I dont think this is relevant.
Rossi himself has said somewhere in a video or interview, there might be
an error of 5% in the steam calculation.
If we assume steam was 50% wet, which is physically impossible, then we
still get a COP of about 3.
50% wet is rain and not fog or steam.
So the only questions remaining is if there are errors with the input
energy measurement or if liquid cold or hot water was flushed out or
sucked out or all this combined.
Am 19.11.2011 21:39, schrieb Alan Fletcher:
Boiler Efficiency and Steam Quality: The Challenge of Creating Quality
Steam Using Existing Boiler Efficiencies
http://www.nationalboard.org/index.aspx?pageID=164&ID=235
...
*Lower Pressure Increases Entrainment*
*
*
As a steam bubble rises through the water and reaches the surface, it
finally breaks through the final layer of water and enters the steam
space. This final act of leaving the water causes water entrainment in
several ways.
Initially, the bursting of the steam bubble or the rupture of the thin
layer of water surrounding it produces an initial rush of
high-velocity steam that carries a small amount of that thin water
layer into the steam space. Then, the loss of the steam bubble from
the water surface briefly creates a crater on the water surface. Water
rushes in to fill this crater, colliding with water rushing from the
other sides of the crater, and produces a tiny splash near the center
of the crater. The water droplets from these splashes are then easily
entrained in the rising steam.
The size of the bubbles is directly related to steam pressure.
Low-pressure operation requires a larger volume of steam to carry the
required heat energy. This low-pressure operation produces more and
larger steam bubbles and creates greater turbulence on the water
surface. These bubbles produce more craters and larger craters, as
well as more and larger splashes as they leave the water surface. In
addition, low-pressure operation results in a higher vapor velocity
which, when combined with the high turbulence of low-pressure
operation, tends to carry water droplets into the steam systems rather
than allowing them to fall out by gravity.
The solution is to operate the boiler at its maximum design pressure
and use pressure-reducing valves at the point of use where required.
...
(Lots of related articles ... eg "How to Destroy a Boiler" and
"Anatomy of a catastrophic boiler accident". )
No specific numbers on the range of steam quality from a kettle boiler.
