I haven't verified this, but you are probably up against some problem caused by using floating point to store money.
The problem is that, when people see something like the floating point number, 3.15 they think, aha, this is a decimal number just like I learned in school when I was 10 years old. This is 3 plus one-tenth, plus 5 one hundreths. exactly. I know everything about this sort of thing, I learned it when I was 10. In particular, you probably learned this properly of numbers in general. (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) (associative properly of addition) And while you probably had not thought about this property, you definitely exepected it to work with your 3.15 when you want to add it to 2.17 And, herein lies the rub. floating point numbers, despite looking exactly the same as what you learned in school (A terrible design decision, I think that if we wrote them 3_15 or 3#15 we would have many fewer problems now, but it got made before I was born, so .... ) ARE NOT the things you learned in school. Not all decimal numbers are exactly representable in floating point. As a result the law of association fails. The correct result can indeed depend on the order in which you do your operations. You can read more about this here: https://docs.python.org/3.5/faq/design.html#why-are-floating-point-calculations-so-inaccurate and in the tutorial: https://docs.python.org/3.5/tutorial/floatingpoint.html#tut-fp-issues This is also good. http://floating-point-gui.de/ And if you want a more serious, mathematical approach, this ACM reprint is _really good_, but not to everybody's taste. https://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19957-01/806-3568/ncg_goldberg.html Most of the time, this does not matter, because most of the people using floating point are scientists. Scientists, contrary to popular belief, are not all that concerned with exact accuracy. Their results always come with an error estimate. 'the distance is such and such +/- 10%' or +/- 0.005% or what have you. So, as long as you do your calculations in such a way that the floating point error is covered in the % of uncertainty that you have anyway, your answer is perfectly correct enough for science. And floating calculations are much, much faster than fixed point decimal calculations, which in the old days meant the difference between getting a result for your calculations in a week or in more than a month. No wonder the scientists were happy to trade accuracy which they couldn't use for speed, which they had immediate need for. But once you get to calculations with money, you are suddenly out of the realm of science. (Even if some economists might want to tell you different. :) ) Money is exact. Nobody is willing to accept 10 pounds +/- 10% for a pizza, and allow people to pay anything between 9 pounds and 11 pounds as an ok price. In python we have a fix for this, called the Decimal object. Decimals behave the way you want them to -- i.e. the principle of associaton holds. https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/decimal.html So, if you are just noodling around, playing with things, using floats to store money is ok. It teaches bad habits, but that battle was fought and lost a long time ago. However, if you want to do something serious, like keep track of your own financial affairs with python, ***Don't Use Float For Money***. Please save yourself grief and use the Decimal type instead. Laura _______________________________________________ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor