modern-day
humans are likely direct descendants of the second wave of *Homo
sapiens* out-of-
Africa migration.
While there may be no genetic link between today’s humans and the newly
discovered fossil at the moment, this finding is critical to scientific
understanding of the behavior of the earliest *Homo sapiens*. Scientists
hope to resolve the motivation behind the earliest and seemingly sporadic
episodes of out-of-Africa exploration, which are inconsistent with the two
primary waves of *Homo sapiens* migration.
Is the Out of Africa Theory Out?
An examination of over 5,000 teeth from early human ancestors shows that
many of the first Europeans probably came from Asia. All the ancestors of
contemporary Europeans apparently did not migrate out of Africa as
previously believed. According to a new analysis of more than 5,000 teeth
from long-perished members of the genus *Homo* and the closely related
*Australopithecus,* many early settlers hailed from Asia.
"Teeth are the best genetic marker that we have in the fossil record
itself," Trinkaus says, because "they are as close as we can get to a
reflection of the individual's genetic makeup." The reason: Tooth crowns
are genetically determined—and thus reflect an individual's genotype—and
are not affected by environmental stress during development.
Scientists found that teeth from African specimens were a different shape
or morphology than those from Eurasian samples. The researchers wrote that
teeth toward the front of the mouth from Eurasians had more "morphological
robusticity," such as a triangular, shovel shape. Their back teeth were
smaller and had smoother chewing surfaces; the rear teeth from African
samples were larger and the chewing surfaces on them more pointy and jagged.
"The continuity of the 'Eurasian dental pattern' from the early Pleistocene
until the appearance of upper Pleistocene Neandertals suggests that the
evolutionary courses of the Eurasian and the African continents were
relatively independent for a long period and that the impact of Asia in the
colonization of Europe was stronger than that of Africa," the researchers
wrote in the new report. "This finding does not necessarily imply that
there was no genetic flow between continents, but emphasizes that this
interchange could have been both ways."
That means that Flow from here to anywhere and vice versa were feasible
since people were generally nomadic due to weather conditions. Land mass
movements had caused many entries and exits of people; the theory people
were born only fro Kenya (Africa) is absurd). Teets tell the truth.
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Q2 1 There are 2 exceptional mammals laying eggs whose category is
extinct or rarity. 2 The way they do travel or run on earth and space,
would make them, uncapable of bearing a child; and eggs laying does not
require any mating too. GOD is intelligent not Darwin.
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Q3 Mumbai and New York are one and the same. Kasi is no different. The
rent payable is equated with the income earned; and it is the highest tax
payers as well as tax evaders regions. Corruption is also higher than all
places .
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Q5 1 Malnutrition coupled with dehydration (usually secondary to
diarrhea) is one of the major causes of morbidity and death in the Third
World. The mortality rate is high, especially in children; *four to five
million die each year*. Then how does one say that drowning is more than…..?
2 One popular fact included on numerous list of "science facts that
sound wrong" is the claim that there are more trees on Earth than stars in
our own Milky Way galaxy. This claim has its origins in a September 2015
*paper* <https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14967.epdf> published in the
scientific journal *Nature* titled “Mapping Tree Density at a Global
Scale,” which provided an estimate for the number of trees on Earth of 3.04
trillion:
We provide the first spatially continuous map of forest tree density at a
global scale. This map reveals that the global number of trees is
approximately 3.04 trillion, an order of magnitude higher than the previous
estimate. Of these trees, approximately 1.30 trillion exist in tropical and
subtropical forests, with 0.74 trillion in boreal regions and 0.66 trillion
in temperate regions.
According to *NASA*
<https://asd.gsfc.nasa.gov/blueshift/index.php/2015/07/22/how-many-stars-in-the-milky-way/>
education
and outreach specialist Maggie Masetti, most estimates put the number of
stars in the Milky Way at between 100 billion and 400 billion stars:
There are different models for estimating the number of stars in the Milky
Way and the answers they give differ depending on what is used as the
average mass of a star. The most common answer seems to be that there are
100 billion stars in the Milky Way on the low-end and 400 billion on the
high end. But I’ve seen even higher numbers thrown around.
However, 15 billion trees are cut down every year. And map[ping trees is a
mere estimate. Also Stars as visible to calculate the mass and to our
vision alone is sited. Stars must be in trillions too as they die naturally
unlike trees cut down. And trees are more than the stars is a wishful
thinking only under ignorance.
3 ONLY the *superionic ice is black and hot*
*4 Naturally; a million is 11 days; a billion is 11000 days or 32
years because 1000 times; what is there to wonder? *
*5 Not only cucumbers but also bananas, tomatoes and grapes too. One seed,
one flower alone is other than berry. KR IRS 18123*
On Wed, 18 Jan 2023 at 16:04, 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 <
[email protected]> wrote:
> *CULTURAL QA 01-2023-14*
>
> *BEING A COMPILATION THERE MAY BE ERRORS*
>
> Q1 When I was young, I read in a British Atlas that there were
> three racial groups - Mongol; Negro; and Caucasian. Notwithstanding the old
> fashioned terminology, is this still the basic distinction between
> races/ethnicities is understood and taught?
>
> A1 Claire Jordan, Degree in biology and folklore; programmer,
> shop owner, secretary on newspaper Sun
>
> No. Caucasoid and Mongoloid have a certain amount of loose validity as
> relating to an early division between the groups of early Homo sapiens *who
> left Africa and split to go east and north-west.* But they’re not as
> clear-cut as Victorians liked to think, and although there are some broad
> characteristics which are common, and different, in each group, the
> differences between the two are not really any greater than the differences
> between the groups within them.
>
> *So you can say, the great majority of “Mongoloid” people have straight
> hair and double eyelids, while “Causcasoid” people nearly all have single
> eyelids and often have wavy hair*, but you can find people from two
> neighbouring villages who have different average heights, different noses
> etc which are just as noticeable. and characteristic. *The late Hapsburgs
> with their exaggerated chins were much more different from other Europeans
> than Europeans are from East Asians.*
>
> *Meanwhile, Negroid isn’t a thing *at all*. Most of human genetic
> diversity is still back home in Africa*, and a Somali and a San are more
> different from each other, physically and genetically, than a Korean is
> from a Norwegian. *There are dozens of very different ethnic types in
> sub-Saharan Africa:* the only reason anyone ever thought that they were
> one group was because most of the black people most Victorian ethnologists
> had met were slaves or descendants of slaves, and *most slaves came from
> West Africa. What the Victorians called Negroid is really just “Angolan
> type”.*
>
> Q2 Why can fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds lay eggs but
> mammals don't?
>
> A2 Peter Ramirez, Dog owner & have watched hundreds of wildlife
> shows. Updated Jan 8
>
> *Because mammals evolved to skip that step.*
>
> *Mammals do “lay eggs.” It’s just that nearly all female mammals retain
> their eggs inside the uterus and the developing offspring grows inside the
> placenta, with the female feeding the fetus through an umbilical cord.*
>
> Carrying the developing young to term allows the female to retain energy
> and resources otherwise expended on multiple fertilized eggs, so the mother
> can provide more for one or few offspring and it also keeps the unborn as
> safe as the mother can be if she needs to flee danger.
>
> *No random acts of predators invading and stealing from the nest while the
> mother is off foraging for food,* or so many hatchlings making an easy
> meal for the wider ecosystem, which also means less of a need for and
> wasted resources expended as part of the shotgun approach of tens, hundreds
> or thousands of eggs delivered in return for the minuscule number of
> creatures that ultimately survive.
>
> *Ultimately, it also allows for longer gestation periods and fuller
> development of the young before* entering the world, *one of the reasons
> mammals are capable of higher intelligence in adulthood than fish, fowl and
> reptiles.*
>
> Q3 What facts about Mumbai would people not believe unless they
> come to Mumbai?
>
> A3 Anwesha Dutta, Calcuttan working in Mumbai Updated 6y
>
> *The rent begins where your imagination stops- It’s* practically
> impossible to find a half-decent place in your budget. *No matter how
> much the budget, you’ll always overshoot it.*
>
> The bachelor locha- If you are a single woman/man, you can’t find a nice
> place without unfair restrictions even if you are ready to shell out some
> extra money. Actually you’d be lucky even to find a nice place. *Bachelors
> are considered sub-human by the urban khaps called societies.*
>
> *Living in boxes- Houses or the bungalow, as it’s* called here, are
> either very old dilapidated ones, or are owned by the Kapoor family and
> other bollywood stars. Everyone lives in flats. If you tell your
> colleague that you’ve an actual house back home with a terrace and
> everything, you’d be considered seriously rich, and extravagant.
>
> *The 1RK phenomenon-There exists something even* smaller than a 1bhk.
> It’s called the 1rk- one room kitchen.
>
> *What is a balcony? Having a balcony is a privilege* that very few have.
> There are entire apartments without any balcony. Sometimes a big window
> with a parapet will be called a balcony by brokers/owners.
>
> *Pack and move- Everything including tea can be* packed and taken home.
>
> *Vada pav- is nothing but a aloo bonda or vada* inside a pav or loaf of
> bread. A few places may give you some chutney along, but that’s it, mostly!
>
> *The pav factor- Mumbaikars love their pav. To the* extent that they have
> samosa, pakoda, omelette and sometimes even bhel with pav. A lot of vada
> pav walas find it weird if you order a samosa, just a samosa that is,
> without pav.
>
> *Two idlis in 1 plate- Only in Mumbai is it possible to* serve two small
> idlis and call it 1 plate and price it at Rs 60. You do get idlis at the
> road side joints for lesser price and more quantity, but dare you order it
> at a veg eatery or restaurant.
>
> And this!
>
> *11. Liberty- In spite of being highly segregated,* Mumbai manages to be
> the safest city for women in India. I mean, imagine going from Colaba to
> Kandivali at 1.30 in the night in a local train, that too after some
> serious clubbing! *Nobody tries to grope you, no obscene remarks or
> ogling, people just go about their own business.*
>
> *12. Need for speed- Mumbaikars don’t believe in* slowing down or
> waiting. Therefore when a train arrives at a station, even before it comes
> to a halt, everyone starts jumping in. Once inside the train, the crowd
> will either push forward or block the door, because the next priority after
> getting in, is getting out, even if there are 6 stations in between.
>
> *13. Off hona- If your neighbour tells you, ‘mere* dadaji pichhle saal
> off ho gaye’, it doesn’t mean s/he disliked the grandfather. It simply
> means he passed away last year.
>
> *14. Monsoon is unromantic and many times anti-*climactic- If you live in
> Mumbai for a couple of years, all your romantic associations with monsoon
> will be washed away in no time. In Mumbai, if it rains it doesn’t stop till
> the next morning and there is a good chance that the train lines will be
> flooded by the time it does, which means it’s a great excuse to skip work.
> In most scenarios, you cannot go for work even if you are a sincere
> employee. But the incessant rain is depressing and gloomy. It’s not the
> kind you’d enjoy with chai and pakoda.
>
> *15. East or West- the Eastern side and Western side* of any place is as
> far as two separate islands. So if you are planning to work in the east and
> live in the west or vice versa, you should consider a change of plans. *It’s
> easier to live on the same side, than in the same area.*
>
> *16. Just how big is the carpet? There is a super built* up area, built
> up area, and carpet area. #justsaying
>
> *17. Bombay vs Mumbai- There won’t be any angry* mob scenario if you call
> Bombay as Bombay. Mumbaikars are actually very hospitable and not
> jingoistic at all.
>
> *18. No change, no problem- Unlike all the cities* have been to, Mumbai
> auto walahs and taxi drivers would let go off that 1 Re change. Chutta nai
> hai, koi baat nai. *At times, the auto drivers have been kind enough to
> exempt even up to Rs 3.* And they’re always there, wee hours into the
> night, early morning, always. There are those who would reject you if you
> want to travel a short distance. But then, they always go by metre, there
> is no need to bargain. They are more willing and even more professional,
> unlike their brethren in other Indian cities, like someone mentioned in the
> comments. So if you’re a single woman, new to the city, fear not and trust
> in the auto wale bhaiyaas.
>
> Bombay, or Mumbai as it is called now, reminds me the opening lines of
> W.H. Auden’s poem Refugee Blues.
>
> “Say this city has ten million souls,
>
> Some are living in mansions, some are living in holes:
>
> Yet there is no place for us, my dear, yet there’s no place for us.”
>
> *Unlike the Germany of Auden’s time, Mumbai has a place for everyone*.
> You probably won’t like the place, you probably would live in the said
> holes or the boxes, and every night you’d smoke the poor man’s cigarette,
> and watch the smoke spiralling upwards towards the mansions that have no
> place for you, the mansions that are symbolic of both opulence and hubris
> of the city. But eventually, it accommodates you.
>
> Q4 How come there is Neanderthal and Denisovans DNA in modern
> humans if species cannot successfully interbreed?
>
> A4 Claire Jordan, Degree in biology and folklore; programmer,
> shop owner, secretary on newspaper Tue
>
> *We also consider two groups to be separate species if they could
> interbreed but don’t* (even when given the chance), or if they can
> interbreed but do so with reduced success, or of they hybridise freely but
> a high proportion of the hybrids are sterile. What evidence we have
> suggests that the third one was the case with Neanderthals or Denisovans
> and us.
>
> *See, we nearly all have a lot of Neanderthal genes, and some modern
> groups also have Denisovan genes.* *But nobody that we’ve tested has
> either a Neanderthal/Denisovan Y-chromosome, or their mitochondria. *That
> suggests that the only hybrids who were fertile (or possibly the only ones
> who were even viable) were either daughters of N/D fathers and sapiens
> mothers, or sons of N/D mothers and sapiens fathers.
>
> Q5 What are some mind-blowing facts that sound unreal but are
> actually true?
>
> A5 Prabhat Mishra, Average everyday normal guy!1 0mo
>
> *More people die by drowning than by dehydration,* in deserts.
>
> This can be true about sea too, more people die because of dehydration
> than by drowning, in seas.
>
> *There are more trees on the Earth, than stars in the* milky way.
>
> Maybe to find this fact suprising, you need to know enough surprising
> facts about the milky way.
>
> Before we put wheels on suitcases, we had reached moon.
>
> Ofcourse because luggage isn't that heavy on the moon.
>
> *Ice water can be hot enough to burn your face off!*
>
> Chemistry gets weird with pressure (pun intended).
>
> *A million seconds is about 11 days. A billion seconds is about 32 years*.
> (I find this fact too weird.)
>
> I know someone who showered last 10! seconds ago. (Decrypt this :-P)
>
> *Cucumber are berries. Technically. **⊙**.**☉*
>
> *All the above QA are from Quora website on 18-01- 2023.*
>
> *Quora answers need not be 100% correct answers .*
>
> *Compiled **and posted by R. Gopala krishnan on 19-01-2023*
>
>
>
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