I just looked at Marco’s comment of May 20 on the Rossi Blog Reader, Tom Conway’s comment and Rossi’s answer to Conway. Marco is close to the right answer IMHO.
The following is Macro’s comment: >>>>>>”Regarding magnetic fields I am very curious. I am a researcher in the >>>>>>medical field and have access to magnetic resonance devices, with fields >>>>>>up to 3 Tesla. I ever wondered if a strong magnetic field can increase >>>>>>the hydrogen loading in nickel lattice or reaction rate, since a strong >>>>>>magnetic field has a big effect on hydrogen atoms.” “Nickel is a ferromagnetic element, so it should further increase the local magnetic field. Hydrogen atoms subject to a magnetic field tend to align with it: the stronger, the lesser the casual orientation of the atoms spin. Another property of hydrogen (along with each atom with odd number of protons or neutrons) is the resonance. For hydrogen subject to a magnetic field of B Tesla, it is susceptible to an RF pulse of 43.5*B MHz center frequency. (43.5MGz is called the Gyromagnetic ratio). This means that an aligned hydrogen atom, can be excited with a such RF pulse. The more the intensity, the more the energy absorbed. Then the hydrogen atom returns to the quiescent state with a time constant depending on the material in which is immersed. This is exploited in the magnetic resonance devices to detect which material the hydrogen is immersed in.” “But we don’t care of this behaviour, becouse we care only of the fact that an RF pulse can give energy to hydrogen atoms. This can increase the reaction rate into an Ecat: excited atoms are more prone to reaction: we know tha temperature is one of the contro factor. But heat is unordered oscillation of the atoms, while an RF pulse on hydrogen aligned with a magnetic field is an ordered oscillation. If the nickel lattice is regular enough (i am thinking of a solid rod instead of a powder, but also in a powder there should be an effect), an ordered oscillation is better of a chaoitc oscillation. At worst it should have the same effect of heat.” “I don’t know if you have a codified method to calculate the frequency of the RF pulses to give to the Ecat, but here there is the possible theoretic background: A DC current in the coil, with nickel mixture in the inside, produce a magnetic field of B Tesla (you can measure it). Then, the best RF pulse to att to the DC component should have 43.5*B MHz as main frequency. The more the intensity, the more the “cadence”, the more energy you give to the hydrogen atoms. It can even happen that a strong enough RF pulse train can start the reactions even with cold reactor. This can be a method to trigger the reaction even at “low” temperature. Obviously the RF pulse intensity should be lowered with the increase of the reactor temperature.” “This can also explain the instabilities that you may have detected during the R&D phase and the increase of the reaction rate with some RF pulses: RF pulses have multiple frequency harmonics and probabily one of them excited hydrogen atoms immersed in the low magnetic field of the coil.” “Here i gave a theory and a possible direction of research…” “Regards, Marco” <<<<<<<< Those devices Marco refers to are nuclear magnetic resonance machines I believe. I did my own research on them in 1961. Bob Cook From: bobcook39...@hotmail.com<mailto:bobcook39...@hotmail.com> Sent: Saturday, May 20, 2017 2:26 PM To: vortex-l@eskimo.com<mailto:vortex-l@eskimo.com> Subject: RE: [Vo]:quantum thermodynamics and the Second Law-- Dave and Bob-- In common nuclear magnetic resonance machines the angular momentum of nuclei are changed by a resonant radio frequency energy source in a strong ambient magnetic field. That field aligns the nuclear magnetic dipoles and creates new discrete potential energy levels for the nuclei. When excited to a new level by the radio frequency input, the nuclei are said to be in an elevated isomeric energy state. When the ambient magnetic field is shut off, the nuclei relax giving off EM energy. This energy from the relaxing nuclei is monitored to determine the location and concentration of nuclei which return to a ground state. I believe the energy associated with the various nuclear spin states is considered nuclear binding potential energy, but not associated with mass energy binding protons and neutrons within a nucleus. However, this potential energy of an isomer DOES add mass to nuclei. Thus, I would guess that transitions of nuclear species during LENR from one ground state to another ground state (with a different combination of neutrons and protons and lower net angular momentum) would involve coupling via a magnetic field to the orbital electrons of a metal lattice. You can call that energy mass energy, binding energy or whatever. It is a parameter of the nucleus in question in units of joules. Energy is energy no matter what force field is involved IMHO. Dave, ( I believe linear momentum can be co-linear (not necessarily orthogonal) with angular momentum for properties ascribed to a particle or system of particles. Even thought they have the same units mass-length/time, one must change in units of h/2pie and the other is associated with free particles in space and subject to uncertainty in its actual value reflecting Planck’s constant, h. ( I am not sure I understand your comment regarding classical physics.) Bob Cook From: David Roberson<mailto:dlrober...@aol.com> Sent: Saturday, May 20, 2017 11:29 AM To: vortex-l@eskimo.com<mailto:vortex-l@eskimo.com> Subject: Re: [Vo]:quantum thermodynamics and the Second Law-- Of course, in classical physics linear momentum and angular momentum are orthogonal to each other and can not be exchanged within a closed system. Dave -----Original Message----- From: Bob Higgins <rj.bob.higg...@gmail.com> To: vortex-l <vortex-l@eskimo.com> Sent: Sat, May 20, 2017 11:16 am Subject: Re: [Vo]:quantum thermodynamics and the Second Law-- This is interesting thinking. The idea that angular momentum, linear momentum, and energy are "conserved" is a hypothesis created and supported (as I understand it) by observation, not by derivation based upon a fundamental principle. While it would be a violation of the hypothesis, trading between these conserved quantities would not invalidate a fundamental premise (am I correct?). So, Bob, when you say, "Trading nuclear potential energy for metal lattice electron orbital (thermal) angular momentum is LENR", what is the nuclear potential energy that you are saying is being traded (exchanged) into the electron orbital angular momentum? What in the nucleus do you envision being traded? Clearly the nucleus is not as well understood as we imagine. If you read Norman Cook's book, "Models of the Atomic Nucleus", you will see the sorry state of things. Present models for the nucleus predict fission as occurring in equal portions, but experiment shows that is far from the case. Even though we rely heavily on engineering of nuclear fission, the models don't predict the characteristics of the reaction. Could the "smallness" of the constituents in the nucleus allow interaction with a zero-point field, where at such small scales physics is different than we know? Could the trading of "conserved" quantities be commonplace at such small scales? On Sat, May 20, 2017 at 7:30 AM, bobcook39...@hotmail.com<mailto:bobcook39...@hotmail.com> <bobcook39...@hotmail.com<mailto:bobcook39...@hotmail.com>> wrote: The following link contains interesting views on the subject of this thread. IMHO these are key LENR concepts. Trading nuclear potential energy for metal lattice electron orbital (thermal) angular momentum is LENR. http://www.quantamagazine.org/the-quantum-thermodynamics-revolution-20170502/ The following is excerpted from the article on thermodynamics: “Imagine a vast container, or reservoir, of particles that possess both energy and angular momentum (they’re both moving around and spinning). This reservoir is connected to both a weight, which takes energy to lift, and a turning turntable, which takes angular momentum to speed up or slow down. Normally, a single reservoir can’t do any work — this goes back to Carnot’s discovery about the need for hot and cold reservoirs. But the researchers found that a reservoir containing multiple conserved quantities follows different rules. “If you have two different physical quantities that are conserved, like energy and angular momentum,” Popescu said, “as long as you have a bath that contains both of them, then you can trade one for another.” In the hypothetical weight-reservoir-turntable system, the weight can be lifted as the turntable slows down, or, conversely, lowering the weight causes the turntable to spin faster. The researchers found that the quantum information describing the particles’ energy and spin states can act as a kind of currency that enables trading between the reservoir’s energy and angular momentum supplies. The notion that conserved quantities can be traded for one another in quantum systems is brand new. It may suggest the need for a more complete thermodynamic theory that would describe not only the flow of energy, but also the interplay between all the conserved quantities in the universe. The fact that energy has dominated the thermodynamics story up to now might be circumstantial rather than profound, Oppenheim said. Carnot and his successors might have developed a thermodynamic theory governing the flow of, say, angular momentum to go with their engine theory, if only there had been a need. “We have energy sources all around us that we want to extract and use,” Oppenheim said. “It happens to be the case that we don’t have big angular momentum heat baths around us. We don’t come across huge gyroscopes.” _”Popescu, who won a Dirac Medal last year for his insights in quantum information theory and quantum foundations, said he and his collaborators work by “pushing quantum mechanics into a corner,” gathering at a blackboard and reasoning their way to a new insight after which it’s easy to derive the associated equations. Some realizations are in the process of crystalizing. In one of several phone conversations in March, Popescu discussed a new thought experiment that illustrates a distinction between information and other conserved quantities — and indicates how symmetries in nature might set them apart.” [https://ipmcdn.avast.com/images/icons/icon-envelope-tick-green-avg-v1.png]<http://www.avg.com/email-signature?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=webmail> Virus-free. www.avg.com<http://www.avg.com/email-signature?utm_medium=email&utm_source=link&utm_campaign=sig-email&utm_content=webmail>
