> The validation works fine however, when I just type the
http://localhost:8080/login.do 
> in my browser (no submit), the validation error will show up at once.
> I understand that it's just like I submit a form to login.do action
without any 
> parameter. My question is, do struts provide any simple method to
avoid this and just 
> show no error message?

There's a few different ways to handle this problem.

1) 2 action mappings -- 1 with validation turned off (welcome.do) and 1
with it on (login.do).

2) Turn validation off, and handle that in the action:

login.do

        if (isSubmitted) {
                errors = form.validate()
                // redirect or do other authenticate work
        } else {
                return mapping.findForward("login");
        }

HTH,

Dave


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