voonhous commented on code in PR #19687:
URL: https://github.com/apache/hudi/pull/19687#discussion_r3850705483


##########
hudi-spark-datasource/hudi-spark/src/test/scala/org/apache/spark/sql/hudi/dml/schema/TestVariantShreddingMixedLayouts.scala:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,942 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+
+package org.apache.spark.sql.hudi.dml.schema
+
+import org.apache.hudi.{DataSourceReadOptions, HoodieSparkUtils}
+import org.apache.hudi.common.model.HoodieRecord.HoodieRecordType
+import org.apache.hudi.testutils.DataSourceTestUtils
+
+import org.apache.spark.sql.hudi.common.HoodieSparkSqlTestBase
+
+/**
+ * Mixed-layout variant shredding matrix: files with DIFFERENT typed_value 
layouts in one table,
+ * shredded/unshredded splits between base and log files, and rows inside one 
file that fell back
+ * to the residual value column, driven through compaction, clustering, merges 
and every Spark
+ * read mode. Complements [[TestVariantDataType]], whose shredded tests force 
ONE layout per
+ * table.
+ *
+ * Layouts are toggled per commit or table service through session confs 
(session hoodie.* confs
+ * override tblproperties for SQL DML and for the 
run_compaction/run_clustering procedures alike).
+ * Legs that need #18961's per-file shredding-schema inference substitute a 
forced stand-in
+ * schema via [[inferredOr]] when no inferrer is on the classpath, so the 
mixed-layout shape is
+ * preserved on every profile.
+ *
+ * Deliberately not covered here:
+ * - Custom payloads: FileGroupRecordBuffer.getProjectedTransformer 
short-circuits the variant
+ *   log-block projection when payload classes are present (#18674), so that 
is a real,
+ *   explicitly UNTESTED variant branch; PartialUpdateMode and the CUSTOM 
merge mode are
+ *   likewise unreached (only EVENT_TIME/COMMIT_TIME ordering is swept).
+ * - Multi-writer OCC: conflict resolution is key/instant based and never 
inspects layouts; the
+ *   mixed-file outcomes it can produce are the same ones pinned here.
+ */
+class TestVariantShreddingMixedLayouts extends HoodieSparkSqlTestBase with 
VariantShreddingTestSupport {
+
+  import VariantShreddingTestSupport._
+  import VariantShreddingTestSupport.VariantShape._
+
+  private val SPARK_4_1_GATE = "Shredded variant read-back requires Spark 4.1 
or higher"
+
+  /** One insert commit per layout; returns the completed instant of each 
commit, in order. */
+  private def seedMixedLayoutTable(tableName: String,
+                                   tablePath: String,
+                                   layouts: Seq[(WriteLayout, Seq[(Range, 
VariantShape)])]): Seq[String] = {
+    layouts.map { case (layout, segments) =>
+      withWriteLayout(layout) {
+        spark.sql(s"insert into $tableName ${variantSourceSql(segments)}")
+      }
+      latestCompletedInstant(tablePath)
+    }
+  }
+
+  /** scheduleAndExecute compaction; the options carry the NUM_COMMITS trigger 
so one delta commit suffices. */
+  private def runCompaction(tableName: String): Unit = {
+    spark.sql(s"call run_compaction(op => 'scheduleandexecute', table => 
'$tableName', " +
+      "options => 'hoodie.compact.inline.max.delta.commits=1')")
+  }
+
+  private def runClustering(tableName: String, rowWriter: Boolean): Unit = {
+    spark.sql(s"call run_clustering(table => '$tableName', " +
+      s"options => 'hoodie.datasource.write.row.writer.enable=$rowWriter')")
+  }
+
+  // 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // A. Mixed records inside one file
+  // 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  test("Forced shredding: non-matching rows fall back to the residual in the 
same file") {
+    assume(HoodieSparkUtils.gteqSpark4_1, SPARK_4_1_GATE)
+
+    withRecordType()(withTempDir { tmp =>
+      val tableName = generateTableName
+      val tablePath = tmp.getCanonicalPath
+      val leg = s"same-file mix, $tableName"
+      createVariantTable(tableName, tablePath, "cow")
+
+      // One insert, one file: rows 0-9 match the forced schema exactly; 10-14 
conflict on the
+      // type of a (string into a bigint slot -> per-field residual); 15-19 
carry disjoint keys
+      // (root residual); 20-22 are root scalars and 23 a JSON null (no object 
typed_value);
+      // 24 is a SQL NULL variant.
+      val segments = Seq(
+        (0 until 10, ObjA),
+        (10 until 15, ObjAConflict),
+        (15 until 20, ObjB),
+        (20 until 23, RootScalar),
+        (23 until 24, JsonNull),
+        (24 until 25, SqlNull))
+      withWriteLayout(Forced("a bigint, b string")) {
+        spark.sql(s"insert into $tableName ${variantSourceSql(segments)}")
+      }
+
+      val files = listDataParquetFiles(tablePath)
+      assert(files.size == 1, s"[$leg] expected exactly one data file, got 
$files")
+      assertVariantLayout(tablePath, shredded = true, leg)
+
+      // Physical placement per the shredding spec: objects always materialize 
typed_value;
+      // unmatched FIELDS go to the per-field residual, unmatched KEYS to the 
root residual;
+      // non-objects (scalars, arrays, JSON null) live entirely in the root 
residual.
+      val stats = inspectVariantRows(files.head)
+      assert(stats.rows == 25, s"[$leg] rows: $stats")
+      assert(stats.nullVariants == 1, s"[$leg] null variants: $stats")
+      assert(stats.rootTyped == 20, s"[$leg] object rows with typed_value: 
$stats")
+      assert(stats.rootResidual == 9, s"[$leg] root residual rows (ObjB 5 + 
scalars 3 + json null 1): $stats")
+      assert(stats.fieldTyped("a") == 10, s"[$leg] typed a: $stats")
+      assert(stats.fieldResidual("a") == 5, s"[$leg] residual a (type 
conflict): $stats")
+      assert(stats.fieldTyped("b") == 15, s"[$leg] typed b: $stats")
+
+      assertVariantSegments(tableName, leg, Seq(("v", segments)))
+
+      // Update rows served from the typed slot and from the residual: the 
AVRO record type
+      // reconstructs both through HoodieVariantReconstruction, SPARK natively.
+      withWriteLayout(Forced("a bigint, b string")) {
+        spark.sql(s"""update $tableName set v = 
parse_json('{"a":100,"b":"bu"}'), ts = 1001 where id = 20""")
+        spark.sql(s"""update $tableName set v = 
parse_json('{"a":101,"b":"bv"}'), ts = 1001 where id = 5""")
+      }
+      checkAnswer(s"select id, cast(v as string), ts from $tableName where id 
in (5, 12, 20) order by id")(
+        Seq(5, """{"a":101,"b":"bv"}""", 1001),
+        Seq(12, """{"a":"s12","b":"b12"}""", 1000),
+        Seq(20, """{"a":100,"b":"bu"}""", 1001)
+      )
+      assertVariantLayout(tablePath, shredded = true, leg)
+    })
+  }
+
+  // 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // B. Mixed files inside one table
+  // 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  test("Each commit keeps its own layout; snapshot, time travel, incremental 
and RO read them all") {
+    assume(HoodieSparkUtils.gteqSpark4_1, SPARK_4_1_GATE)
+
+    // Read-mode test: layouts are writer-side and every layout is written 
identically by both
+    // record types, so the sweep would only re-run the same reads. SPARK 
pinned.
+    withRecordType(Seq(HoodieRecordType.SPARK))(withTempDir { tmp =>
+      val tableName = generateTableName
+      val tablePath = tmp.getCanonicalPath
+      val leg = s"mixed-files, $tableName"
+      createVariantTable(tableName, tablePath, "cow", props = 
Seq(NEW_FILE_GROUP_PER_COMMIT))
+
+      // Four commits, four layouts, one file each (small.file.limit=0 keeps 
every commit in its
+      // own file group). The last commit infers when an inferrer is present; 
the forced stand-in
+      // yields the same {c, d} typed_value, so the expectations below hold 
either way.
+      val instants = seedMixedLayoutTable(tableName, tablePath, Seq(
+        (Unshredded, Seq((0 until 2, ObjA))),
+        (Forced("a bigint, b string"), Seq((2 until 4, ObjA))),
+        (Forced("b string"), Seq((4 until 6, ObjA))),
+        (inferredOr(Forced("c bigint, d boolean")), Seq((6 until 8, ObjB)))))
+
+      assertLayoutsByInstant(baseLayouts(tablePath), leg)(
+        instants(0) -> None,
+        instants(1) -> Some(Seq("a", "b")),
+        instants(2) -> Some(Seq("b")),
+        instants(3) -> Some(Seq("c", "d")))
+
+      // Snapshot reads every layout.
+      assertVariantSegments(tableName, leg, Seq(("v", Seq(
+        (0 until 6, ObjA), (6 until 8, ObjB)))))
+
+      // Time travel at the second commit sees only the first two layouts.
+      checkAnswer(s"select id, cast(v as string) from $tableName timestamp as 
of '${instants(1)}' order by id")(
+        Seq(0, """{"a":0,"b":"b0"}"""),
+        Seq(1, """{"a":1,"b":"b1"}"""),
+        Seq(2, """{"a":2,"b":"b2"}"""),
+        Seq(3, """{"a":3,"b":"b3"}""")
+      )
+
+      // Incremental over the full range returns the latest state of all eight 
keys, values
+      // intact (a count alone would pass even if v reconstructed as all-null).
+      val incRows = spark.read.format("hudi")
+        .option(DataSourceReadOptions.QUERY_TYPE.key, 
DataSourceReadOptions.QUERY_TYPE_INCREMENTAL_OPT_VAL)
+        .option(DataSourceReadOptions.START_COMMIT.key, "000")
+        .load(tablePath)
+        .selectExpr("id", "cast(v as string)")
+        .orderBy("id")
+        .collect()
+      assert(incRows.length == 8, s"[$leg] incremental over the full range 
should see all rows")
+      incRows.foreach { row =>
+        val id = row.getInt(0)
+        val expected = if (id < 6) s"""{"a":$id,"b":"b$id"}""" else 
s"""{"c":$id,"d":true}"""
+        assert(row.getString(1) == expected,
+          s"[$leg] incremental id=$id: expected $expected, got 
${row.getString(1)}")
+      }
+
+      // Read-optimized on COW equals the snapshot, values intact.
+      checkAnswer(s"select id, cast(v as string) from hudi_query('$tableName', 
'read_optimized') " +
+        "where id in (0, 6) order by id")(
+        Seq(0, """{"a":0,"b":"b0"}"""),
+        Seq(6, """{"c":6,"d":true}""")
+      )
+    })
+  }
+
+  test("Small-file bin-pack rewrites the file under the layout of the incoming 
commit") {
+    assume(HoodieSparkUtils.gteqSpark4_1, SPARK_4_1_GATE)
+
+    withRecordType()(withTempDir { tmp =>
+      val tableName = generateTableName
+      val tablePath = tmp.getCanonicalPath
+      val leg = s"bin-pack layout flip, $tableName"
+      // Default small.file.limit on purpose: each insert bin-packs into the 
first file group
+      // and rewrites it (HoodieConcatHandle -> HoodieMergeHelper on the AVRO 
record type).
+      // The value round-trip of that merge is owned by TestVariantDataType's 
small-file test;
+      // this one exists for the per-instant LAYOUT pin below.
+      createVariantTable(tableName, tablePath, "cow")
+
+      withWriteLayout(Forced("a bigint, b string")) {
+        spark.sql(s"""insert into $tableName values (1, 
parse_json('{"a":1,"b":"b1"}'), 1000)""")
+      }
+      val instant1 = latestCompletedInstant(tablePath)
+      withWriteLayout(Unshredded) {
+        spark.sql(s"""insert into $tableName values (2, 
parse_json('{"a":2,"b":"b2"}'), 1000)""")
+      }
+      val instant2 = latestCompletedInstant(tablePath)
+      withWriteLayout(Forced("a bigint")) {
+        spark.sql(s"""insert into $tableName values (3, 
parse_json('{"a":3,"b":"b3"}'), 1000)""")
+      }
+      val instant3 = latestCompletedInstant(tablePath)
+
+      assertSingleFileGroup(tablePath, leg)
+      // The rewrite re-derives the layout from the CURRENT write config; the 
input file's
+      // layout is never consulted. Older file versions keep their own layouts.
+      assertLayoutsByInstant(baseLayouts(tablePath), leg)(
+        instant1 -> Some(Seq("a", "b")),
+        instant2 -> None,
+        instant3 -> Some(Seq("a")))
+
+      checkAnswer(s"select id, cast(v as string), ts from $tableName order by 
id")(
+        Seq(1, """{"a":1,"b":"b1"}""", 1000),
+        Seq(2, """{"a":2,"b":"b2"}""", 1000),
+        Seq(3, """{"a":3,"b":"b3"}""", 1000)
+      )
+    })
+  }
+
+  // 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // C. MOR compaction over base/log layout splits
+  // 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  test("MOR compaction merges logs of three layouts and re-derives the base 
layout per service run") {
+    assume(HoodieSparkUtils.gteqSpark4_1, SPARK_4_1_GATE)
+
+    withRecordType()(withTempDir { tmp =>
+      val tableName = generateTableName
+      val tablePath = tmp.getCanonicalPath
+      val leg = s"compaction layout split, $tableName"
+      // INMEMORY sends MOR inserts to log files; compaction runs via the 
procedure so each run
+      // can happen under its own layout confs.
+      createVariantTable(tableName, tablePath, "mor",
+        props = Seq("hoodie.index.type = 'INMEMORY'", "hoodie.compact.inline = 
'false'"))
+      val layout3 = inferredOr(Forced("c bigint, d boolean"))
+
+      withWriteLayout(Forced("a bigint, b string")) {
+        spark.sql(s"""insert into $tableName values (1, 
parse_json('{"a":1,"b":"b1"}'), 1000)""")
+      }
+      val instant1 = latestCompletedInstant(tablePath)
+      withWriteLayout(Unshredded) {
+        spark.sql(s"""insert into $tableName values (2, 
parse_json('{"a":2,"b":"b2"}'), 1000), """ +
+          """(3, parse_json('{"a":3,"b":"b3"}'), 1000), (4, 
parse_json('{"a":4,"b":"b4"}'), 1000)""")
+      }
+      val instant2 = latestCompletedInstant(tablePath)
+      withWriteLayout(layout3) {
+        spark.sql(s"""insert into $tableName values (5, 
parse_json('{"c":5,"d":true}'), 1000), """ +
+          """(6, parse_json('{"c":6,"d":true}'), 1000)""")
+      }
+      val instant3 = latestCompletedInstant(tablePath)
+
+      assertResult(true)(DataSourceTestUtils.isLogFileOnly(tablePath))
+      // On the default table version the data logs are native parquet, each 
with the layout of
+      // its own commit. (The SPARK withRecordType leg sets the parquet log 
block format, the
+      // AVRO leg avro blocks, but write version >= 10 writes native log FILES 
either way.)
+      assertLayoutsByInstant(nativeLogLayouts(tablePath), leg)(
+        instant1 -> Some(Seq("a", "b")),
+        instant2 -> None,
+        instant3 -> Some(Seq("c", "d")))
+
+      // Merge-on-read snapshot over the three-layout split, before any base 
file exists.
+      checkAnswer(s"select id, cast(v as string) from $tableName order by id")(
+        Seq(1, """{"a":1,"b":"b1"}"""),
+        Seq(2, """{"a":2,"b":"b2"}"""),
+        Seq(3, """{"a":3,"b":"b3"}"""),
+        Seq(4, """{"a":4,"b":"b4"}"""),
+        Seq(5, """{"c":5,"d":true}"""),
+        Seq(6, """{"c":6,"d":true}""")
+      )
+
+      // Compaction 1 under layout3: reads all three log layouts, writes the 
base under layout3.
+      withWriteLayout(layout3) {
+        runCompaction(tableName)
+      }
+      assertResult(false)(DataSourceTestUtils.isLogFileOnly(tablePath))
+      assertCompactionCount(tablePath, 1, leg)
+      val base1 = baseLayouts(tablePath)
+      assert(base1.nonEmpty && base1.forall(_.isShredded),
+        s"[$leg] compacted base must be shredded under $layout3: $base1")
+      if (inferrerPresent) {
+        // 6 rows: a and b on 4 (66 percent), c and d on 2 (33 percent) - all 
clear the 10
+        // percent inference bar.
+        base1.foreach(l => assert(l.typedFields.toSet == Set("a", "b", "c", 
"d"),
+          s"[$leg] inferred typed_value should carry all four keys: 
${l.typedFields}"))
+      } else {
+        base1.foreach(l => assert(l.typedFields.toSet == Set("c", "d"),
+          s"[$leg] forced typed_value should carry c, d: ${l.typedFields}"))
+      }
+      checkAnswer(s"select id, cast(v as string) from $tableName where id in 
(1, 5) order by id")(
+        Seq(1, """{"a":1,"b":"b1"}"""),
+        Seq(5, """{"c":5,"d":true}""")
+      )
+      checkAnswer(s"select id, cast(v as string) from hudi_query('$tableName', 
'read_optimized') " +
+        "where id in (1, 5) order by id")(
+        Seq(1, """{"a":1,"b":"b1"}"""),
+        Seq(5, """{"c":5,"d":true}""")
+      )
+
+      // Round 2: updates under two further layouts, compaction under 
Unshredded. The service
+      // reads a shredded base plus mixed logs and must strip typed_value on 
the way out.
+      withWriteLayout(Forced("a bigint")) {
+        spark.sql(s"""update $tableName set v = 
parse_json('{"a":22,"b":"b22"}'), ts = 1001 where id = 2""")
+      }
+      withWriteLayout(Unshredded) {
+        spark.sql(s"""update $tableName set v = 
parse_json('{"a":33,"b":"b33"}'), ts = 1001 where id = 3""")
+      }
+      // A delete block (no data column) between the differently-shredded 
logs: the merged read
+      // and the following compaction must step over it without a layout to 
anchor on.
+      withWriteLayout(Forced("a bigint")) {
+        spark.sql(s"delete from $tableName where id = 6")
+      }
+      // Merge-on-read over shredded base + {a}-shredded log + unshredded log 
+ delete block.
+      checkAnswer(s"select id, cast(v as string) from $tableName where id in 
(2, 3, 5) order by id")(
+        Seq(2, """{"a":22,"b":"b22"}"""),
+        Seq(3, """{"a":33,"b":"b33"}"""),
+        Seq(5, """{"c":5,"d":true}""")
+      )
+      withWriteLayout(Unshredded) {
+        runCompaction(tableName)
+      }
+      assertCompactionCount(tablePath, 2, leg)
+      val compact2Instant = latestCompletedInstant(tablePath)
+      val base2 = baseLayouts(tablePath).filter(_.instantTime == 
compact2Instant)
+      assert(base2.nonEmpty && base2.forall(!_.isShredded),
+        s"[$leg] compaction under Unshredded must write an unshredded base: 
$base2")
+      checkAnswer(s"select id, cast(v as string) from $tableName where id in 
(2, 3) order by id")(
+        Seq(2, """{"a":22,"b":"b22"}"""),
+        Seq(3, """{"a":33,"b":"b33"}""")
+      )
+
+      // Round 3: compaction under layout3 again, this time reading an 
UNSHREDDED base plus a
+      // shredded log.
+      withWriteLayout(layout3) {
+        spark.sql(s"""update $tableName set v = 
parse_json('{"a":44,"b":"b44"}'), ts = 1001 where id = 4""")
+        runCompaction(tableName)
+      }
+      assertCompactionCount(tablePath, 3, leg)
+      val compact3Instant = latestCompletedInstant(tablePath)
+      val base3 = baseLayouts(tablePath).filter(_.instantTime == 
compact3Instant)
+      assert(base3.nonEmpty && base3.forall(_.isShredded),
+        s"[$leg] compaction under $layout3 must write a shredded base again: 
$base3")
+
+      checkAnswer(s"select id, cast(v as string) from $tableName order by id")(
+        Seq(1, """{"a":1,"b":"b1"}"""),
+        Seq(2, """{"a":22,"b":"b22"}"""),
+        Seq(3, """{"a":33,"b":"b33"}"""),
+        Seq(4, """{"a":44,"b":"b44"}"""),
+        Seq(5, """{"c":5,"d":true}""")
+      )
+      // Incremental over the full range sees the latest value of every LIVE 
key (id 6 deleted),
+      // values intact - a bare count would pass with v all-null.
+      val incRows = spark.read.format("hudi")
+        .option(DataSourceReadOptions.QUERY_TYPE.key, 
DataSourceReadOptions.QUERY_TYPE_INCREMENTAL_OPT_VAL)
+        .option(DataSourceReadOptions.START_COMMIT.key, "000")
+        .load(tablePath)
+        .selectExpr("id", "cast(v as string)")
+        .orderBy("id")
+        .collect()
+      assert(incRows.map(r => (r.getInt(0), r.getString(1))).toSeq == Seq(
+        (1, """{"a":1,"b":"b1"}"""),
+        (2, """{"a":22,"b":"b22"}"""),
+        (3, """{"a":33,"b":"b33"}"""),
+        (4, """{"a":44,"b":"b44"}"""),
+        (5, """{"c":5,"d":true}""")
+      ), s"[$leg] incremental over the full range, got: ${incRows.mkString(", 
")}")
+    })
+  }
+
+  test("Table version 9 legacy log blocks stay unshredded and compact onto a 
shredded base") {
+    assume(HoodieSparkUtils.gteqSpark4_1, SPARK_4_1_GATE)
+
+    withRecordType()(withTempDir { tmp =>
+      val tableName = generateTableName
+      val tablePath = tmp.getCanonicalPath
+      val leg = s"table version 9, $tableName"
+      createVariantTable(tableName, tablePath, "mor",
+        props = Seq(
+          "hoodie.write.table.version = '9'",
+          "hoodie.index.type = 'INMEMORY'",
+          "hoodie.compact.inline = 'false'"))
+      val layout = inferredOr(Forced("key string"))
+
+      withWriteLayout(layout) {
+        spark.sql(s"""insert into $tableName values (1, 
parse_json('{"key":"value1"}'), 1000)""")
+        spark.sql(s"""insert into $tableName values (2, 
parse_json('{"key":"value2"}'), 1000)""")
+      }
+      assertResult(true)(DataSourceTestUtils.isLogFileOnly(tablePath))
+      // Write version 9 writes the legacy inline log format (avro blocks on 
the AVRO record
+      // type leg, inline parquet data blocks on the SPARK leg), never native 
parquet log files;
+      // neither inline form shreds, so the shredded layout materializes only 
at compaction.
+      assert(nativeLogLayouts(tablePath).isEmpty,
+        s"[$leg] table version 9 must not write native parquet log files")
+
+      withWriteLayout(layout) {
+        runCompaction(tableName)
+      }
+      assertResult(false)(DataSourceTestUtils.isLogFileOnly(tablePath))
+      val base1 = baseLayouts(tablePath)
+      assert(base1.nonEmpty && base1.forall(_.isShredded),
+        s"[$leg] compacted base must be shredded: $base1")
+      base1.foreach(l => assert(l.typedFields == Seq("key"),
+        s"[$leg] typed_value should carry key: ${l.typedFields}"))
+
+      // Legacy log over the shredded base, then a second compaction reads 
base + legacy log.
+      withWriteLayout(layout) {
+        spark.sql(s"""update $tableName set v = 
parse_json('{"key":"v1-updated"}'), ts = 1001 where id = 1""")
+      }
+      checkAnswer(s"select id, cast(v as string) from $tableName order by id")(
+        Seq(1, """{"key":"v1-updated"}"""),
+        Seq(2, """{"key":"value2"}""")
+      )
+      withWriteLayout(layout) {
+        runCompaction(tableName)
+      }
+      checkAnswer(s"select id, cast(v as string) from $tableName order by id")(
+        Seq(1, """{"key":"v1-updated"}"""),
+        Seq(2, """{"key":"value2"}""")
+      )
+    })
+  }
+
+  // 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // D. Clustering over heterogeneous inputs
+  // 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  test("Clustering rewrites heterogeneous files into the configured layout") {
+    assume(HoodieSparkUtils.gteqSpark4_1, SPARK_4_1_GATE)
+
+    // The row-writer path is record-type independent; the RDD path writes 
through the
+    // record-type file writer factories, so it sweeps both.
+    Seq(true, false).foreach { rowWriter =>
+      val recordTypes = if (rowWriter) {
+        Seq(HoodieRecordType.SPARK)
+      } else {
+        Seq(HoodieRecordType.AVRO, HoodieRecordType.SPARK)
+      }
+      Seq(Unshredded, inferredOr(Forced("a bigint"))).foreach { outLayout =>
+        withRecordType(recordTypes)(withTempDir { tmp =>
+          val tableName = generateTableName
+          val tablePath = tmp.getCanonicalPath
+          val leg = s"clustering rowWriter=$rowWriter out=$outLayout, 
$tableName"
+          createVariantTable(tableName, tablePath, "cow", props = 
Seq(NEW_FILE_GROUP_PER_COMMIT))
+
+          val instants = seedMixedLayoutTable(tableName, tablePath, Seq(
+            (Forced("a bigint, b string"), Seq((0 until 2, ObjA))),
+            (Unshredded, Seq((2 until 4, ObjA))),
+            (inferredOr(Forced("c bigint, d boolean")), Seq((4 until 6, 
ObjB)))))
+
+          withWriteLayout(outLayout) {
+            runClustering(tableName, rowWriter)
+          }
+          val clusteringInstant = completedClusteringInstant(tablePath, leg)
+          val outFiles = baseLayouts(tablePath).filter(_.instantTime == 
clusteringInstant)
+          assert(outFiles.nonEmpty, s"[$leg] clustering should have written 
base files")
+          outLayout match {
+            case Unshredded =>
+              outFiles.foreach(l => assert(!l.isShredded,
+                s"[$leg] clustering under Unshredded must write unshredded 
output: ${l.path}"))
+            case Forced(_) =>
+              outFiles.foreach(l => assert(l.typedFields == Seq("a"),
+                s"[$leg] forced output typed_value should be {a}: 
${l.typedFields}"))
+            case Inferred =>
+              // 6 rows: a, b on 4 and c, d on 2 - all clear the 10 percent 
bar.
+              outFiles.foreach(l => assert(l.typedFields.toSet == Set("a", 
"b", "c", "d"),
+                s"[$leg] inferred output typed_value should carry all keys: 
${l.typedFields}"))
+          }
+
+          // Values survive the rewrite; the pre-clustering slice stays 
readable via time travel.
+          assertVariantSegments(tableName, leg, Seq(("v", Seq(
+            (0 until 4, ObjA), (4 until 6, ObjB)))))
+          checkAnswer(s"select id, cast(v as string) from $tableName " +
+            s"timestamp as of '${instants(2)}' where id in (0, 4) order by 
id")(
+            Seq(0, """{"a":0,"b":"b0"}"""),
+            Seq(4, """{"c":4,"d":true}""")
+          )
+        })
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  test("Clustering sort on a variant column is rejected with a clear error") {
+    assume(HoodieSparkUtils.gteqSpark4_1, SPARK_4_1_GATE)
+
+    withRecordType(Seq(HoodieRecordType.SPARK))(withTempDir { tmp =>
+      val tableName = generateTableName
+      val tablePath = tmp.getCanonicalPath
+      createVariantTable(tableName, tablePath, "cow")
+      withWriteLayout(Forced("a bigint")) {
+        spark.sql(s"""insert into $tableName values (1, parse_json('{"a":1}'), 
1000)""")
+      }
+
+      // The procedure's order parameter is validated up front...
+      checkNestedExceptionContains(
+        s"call run_clustering(table => '$tableName', order => 'v')")(
+        "Sorting by column 'v'")
+      // ...and the config-driven sort columns are validated by the execution 
strategy and the
+      // partitioner constructors (SortUtils.validateSortableColumns), so the 
inline/async paths
+      // get the same error instead of an AnalysisException (row partitioner) 
or
+      // ClassCastException (RDD partitioner) deep in the job.
+      checkNestedExceptionContains(
+        s"call run_clustering(table => '$tableName', " +
+          "options => 'hoodie.clustering.plan.strategy.sort.columns=v')")(
+        "Sorting by column 'v'")
+    })
+  }
+
+  test("MOR clustering folds log files of another layout into the rewritten 
base") {
+    assume(HoodieSparkUtils.gteqSpark4_1, SPARK_4_1_GATE)
+
+    Seq(true, false).foreach { rowWriter =>
+      val recordTypes = if (rowWriter) {
+        Seq(HoodieRecordType.SPARK)
+      } else {
+        Seq(HoodieRecordType.AVRO, HoodieRecordType.SPARK)
+      }
+      withRecordType(recordTypes)(withTempDir { tmp =>
+        val tableName = generateTableName
+        val tablePath = tmp.getCanonicalPath
+        val leg = s"mor clustering rowWriter=$rowWriter, $tableName"
+        // No INMEMORY index: the first insert creates a base file, the update 
goes to a log.
+        createVariantTable(tableName, tablePath, "mor",
+          props = Seq("hoodie.compact.inline = 'false'"))
+        val outLayout = inferredOr(Forced("c bigint"))
+
+        withWriteLayout(Forced("a bigint, b string")) {
+          spark.sql(s"""insert into $tableName values (1, 
parse_json('{"a":1,"b":"b1"}'), 1000), """ +
+            """(2, parse_json('{"a":2,"b":"b2"}'), 1000)""")
+        }
+        withWriteLayout(Unshredded) {
+          spark.sql(s"""update $tableName set v = 
parse_json('{"a":10,"b":"b10"}'), ts = 1001 where id = 1""")
+        }
+        // The slice going into clustering: a shredded base plus an unshredded 
native log.
+        val preBase = baseLayouts(tablePath)
+        assert(preBase.nonEmpty && preBase.forall(_.isShredded),
+          s"[$leg] pre-clustering base must be shredded: $preBase")
+        val preLogs = nativeLogLayouts(tablePath)
+        assert(preLogs.nonEmpty && preLogs.forall(!_.isShredded),
+          s"[$leg] pre-clustering log must be unshredded: $preLogs")
+
+        withWriteLayout(outLayout) {
+          runClustering(tableName, rowWriter)
+        }
+        val clusteringInstant = completedClusteringInstant(tablePath, leg)
+        val outFiles = baseLayouts(tablePath).filter(_.instantTime == 
clusteringInstant)
+        assert(outFiles.nonEmpty, s"[$leg] clustering should have written base 
files")
+        outFiles.foreach(l => assert(l.isShredded,
+          s"[$leg] clustering under $outLayout must write shredded output: 
${l.path}"))
+
+        // The clustered base carries the merged (updated) row.
+        checkAnswer(s"select id, cast(v as string) from $tableName order by 
id")(
+          Seq(1, """{"a":10,"b":"b10"}"""),
+          Seq(2, """{"a":2,"b":"b2"}""")
+        )
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  // E. Read modes over mixed layouts
+  // 
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  test("variant_get filters and projections resolve per file across mixed 
layouts") {
+    assume(HoodieSparkUtils.gteqSpark4_1, SPARK_4_1_GATE)
+
+    // Read-mode test; SPARK pinned (see the mixed-files test above).
+    Seq("true", "false").foreach { pushIntoScan =>
+      withRecordType(Seq(HoodieRecordType.SPARK))(withTempDir { tmp =>
+        withSQLConf("spark.sql.variant.pushVariantIntoScan" -> pushIntoScan) {
+          val tableName = generateTableName
+          val tablePath = tmp.getCanonicalPath
+          val leg = s"cow pushVariantIntoScan=$pushIntoScan, $tableName"
+          createVariantTable(tableName, tablePath, "cow", props = 
Seq(NEW_FILE_GROUP_PER_COMMIT))
+
+          // $.a is typed in file 1, residual (unshredded) in file 2, a 
type-conflicted residual
+          // in file 3 and absent in file 4.
+          seedMixedLayoutTable(tableName, tablePath, Seq(
+            (Forced("a bigint"), Seq((0 until 10, ObjA))),
+            (Unshredded, Seq((10 until 20, ObjA))),
+            (Forced("a bigint"), Seq((20 until 30, ObjAConflict))),
+            (inferredOr(Forced("c bigint, d boolean")), Seq((30 until 40, 
ObjB)))))
+
+          // Typed and residual rows answer alike; the string a declines the 
cast, the missing
+          // a returns null.
+          val aValues = spark.sql(
+            s"select id, try_variant_get(v, '$$.a', 'bigint') from $tableName 
order by id").collect()
+          assert(aValues.length == 40, s"[$leg] row count")
+          aValues.foreach { row =>
+            val id = row.getInt(0)
+            val expected: Any = if (id < 20) id.toLong else null
+            val actual = if (row.isNullAt(1)) null else row.getLong(1)
+            assert(actual == expected, s"[$leg] id=$id: expected $expected, 
got $actual")
+          }
+
+          checkAnswer(
+            s"select count(*) from $tableName where try_variant_get(v, '$$.a', 
'bigint') > 5")(Seq(14))
+          checkAnswer(
+            s"select id from $tableName where variant_get(v, '$$.b', 'string') 
= 'b25'")(Seq(25))
+          checkAnswer(
+            s"select count(*) from $tableName where try_variant_get(v, '$$.d', 
'boolean')")(Seq(10))
+          checkAnswer(s"select count(*) from $tableName where v is 
null")(Seq(0))
+          assertVariantSegments(tableName, leg, Seq(("v", Seq(
+            (0 until 20, ObjA), (20 until 30, ObjAConflict), (30 until 40, 
ObjB)))))
+        }
+      })
+    }
+
+    // MOR: the same path is typed in the base, then updated through an 
unshredded log and a
+    // shredded log; the merged read serves each row from a different physical 
slot.
+    Seq("true", "false").foreach { pushIntoScan =>
+      withRecordType(Seq(HoodieRecordType.SPARK))(withTempDir { tmp =>
+        withSQLConf("spark.sql.variant.pushVariantIntoScan" -> pushIntoScan) {
+          val tableName = generateTableName
+          val tablePath = tmp.getCanonicalPath
+          val leg = s"mor pushVariantIntoScan=$pushIntoScan, $tableName"
+          createVariantTable(tableName, tablePath, "mor",
+            props = Seq("hoodie.compact.inline = 'false'"))
+
+          withWriteLayout(Forced("a bigint")) {
+            spark.sql(s"insert into $tableName ${variantSourceSql(Seq((0 until 
10, ObjA)))}")
+          }
+          withWriteLayout(Unshredded) {
+            spark.sql(s"update $tableName set " +
+              s"""v = parse_json(concat('{"a":"s', id, '","b":"b', id, '"}')), 
ts = 1001 """ +
+              "where id >= 5")
+          }
+          withWriteLayout(Forced("a bigint")) {
+            spark.sql(s"update $tableName set " +
+              s"""v = parse_json(concat('{"a":', 100 + id, ',"b":"b', id, 
'"}')), ts = 1002 """ +
+              "where id < 3")
+          }
+
+          val aValues = spark.sql(
+            s"select id, try_variant_get(v, '$$.a', 'bigint') from $tableName 
order by id").collect()
+          assert(aValues.length == 10, s"[$leg] row count")
+          aValues.foreach { row =>
+            val id = row.getInt(0)
+            val expected: Any = if (id < 3) 100L + id else if (id < 5) 
id.toLong else null
+            val actual = if (row.isNullAt(1)) null else row.getLong(1)
+            assert(actual == expected, s"[$leg] id=$id: expected $expected, 
got $actual")
+          }
+          checkAnswer(
+            s"select count(*) from $tableName where try_variant_get(v, '$$.a', 
'bigint') > 100")(Seq(2))
+          checkAnswer(
+            s"select id from $tableName where variant_get(v, '$$.b', 'string') 
= 'b7'")(Seq(7))
+        }
+      })
+    }
+  }
+
+  test("Schema-on-read reads of shredded variant files fail fast") {
+    assume(HoodieSparkUtils.gteqSpark4_1, SPARK_4_1_GATE)
+
+    withRecordType(Seq(HoodieRecordType.SPARK))(withTempDir { tmp =>
+      val tableName = generateTableName
+      val tablePath = tmp.getCanonicalPath
+      val leg = s"schema-on-read, $tableName"
+      createVariantTable(tableName, tablePath, "cow")
+      withWriteLayout(Forced("a bigint")) {
+        spark.sql(s"""insert into $tableName values (1, parse_json('{"a":1}'), 
1000)""")
+      }
+
+      withSQLConf("hoodie.schema.on.read.enable" -> "true") {
+        // Committing a schema-on-read DDL stores the internal schema; reads 
under
+        // hoodie.schema.on.read.enable then request the internal-schema form 
of the variant
+        // ({metadata, value}), which clips typed_value away. With 
PushVariantIntoScan disabled,
+        // that would return silent nulls for the typed rows - the guard must 
fire instead
+        // (#18285 tracks real reconstruction under schema-on-read).
+        spark.sql(s"alter table $tableName add columns (note string)")
+        withSQLConf("spark.sql.variant.pushVariantIntoScan" -> "false") {
+          checkNestedExceptionContains(
+            () => spark.sql(s"select id, cast(v as string), note from 
$tableName").collect())(
+            "shredded variant")
+        }
+        // Under the default PushVariantIntoScan rewrite the read fails 
through the guard as
+        // well: pruning treats the rewritten ordinal-named struct as the 
variant column itself
+        // (SparkInternalSchemaConverter.isVariantRewriteStruct), so the guard 
sees the request
+        // and rejects it up front instead of an engine-internal pruning error 
or codegen NPE.
+        // Both legs' messages share "cannot reconstruct"; the real fix is 
#18285.
+        checkNestedExceptionContains(
+          () => spark.sql(s"select id, cast(v as string), note from 
$tableName").collect())(
+          "cannot reconstruct")

Review Comment:
   The default-pushdown leg now matches `pushVariantIntoScan`, and an 
unshredded companion table fails only through that arm (no typed_value for the 
other arm to see). With the rewrite off, an unshredded table under 
schema-on-read reaches Spark's own struct-vs-variant mismatch rather than this 
guard, so that leg is documented as #18285 residue, not pinned.



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