@pabouk Hi. Thanks so much for the help!

In fact I wasn't able to use apt-get remove, because it tried to do apt-
get update first, which failed because of the inode exhaustion.

I wasn't comfortable removing anything manually because I didn't know
which files were safe to remove. All but one of  the surplus packages in
/usr/src were for a linux headers higher than my current linux version,
so for all I know the system might depend on them in some way when it
tries to upgrade itself from the current version. I erased the one,
older package, but this did not free enough inodes to allow any
operations to complete.

All of the linux headers were piling up in /usr/src. In the end I
resolved the process by doing the following:

1. attaching a much larger new volume, formating it, and mounting it on /mnt
2. cp -a /usr/src/* /mnt   # to copy all the linux headers onto the other volume
3. rm -rf /usr/src/*            # to remove them from the root volume
3. unmount the new volume mounted at /mnt   
4. remount the volume at /usr/src

By this sequence of operations, I exactly preserved the structure of
files and folders on the filesystem, while changing how the inode usage
was distributed over partitions. So that relieved the inode exhaustion.

Then I was able to use apt-get update, and apt-get autoremove, etc.. to
completed the pending upgrades and remove the unused packages.

My big takeaway from this is that I was naive to think unattended-
upgrades could run for years unattended, like a router.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1089195

Title:
  linux-headers will eat your inodes on LTS.

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