>Audio goes to a speaker and a phone jack and was never mixed with the video in 
>a composite output.
>  Some third party may have made an NTSC, National Television Standards 
> Committee, conversion
> to allow for a second monitor but I never saw it. Apple's earlier Apple II 
> line did put  out NTSC video
> and you could run a TV monitor from that but even there I don't think the 
> audio was ever mixed with the video.

That would have been a good trick on a ][. :)
There wasn't an audio signal to encode.   Apple ][ sound came from
adressng a 16 byte block of memory, which toggles the speaker.  Not by
writing.a value; it w done straight from the address lines, which
wren't decoded past the last four bits for this and some other
purposes (the cassette, and I think th game inputs and outputs).  When
those twelve high bits appeared on the address line, the  flip-flop
was toggles.  Toggle fast enough, and you got a tone.

As for video, the base composite video is the greyscale image and
horizontal and vertical sync.  Color is done by drift from the 3.58
MHz "color burst" subcarrier attached to this signal--which is why
color home computers on televisions never went past the density of the
][.  The ][ finagled color by tickling that carrier; the pixels were
appearing at twice that frequency on the screen, and it shifted them a
half pixel to get color in hires mode (and this also causes the
purplish tint of text on most monitors until the Rev 7 or so
motherboard).


-- 
The Hawkins Law Firm
Richard E. Hawkins, Esq.
(702) 508-8462
[email protected]
3025 S. Maryland Parkway
Las Vegas, NV  89109

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