Electron inelastic scattering experiments conducted with various accelerators starting in the 1960’s do not indicate a “gluon soup” but constituents of nucleons equal in mass to electrons and positrons, but not quarks nor gluons.
In addition the early data indicate a physical structure that includes sub-nucleon particles of a mass close to a free muon’s mass. As the experiments improved in the energy of the electron beams, the smaller constituents (positrons and electrons) were revealed. A book recently completed by William Stubbs evaluates these experimental results and the validation of a physical model of nucleons that appears to include elementary particles--positrons, electrons and neutrinos, but no gluons or quarks based on the scattering data. See: http://vixra.org/abs/1912.0083 The Stubb’s nucleon model reflects nucleon physical structures described by P. Hatt and his prediction of nuclear binding energies, magnetic moments and other nuclear measurable parameters. See: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=20&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjtnYX25_TmAhVNnp4KHR2RAdIQFjATegQIARAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcoldfusioncommunity.net%2Fpdf%2Fjcmns%2Fv26%2F45_JCMNS-Vol26.pdf&usg=AOvVaw3Kwxo0pY6YUIHQg3oorArS Finally, Jurg Wyttenbach’s SO(4) physical model provides accurate predictions of all nuclear forces and appears to provide additional details of a real nucleon structure and measurable parameters as well as gravitational phenomena. See: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Juerg_Wyttenbach IMHO all three items provide validation of nuclear structure forces that are all electro-magnetic in nature. Bob Cook From: H LV<mailto:hveeder...@gmail.com> Sent: Wednesday, January 8, 2020 9:15 AM To: vortex-l@eskimo.com<mailto:vortex-l@eskimo.com> Subject: [Vo]:Mystery Hiding Inside Every Atom There's a Giant Mystery Hiding Inside Every Atom in the Universe By Rafi Letzter - Staff Writer No one really knows what happens inside an atom. But two competing groups of scientists think they've figured it out. And both are racing to prove that their own vision is correct. Here's what we know for sure: Electrons whiz around "orbitals" in an atom's outer shell. Then there's a whole lot of empty space. And then, right in the center of that space, there's a tiny nucleus — a dense knot of protons and neutrons that give the atom most of its mass. Those protons and neutrons cluster together, bound by what's called the strong force. And the numbers of those protons and neutrons determine whether the atom is iron or oxygen or xenon, and whether it's radioactive or stable. Still, no one knows how those protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) behave inside an atom. Outside an atom, protons and neutrons have definite sizes and shapes. Each of them is made up of three smaller particles called quarks, and the interactions between those quarks are so intense that no external force should be able to deform them, not even the powerful forces between particles in a nucleus. But for decades, researchers have known that the theory is in some way wrong. Experiments have shown that, inside a nucleus, protons and neutrons appear much larger than they should be. Physicists have developed two competing theories that try to explain that weird mismatch, and the proponents of each are quite certain the other is incorrect. Both camps agree, however, that whatever the correct answer is, it must come from a field beyond their own.... https://www.livescience.com/mystery-of-proton-neutron-behavior-in-nucleus.html?fbclid=IwAR0IlQmBawS5EkgkaXxl9SET0bExL-su9Yt3dETNlsea0G9AfWzLV7-7OHQ
