This page <https://www.vagrantup.com/docs/boxes/format.html> on vagrant 
file format tells us:

Today, there are three different components:
>
>    - 
>    
>    Box File - This is a compressed (tar, tar.gz, zip) file that is 
>    specific to a single provider and can contain anything. Vagrant core does 
>    not ever use the contents of this file. Instead, they are passed to the 
>    provider. Therefore, a VirtualBox box file has different contents from a 
>    VMware box file and so on.
>    - 
>    
>    Box Catalog Metadata - This is a JSON document (typically exchanged 
>    during interactions with HashiCorp's Vagrant Cloud 
>    <https://www.vagrantup.com/docs/vagrant-cloud>) that specifies the 
>    name of the box, a description, available versions, available providers, 
>    and URLs to the actual box files (next component) for each provider and 
>    version. If this catalog metadata does not exist, a box file can still be 
>    added directly, but it will not support versioning and updating.
>    - 
>    
>    Box Information - This is a JSON document that can provide additional 
>    information about the box that displays when a user runs vagrant box 
>    list -i. More information is provided here 
>    <https://www.vagrantup.com/docs/boxes/info.html>.
>    
> Note, how vargrantfile is not mentioned anywhere in this description or 
elsewhere on the page.

Yet, if we read this page 
<https://www.packer.io/docs/post-processors/vagrant.html> from packer 
documentation we can read:

vagrantfile_template 
> <https://www.packer.io/docs/post-processors/vagrant.html#vagrantfile_template>
>  (string) 
> - Path to a template to use for the Vagrantfile that is packaged with the 
> box. 


This implies that a vagrantfile can indeed be packaged with the box.

How does this work? Why one includes vagrantfile with a box and how this 
vagrantfile is used and how it interact with the normal vagrantfile which 
we are using with `vagrant up`?

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