Achie,
Suku Uighur itu memang ada, dengan populasi kurang lebih 19 juta jiwa,
tinggal di Xin Jiang (Sin Kiang), mempunyai hubungan kultural yang dekat dengan
Turki.
Untuk memberikan sedikit gambaran, dibawah ini saya kutipkan dua tulisan
tentang suku Uighur, satu versi Turki, satu versi Bookrag.com.
Jika tertarik cerita silat dengan latar belakang Sin Kiang dan tokoh dari
Uighur, silahkan baca "Pendekar Padang Gurun", karangan Liang Yu Shen,
diceritakan kembali oleh alm. Gan KL.
Untuk info selanjutnya, silahkan search Uighur, maka ada banyak tulisan
mengenai hal itu.
Semoga bermanfaat.
Salam,
Tjoei Sian
Name of Uighur
Within the Orhun inscriptions, the Uighur people have been mentioned
in relation with the rebellions in the year of 717. However, they have been
cited in the form of various names within the Chinese resources from of old.
The meaning of the name of Uighur was explained as "the person that attacks and
raids with the speed of a falcon" in the Chinese work titled as Kiu Wu Tai that
was completed in the year of 974. However, it was stated that this word was
derived in the form of uy (follow up) + gur (like Sal-gur) on the other hand.
Origin of Uighur people
In the Chinese resources, it has been cited that the Uighur people had
come from the Asian Hun people. According to a legend of origination pertaining
to Uighur people, their ancestors had reproduced from the daughter of one of
the Hun rulers and a wolf.Uighur people were observed under the name of Kao-kü
(Kao-che) in the period of Tabgaç people (386-534) and they had established a
bey principality in the second half of the 5th century. Afterwards, they had
constituted one group of Töles people that had expanded towards nearly the
entire Central Asia. In the period of 1st Gok-Turk Khanate, the Uighur people
maintained their situations and they dwelled within the environs of Selenga
River in those periods.
In the first quarter of the 7th century, the Uighur people joined the
union of Sir-Tarduþ people that was composed of 6 tribes. Then, the tribes of
P'u-ku, Tongra, Bayýrku and Fu-lo-pu gathered around the Uighur tribe and they
had been named as "Uighur" people. Their beys would bear the title of Erkin.
Meanwhile, it has been known that they had 50 thousands of warriors in this
period.
In the years of decline of the 1st Gok-Turk Khanate, the Uighur
Principality came into existence and this bey principality was governed by
Erkin T'ekien. The Uighur people became much more powerful in the period of
P'u-se who defeated the Gok-Turk army under the command of Kie'li's son (in the
years of 630s). Then, the principality was arranged totally in a regular manner
by means of the solemn attitudes of particularly P'u-se's mother, Vu-ho-hun and
her fastidiousness in respect of the application of the legal provisions
(töre). Then, the title of Il-teber (the title of Hie-li-fa in the Chinese
language) replaced the title of "Erkin". The capital city of the Il-Teberlik
(Il-Teber's country) was located within the environs of the Tola River.
Il-Teber (Ruler) T'u-mi-tu defeated the commander of Tarduþ people and
he expanded his lands. Then, he organised an attack to the south that extended
towards Huang-ho. As a result of these movements, he was recognised by the
Chinese emperor (646). He declared himself as "Kagan" (Great Ruler) and he
organised and arranged his country in accordance with the style of the Gok-Turk
State. China tried to impose pressure on him and T'u-mi-tu was killed as a
result o the provocation of China in the year of 647. Then, P'o-çu who was the
son of T'u-mi-tu (648) defeated Holu that was declared as the "kagan" (ruler)
of On-Ok people by China. Afterwards, he advanced towards the environs of
Tashkent (656). In the period of his sister that replaced him, the Uighur
Principality started to lose power on the verge of decline. Finally, this
principality was subdued to the government of the Gok-Turk State by Kapagan
Kagan.
Uighur -Chinese Relations
In the year of 759, he was replaced by Bögü Kaðan (759-779) (Tanrýda
bolmuþ il tutmuþ Alp Külüg Bilge Kagan= endowed with State by the God). He had
also paid great attention to China where some civil turmoil and conflicts went
on. His main purpose was to establish domination in China where the T'ang
dynasty was not so influential any more. Upon the appearance of Uighur army in
China (762), the Chinese commander P'u-ku (Buku, a Turkish title) Hua-ien, a
commander of Töles origin who had been a relative of the ruler annihilated the
renegades and the advance of the Uighur people were prevented thereof. However,
the Turkish influence had increased in China to an extreme degree.
There were numerous Uighur people who performed free trade in the
capital city and the other cities. These Uighur people would purchase silken
fabrics with any amount that they desired and sell them with any price that
they determined. Upon the invitation of P'u-ku Huai-en in order to protect
China from the Tibetan attacks, Bögü organised a military expedition to Lo-yang
(763). This military expedition had ended up with important results in respect
of the Turkish cultural history. In the way of return of the Ruler to Ötüken,
he took four priests with him in order to diffuse the religion Manichaeism
among the Turks.
This religion would have enormous effects in respect of the change of
lifestyles and world conceptions of the Uighur people. Manichaeism was a
religion that resulted from the combination of Christianity-Mazdaism- Buddhism
that prohibited eating animal products and attenuated the warrior spirits of
the people. Therefore, Manichaeism was adopted by the ruler and it attained an
official character within the Turkish country
Xinjiang
(2002 pop. 19.0 million). Located in northwestern China, the Uighur
Autonomous Region of Xinjiang is bordered by Mongolia to the northeast; the
Chinese provinces of Qinghai and Gansu to the east; the Tibetan Autonomous
Region to the southeast; India and Afghanistan to the south and southwest;
Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan to the west; and Russia to the north.
Xinjiang is the largest political unit in the People's Republic of China,
covering an area of 1.6 million square kilometers (617,800 square miles).
Despite its size, it is one of the least populated regions of China: in 1997 it
had a total registered population of only 17.18 million. Xinjiang's climate and
geography help explain its low population density. Much of the southern half of
the region is covered by the great Taklamakan Desert, while the center is
dominated by the uninhabitable Tian Shan mountain range.
Xinjiang has long served as China's gateway to Central Asia. As far back as
the Han (206 BCE220 CE) and Tang (618907) dynasties, the oasis towns that are
scattered throughout this region formed the backbone of the great Silk Road, a
highway over which merchants brought luxury goods from the Chinese empire to
the kingdoms of Central Asia and the Arab empires of the Middle East. Despite
its strategic location, Xinjiang retained a great deal of independence for much
of its history. The region's current name, which in Chinese translates as "New
Frontier," can be traced to the conquest of the area by the Manchu armies of
the Qing dynasty in the mid-eighteenth century. But even after 250 years of
Chinese control, Xinjiang retains a lot of its traditional culture. The largest
ethnic group in the region continues to be the Muslim Uighurs, while several
other minority nationalities, including Kazakhs, Uzbeks, and Tajiks are also
present in sizable numbers. In 1997, the "minority"
population of Xinjiang was recorded to be 10.58 million, or 61.6 percent of
the region's total population. This figure is all the more remarkable because,
since 1949 when the Chinese Communist Party arrived to take over the governing
of Xinjiang, the central authorities have followed a policy of settling large
numbers of Han (ethnic Chinese) in the territory in an effort to solidify their
rule.
Since the mid-1980s, this official policy, combined with arrival of hundreds
of thousands of Chinese economic migrants from the eastern provinces and the
rise of Islamic fundamentalism in Central Asia, has resulted in the development
of a separatist movement among Xinjiang's Muslim. During the 1990s movement
extremists launched a terrorist campaign against the local authorities in the
region's capital city of Urumqi, and against symbols of the Chinese
"occupation" throughout the territory. In an effort to prevent the separatists
from obtaining external support, during the late 1990s the Chinese government
negotiated a number of treaties and agreements with neighboring states to
jointly develop the region's natural resources and to promote trade. The
authorities in Beijing hoped to curtail support for the Uighur nationalists by
promising economic prosperity to the Islamic nations of Central Asia. The
region is to be a central element of China's "Developing the West" program
announced by Premier Jiang Zemin in 2000.
Further Reading
Besson, Linda, Justin Rudelson, and Stanley W. Toops. (1994) Xinjiang in the
Twentieth Century. Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson International Center for
Scholars.
Bovingdon, Gardner, and Dru C. Gladney. (2000) Inner Asia: Special
IssueXinjiang. Cambridge, MA: White Horse Press.
Dillon, Michael. (1995) Xinjiang: Ethnicity, Separation, and Control in
Chinese Central Asia. Durham, U.K.: University of Durham, Department of East
Asian Studies.
McMillen, Donald H. (1979) Chinese Communist Power and Policy in Xinjiang,
19491977. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
State Statistical Bureau. (1998) China Statistical Yearbook. Beijing: China
Statistical Publishing House.
Weng, Weiquan. (1986) Xinjiang, the Silk Road: Islam's Overland Route to
China. New York: Oxford University Press.
On 1/30/06, astri rahadi <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
> Assalamualaikum
>
> temans..selamat tahun baru imlek n tahun baru hijriah
> mo nanya dong...klo g salah, saya pernah denger klo ada suku d RRT yg
> semua penduduknya beragama Islam...namanya uygur...ini bener g?ada yg bs
> ngasi info?ato mungkin buku or link d internet..
> makasi
>
> Wassalam
> Achie
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