A theory that might explain how this excess high energy electron charge forms in response to a spark in a pressurized gas is as follows:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_oscillation Plasma oscillations, also known as "Langmuir waves" (after Irving Langmuir), are rapid oscillations of the electron density in conducting media such as plasmas or metals. The oscillations can be described as instability in the dielectric function of a free electron gas. The frequency that the electron cloud oscillates at only depends weakly on the wavelength. The quasiparticle resulting from the quantization of these oscillations is the plasmon. Consider neutral plasma, consisting of a collection of an equal number of positively charged ions and paired negatively charged electrons. If one displaces by a tiny amount all of the electrons with respect to the ions, the Coulomb force pulls back, acting as a restoring force. Therefore, the Coulomb force sets up oscillating electron waves. These electron waves will have a “plasma frequency” proportional to the density of electrons per unit volume. A dense cloud of electrons will oscillate strongly at a high plasma frequency. If the gas is dense and heavy, the free electrons will be some low fraction of the neutral atoms present. The intact electron shells of the neutral atoms will shield the electrons from their associated ions, and the electrons will continue to be shielded from their ions and be continually repelled off the neutral atoms. High gas pressure and/or the presence of heavy gas molecules (potassium) will increase the force of the plasma oscillations which will produce an increased electrostatic repulsive force. In more detail, an atom with a large number of electrons in orbit around its nucleus like potasium and argon will strongly shield and repel a high energy free electron increasing the plasma oscillation. Also, such heavy neutral atoms/molecules/clusters will have a far longer repulsive Coulomb force range than will lighter atoms. Because of the Pauli Exclusion Principle as well as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle , the individual electrons in the oscillating cloud will become degenerate (high energy) becoming more and more energetic as the cloud grows bigger. This will tend to keep the electrons from getting back together with their associated ions because of a quantum orbital energy mismatch. This keeps the cloud ionized indefinitely until the stranded electron charge cloud can find a path to ground as a high energy feedback current. In more detail. because of the Pauli Exclusion Principle as well as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle , the individual electrons in the oscillating electron cloud vibrating in the plasma will become degenerate (increase high energy) becoming more and more energetic as the cloud grows bigger. Electron degeneracy pressure is a particular manifestation of the more general phenomenon of quantum degeneracy pressure. Degenerate matter in physics is a collection of free, non-interacting particles with a pressure and other physical characteristics determined by quantum mechanical effects. It is the counterpart of an ideal gas in classical mechanics. The degenerate state of matter (in the sense of deviant from an ideal gas) arises at extraordinarily high density The Pauli Exclusion Principle disallows two half integer spin particles (fermions) from simultaneously occupying the same quantum state. Two electrons cannot obit an atomic nucleus in the same orbital track. The resulting emergent repulsive force is manifested as a pressure against compression of matter into smaller volumes of space. Likewise, electron degeneracy pressure results from the same underlying mechanism that defines the electron orbital structure of elemental matter. This is similar to the game of musical chairs. In the game of musical chairs, if there are more people marching around the line of chairs while the music is playing, when the music stops, there will be people left standing. The energy levels of these homeless electrons go up as they seek higher electron obits to fill. This will tend to keep the electrons from getting back together with their associated ions because of a quantum orbital energy mismatch. This keeps the cloud ionized indefinitely until the stranded electron charge cloud can find a path to ground as a high energy feedback current. Drilling down on this in a quantum mechanical description, free particles limited to a finite volume may only take a discrete set of energies, called discrete quantum states. The Pauli Exclusion Principle prevents identical fermions from occupying the same quantum state. At lowest total energy (when the thermal energy of the particles is negligible), all the lowest energy quantum states are filled. This state is referred to as full degeneracy. Adding more electrons and/or reducing the number of orbital slots that electrons can fill will force the particles into higher-energy quantum states as they seek obits to fill. This requires a compression force, and is made manifest as a resisting pressure. The energy gain that this compressive force requires comes from the Heisenberg uncertainty principle as the momentum of the increasingly restrained electrons intensify. The key feature is that this degenerate pressure does not depend on the temperature of the system and only on the density of the fermions. It is this large increase in electron voltage that increases the power inherent in the system. This additional excess energy comes from the vacuum uncertainty inherent in quantum physics (aka vacuum energy). Anderson localization will concentrate the heavy electrons on the tubules of the micropowder in the same way that rocks in a rapid causes water to pile up around those rocky outcrop obstructions. These concentrations of electrons will lower the coulomb barrier along with electron concentrations induced by positively charged ionized potassium superatoms. Cheers: Axil On Mon, Oct 22, 2012 at 2:08 PM, David Roberson <[email protected]> wrote: > I was just looking over the documentation and I saw something that does > not make sense. In the step 1 triggering process it is claimed that the > separation of diatomic hydrogen into individual atoms is an endothermic > process. There is a discussion where it is said that this is done > electrically so I wonder why the temperature takes such a large dip during > this period? I also observe that the reference unit shows a drop during > this region of triggering although less apparent. > > Are we to assume that energy is also being withdrawn from the interior > of the chamber to separate the hydrogen molecules? And one might also ask > if there is reason to think that the pressure of the new gas mixture is > reduced as well to contribute to the energy requirement? > > The document states that the reference curve is of a device that does > not have nickel powder installed. Are the other ingredients present? It > makes me wonder about the behavior of the potassium in this situation. > > This might be a strange question, but if one takes hydrogen gas and > ionizes it completely so that you only have a proton and a free electron, > does the proton tend to be attracted to the conductive walls of the chamber > and become absorbed? Of course the same question arises about the > electrons that are now freed. I ask this question as I seek an explanation > for the missing temperature while the device is being triggered. > > Dave >
