I've done some more experiments. After booting in the normal MAAS way
with Secure Boot disabled, I created an entry with efibootmgr to boot
directly from the local hard disk, bypassing MAAS and its PXE boot. The
system booted fine with this configuration, even after enabling Secure
Boot. Thus, this is not a blanket Secure Boot issue; it has something to
do with the handoff through multiple programs used by the MAAS
configuration. (I expected this to be the case because the first GRUB
delivered by MAAS booted OK; however, I know of at least one computer
that ignores Secure Boot for network boots.)

I then modified /boot/grub/grub.cfg to add entries to chainload from the
disk-based GRUB to itself, both directly and via the on-disk
shimx64.efi. Both these entries failed, with the same message noted
earlier:

/EndEntire
file path: /ACPI(a0341d0,0)/PCI(0,1)/PCI(0,0)/Ctrl(0)/SCSI(0,0)
/HD(15,800,100000,ae01bc523f0af546,2,2)/File(\efi\ubuntu)/File(shimx64.efi)/EndEntire
error: cannot load image.

(In the case of booting GRUB directly, of course, the message referenced
grubx64.efi, not shimx64.efi.)

I then installed rEFInd on the system. This starts fine, and can
redirect to grubx64.efi, which also starts fine and can launch a kernel;
however, if rEFInd boots shimx64.efi, although a GRUB menu appears, GRUB
refuses to load the kernel, with the following message:

Bootloader has not verified loaded image.
System is compromised.  halting.

rEFInd can also directly launch a signed Linux kernel, but not an
unsigned one. This is normal and expected behavior for rEFInd.

Thus, this appears to be a problem with shim verifying a second or
subsequent image and/or with something in the way GRUB is launching
chainloaded EFI programs. I ran into a similar problem with shim 0.8 and
rEFInd, which I worked around with an ugly hack in rEFInd 0.9.2;
however, I'm also reminded of bug 1091464, which has existed for much
longer and that may be related to this problem. In that bug, GRUB is
unable to chainload to Windows when Secure Boot is active. As the broken
point here seems to be GRUB launching shim, the problem seems analogous.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1578837

Title:
  Secure Boot failure on Lenovo x3550 M5

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