Matt, I appreciate this info! Is there a place where I can go to find more about how this all works?
Not that I'm aware of. There's some bits of information in the wiki, but there's no "one general source" of information...
http://wiki.apache.org/spamassassin/HowScoresAreAssigned?action=highlight&value=perceptron
Probably the best block of information is in the readme for the perceptron itself:
http://spamassassin.apache.org/full/3.0.x/dist/masses/README.perceptron
The rest of it tends to come from having a feel for statistics and how statistical systems operate, and a little bit of watching the devs discuss concepts over the years.