Jackie-Jiang commented on code in PR #14894:
URL: https://github.com/apache/pinot/pull/14894#discussion_r1926149292


##########
pinot-segment-local/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/segment/local/indexsegment/immutable/ImmutableSegmentLoader.java:
##########
@@ -81,44 +82,48 @@ public static ImmutableSegment load(File indexDir, ReadMode 
readMode, TableConfi
       throws Exception {
     IndexLoadingConfig defaultIndexLoadingConfig = new 
IndexLoadingConfig(tableConfig, schema);
     defaultIndexLoadingConfig.setReadMode(readMode);
-    return load(indexDir, defaultIndexLoadingConfig, false);
+    return load(indexDir, defaultIndexLoadingConfig, false, null);
   }
 
   /**
    * Loads the segment with specified IndexLoadingConfig.
    * This method modifies the segment like to convert segment format, add or 
remove indices.
    * Mostly used by UT cases to add some specific index for testing purpose.
    */
-  public static ImmutableSegment load(File indexDir, IndexLoadingConfig 
indexLoadingConfig)
+  public static ImmutableSegment load(File indexDir, IndexLoadingConfig 
indexLoadingConfig,
+      SegmentPreprocessThrottler segmentPreprocessThrottler)

Review Comment:
   Annotate it as `@Nullable`, same for other methods



##########
pinot-server/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/server/starter/helix/DefaultClusterConfigChangeHandler.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.pinot.server.starter.helix;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixManager;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixManagerFactory;
+import org.apache.helix.InstanceType;
+import org.apache.helix.NotificationContext;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.BatchMode;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.ClusterConfigChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.model.ClusterConfig;
+import org.apache.pinot.spi.config.provider.PinotClusterConfigChangeListener;
+import org.apache.pinot.spi.config.provider.PinotClusterConfigProvider;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+
+@BatchMode(enabled = false)
+public class DefaultClusterConfigChangeHandler implements 
ClusterConfigChangeListener, PinotClusterConfigProvider {
+  private static final Logger LOGGER = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(DefaultClusterConfigChangeHandler.class);
+
+  private volatile Map<String, String> _properties;
+  private final Set<PinotClusterConfigChangeListener> 
_clusterConfigChangeListeners = ConcurrentHashMap.newKeySet();
+
+  public void init(String zkAddress, String clusterName) {
+    LOGGER.info("Handling Cluster ConfigChanges: INIT START");
+    try {
+      HelixManager helixManager =
+          HelixManagerFactory.getZKHelixManager(clusterName, "admin", 
InstanceType.ADMINISTRATOR, zkAddress);
+      helixManager.connect();
+      ClusterConfig clusterConfig = 
helixManager.getConfigAccessor().getClusterConfig(clusterName);
+      process(clusterConfig.getRecord().getSimpleFields());
+      helixManager.disconnect();
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      LOGGER.error("Exception while initializing 
DefaultClusterConfigChangeHandler for zk: {} and clusterName: {}",
+          zkAddress, clusterName, e);
+    }
+    LOGGER.info("Handling Cluster ConfigChanges: INIT END");
+  }
+
+  @Override
+  public void onClusterConfigChange(ClusterConfig clusterConfig, 
NotificationContext notificationContext) {
+    LOGGER.info("Handling Cluster ConfigChanges: CALLBACK START");
+    process(clusterConfig.getRecord().getSimpleFields());
+    LOGGER.info("Handling Cluster ConfigChanges: CALLBACK DONE");
+  }
+
+  private void process(Map<String, String> properties) {

Review Comment:
   We probably want to synchronize this to avoid race condition in listener



##########
pinot-server/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/server/starter/helix/DefaultClusterConfigChangeHandler.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.pinot.server.starter.helix;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixManager;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixManagerFactory;
+import org.apache.helix.InstanceType;
+import org.apache.helix.NotificationContext;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.BatchMode;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.ClusterConfigChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.model.ClusterConfig;
+import org.apache.pinot.spi.config.provider.PinotClusterConfigChangeListener;
+import org.apache.pinot.spi.config.provider.PinotClusterConfigProvider;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+
+@BatchMode(enabled = false)
+public class DefaultClusterConfigChangeHandler implements 
ClusterConfigChangeListener, PinotClusterConfigProvider {
+  private static final Logger LOGGER = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(DefaultClusterConfigChangeHandler.class);
+
+  private volatile Map<String, String> _properties;
+  private final Set<PinotClusterConfigChangeListener> 
_clusterConfigChangeListeners = ConcurrentHashMap.newKeySet();
+
+  public void init(String zkAddress, String clusterName) {
+    LOGGER.info("Handling Cluster ConfigChanges: INIT START");
+    try {

Review Comment:
   This shouldn't be required. When registering this handler, there should be a 
Helix callback to set up the configs



##########
pinot-spi/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/spi/config/provider/PinotClusterConfigChangeListener.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.pinot.spi.config.provider;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+
+
+public interface PinotClusterConfigChangeListener {
+  void onChange(Map<String, String> clusterConfigs);

Review Comment:
   Add some javadoc for interfaces



##########
pinot-segment-local/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/segment/local/utils/SegmentPreprocessThrottler.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.pinot.segment.local.utils;
+
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import java.util.Map;
+import org.apache.pinot.common.concurrency.AdjustableSemaphore;
+import org.apache.pinot.spi.config.provider.PinotClusterConfigChangeListener;
+import org.apache.pinot.spi.utils.CommonConstants;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+
+/**
+ * Used to throttle the total concurrent index rebuilds that can happen on a 
given Pinot server.
+ * Code paths that do no need to rebuild the index or which don't happen on 
the server need not utilize this throttler.
+ */
+public class SegmentPreprocessThrottler implements 
PinotClusterConfigChangeListener {
+  private static final Logger LOGGER = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(SegmentPreprocessThrottler.class);
+
+  /**
+   * If _maxPreprocessConcurrency is <= 0, it means that the cluster is not 
configured to limit the number of
+   * index rebuilds that can be executed concurrently. This class sets the 
semaphore permit to be a large value
+   * in this scenario.
+   */
+  private int _maxPreprocessConcurrency;
+  private boolean _relaxThrottling;
+  private volatile AdjustableSemaphore _semaphore;
+
+  public SegmentPreprocessThrottler(int maxPreprocessConcurrency, boolean 
relaxThrottling) {
+    LOGGER.info("Initializing SegmentPreprocessThrottler, 
maxPreprocessConcurrency: {}, relaxThrottling: {}",
+        maxPreprocessConcurrency, relaxThrottling);
+    if (maxPreprocessConcurrency <= 0) {
+      int defaultSegmentPreprocessParallelism =
+          
Integer.parseInt(CommonConstants.Helix.DEFAULT_MAX_SEGMENT_PREPROCESS_PARALLELISM);
+      LOGGER.warn("Max preprocess concurrency is negative: {}, resetting to 
{}", maxPreprocessConcurrency,
+          defaultSegmentPreprocessParallelism);
+      maxPreprocessConcurrency = defaultSegmentPreprocessParallelism;
+    }
+    _maxPreprocessConcurrency = maxPreprocessConcurrency;
+    _relaxThrottling = relaxThrottling;
+
+    int relaxThrottlingThreshold = Math.max(_maxPreprocessConcurrency,
+        
CommonConstants.Helix.DEFAULT_MAX_SEGMENT_PREPROCESS_PARALLELISM_BEFORE_SERVING_QUERIES);
+    int preprocessConcurrency = _maxPreprocessConcurrency;
+    if (relaxThrottling) {
+      preprocessConcurrency = relaxThrottlingThreshold;
+      LOGGER.info("Relax throttling enabled, setting preprocess concurrency 
to: {}", preprocessConcurrency);
+    }
+    _semaphore = new AdjustableSemaphore(preprocessConcurrency, true);
+    LOGGER.info("Created semaphore with available permits: {}", 
_semaphore.availablePermits());
+  }
+
+  public void resetThrottling() {

Review Comment:
   Will there be race condition between this method and `onChange()`?



##########
pinot-integration-tests/src/test/java/org/apache/pinot/integration/tests/OfflineClusterIntegrationTest.java:
##########
@@ -188,12 +188,15 @@ public void setUp()
     // Start the Pinot cluster
     startZk();
     startController();
-    // Set hyperloglog log2m value to 12.
     HelixConfigScope scope =
         new 
HelixConfigScopeBuilder(HelixConfigScope.ConfigScopeProperty.CLUSTER).forCluster(getHelixClusterName())
             .build();
+    // Set hyperloglog log2m value to 12.
     _helixManager.getConfigAccessor()
         .set(scope, CommonConstants.Helix.DEFAULT_HYPERLOGLOG_LOG2M_KEY, 
Integer.toString(12));
+    // Set max segment preprocess parallelism to 1
+    _helixManager.getConfigAccessor()
+        .set(scope, 
CommonConstants.Helix.CONFIG_OF_MAX_SEGMENT_PREPROCESS_PARALLELISM, 
Integer.toString(1));

Review Comment:
   Will this drastically slow down the test? Suggest adding some comments 
explaining why this number is picked



##########
pinot-segment-local/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/segment/local/data/manager/TableDataManager.java:
##########
@@ -53,7 +54,8 @@ public interface TableDataManager {
    */
   void init(InstanceDataManagerConfig instanceDataManagerConfig, HelixManager 
helixManager, SegmentLocks segmentLocks,
       TableConfig tableConfig, @Nullable ExecutorService 
segmentPreloadExecutor,
-      @Nullable Cache<Pair<String, String>, SegmentErrorInfo> errorCache);
+      @Nullable Cache<Pair<String, String>, SegmentErrorInfo> errorCache,
+      SegmentPreprocessThrottler segmentPreprocessThrottler);

Review Comment:
   Add `@Nullable` annotation, same for other places where this new parameter 
is added



##########
pinot-segment-local/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/segment/local/indexsegment/immutable/ImmutableSegmentLoader.java:
##########
@@ -81,44 +82,48 @@ public static ImmutableSegment load(File indexDir, ReadMode 
readMode, TableConfi
       throws Exception {
     IndexLoadingConfig defaultIndexLoadingConfig = new 
IndexLoadingConfig(tableConfig, schema);
     defaultIndexLoadingConfig.setReadMode(readMode);
-    return load(indexDir, defaultIndexLoadingConfig, false);
+    return load(indexDir, defaultIndexLoadingConfig, false, null);
   }
 
   /**
    * Loads the segment with specified IndexLoadingConfig.
    * This method modifies the segment like to convert segment format, add or 
remove indices.
    * Mostly used by UT cases to add some specific index for testing purpose.
    */
-  public static ImmutableSegment load(File indexDir, IndexLoadingConfig 
indexLoadingConfig)
+  public static ImmutableSegment load(File indexDir, IndexLoadingConfig 
indexLoadingConfig,

Review Comment:
   Let's keep the original method, and add a new one with extra 
`segmentPreprocessThrottler` to avoid the changes in the tests. This is a 
fairly commonly used one



##########
pinot-segment-local/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/segment/local/indexsegment/immutable/ImmutableSegmentLoader.java:
##########
@@ -158,15 +163,25 @@ public static ImmutableSegment load(File indexDir, 
IndexLoadingConfig indexLoadi
   /**
    * Preprocess the local segment directory according to the current table 
config and schema.
    */
-  public static void preprocess(File indexDir, IndexLoadingConfig 
indexLoadingConfig, @Nullable Schema schema)
+  public static void preprocess(File indexDir, IndexLoadingConfig 
indexLoadingConfig, @Nullable Schema schema,
+      SegmentPreprocessThrottler segmentPreprocessThrottler)
       throws Exception {
     Preconditions.checkArgument(indexDir.isDirectory(), "Index directory: %s 
does not exist or is not a directory",
         indexDir);
 
     SegmentMetadataImpl segmentMetadata = new SegmentMetadataImpl(indexDir);
     if (segmentMetadata.getTotalDocs() > 0) {
       convertSegmentFormat(indexDir, indexLoadingConfig, segmentMetadata);

Review Comment:
   I'd also include the format conversion as part of the preprocess since it 
also involves a lot of IO



##########
pinot-spi/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/spi/config/provider/PinotClusterConfigChangeListener.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.pinot.spi.config.provider;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+
+
+public interface PinotClusterConfigChangeListener {
+  void onChange(Map<String, String> clusterConfigs);

Review Comment:
   Consider calculating the changed keys. We don't want to process all keys 
every time any key changes



##########
pinot-server/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/server/starter/helix/DefaultClusterConfigChangeHandler.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.pinot.server.starter.helix;
+
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.Set;
+import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixManager;
+import org.apache.helix.HelixManagerFactory;
+import org.apache.helix.InstanceType;
+import org.apache.helix.NotificationContext;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.BatchMode;
+import org.apache.helix.api.listeners.ClusterConfigChangeListener;
+import org.apache.helix.model.ClusterConfig;
+import org.apache.pinot.spi.config.provider.PinotClusterConfigChangeListener;
+import org.apache.pinot.spi.config.provider.PinotClusterConfigProvider;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+
+@BatchMode(enabled = false)
+public class DefaultClusterConfigChangeHandler implements 
ClusterConfigChangeListener, PinotClusterConfigProvider {
+  private static final Logger LOGGER = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(DefaultClusterConfigChangeHandler.class);
+
+  private volatile Map<String, String> _properties;
+  private final Set<PinotClusterConfigChangeListener> 
_clusterConfigChangeListeners = ConcurrentHashMap.newKeySet();

Review Comment:
   We probably don't need a concurrent set. Suggest using a regular `ArrayList` 
since register is always single-threaded



##########
pinot-segment-local/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/segment/local/utils/SegmentPreprocessThrottler.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.pinot.segment.local.utils;
+
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import java.util.Map;
+import org.apache.pinot.common.concurrency.AdjustableSemaphore;
+import org.apache.pinot.spi.config.provider.PinotClusterConfigChangeListener;
+import org.apache.pinot.spi.utils.CommonConstants;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+
+/**
+ * Used to throttle the total concurrent index rebuilds that can happen on a 
given Pinot server.
+ * Code paths that do no need to rebuild the index or which don't happen on 
the server need not utilize this throttler.
+ */
+public class SegmentPreprocessThrottler implements 
PinotClusterConfigChangeListener {
+  private static final Logger LOGGER = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(SegmentPreprocessThrottler.class);
+
+  /**
+   * If _maxPreprocessConcurrency is <= 0, it means that the cluster is not 
configured to limit the number of
+   * index rebuilds that can be executed concurrently. This class sets the 
semaphore permit to be a large value
+   * in this scenario.
+   */
+  private int _maxPreprocessConcurrency;
+  private boolean _relaxThrottling;
+  private volatile AdjustableSemaphore _semaphore;

Review Comment:
   This can be `final`



##########
pinot-segment-local/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/segment/local/utils/SegmentPreprocessThrottler.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.pinot.segment.local.utils;
+
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import java.util.Map;
+import org.apache.pinot.common.concurrency.AdjustableSemaphore;
+import org.apache.pinot.spi.config.provider.PinotClusterConfigChangeListener;
+import org.apache.pinot.spi.utils.CommonConstants;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+
+/**
+ * Used to throttle the total concurrent index rebuilds that can happen on a 
given Pinot server.
+ * Code paths that do no need to rebuild the index or which don't happen on 
the server need not utilize this throttler.
+ */
+public class SegmentPreprocessThrottler implements 
PinotClusterConfigChangeListener {
+  private static final Logger LOGGER = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(SegmentPreprocessThrottler.class);
+
+  /**
+   * If _maxPreprocessConcurrency is <= 0, it means that the cluster is not 
configured to limit the number of
+   * index rebuilds that can be executed concurrently. This class sets the 
semaphore permit to be a large value
+   * in this scenario.
+   */
+  private int _maxPreprocessConcurrency;
+  private boolean _relaxThrottling;
+  private volatile AdjustableSemaphore _semaphore;
+
+  public SegmentPreprocessThrottler(int maxPreprocessConcurrency, boolean 
relaxThrottling) {
+    LOGGER.info("Initializing SegmentPreprocessThrottler, 
maxPreprocessConcurrency: {}, relaxThrottling: {}",
+        maxPreprocessConcurrency, relaxThrottling);
+    if (maxPreprocessConcurrency <= 0) {
+      int defaultSegmentPreprocessParallelism =

Review Comment:
   Let's directly throw exception here to not let server starts. Using default 
for invalid config could cause very confusing behavior



##########
pinot-segment-local/src/main/java/org/apache/pinot/segment/local/utils/SegmentPreprocessThrottler.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+/**
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.pinot.segment.local.utils;
+
+import com.google.common.annotations.VisibleForTesting;
+import java.util.Map;
+import org.apache.pinot.common.concurrency.AdjustableSemaphore;
+import org.apache.pinot.spi.config.provider.PinotClusterConfigChangeListener;
+import org.apache.pinot.spi.utils.CommonConstants;
+import org.slf4j.Logger;
+import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
+
+
+/**
+ * Used to throttle the total concurrent index rebuilds that can happen on a 
given Pinot server.
+ * Code paths that do no need to rebuild the index or which don't happen on 
the server need not utilize this throttler.
+ */
+public class SegmentPreprocessThrottler implements 
PinotClusterConfigChangeListener {
+  private static final Logger LOGGER = 
LoggerFactory.getLogger(SegmentPreprocessThrottler.class);
+
+  /**
+   * If _maxPreprocessConcurrency is <= 0, it means that the cluster is not 
configured to limit the number of
+   * index rebuilds that can be executed concurrently. This class sets the 
semaphore permit to be a large value
+   * in this scenario.
+   */
+  private int _maxPreprocessConcurrency;
+  private boolean _relaxThrottling;
+  private volatile AdjustableSemaphore _semaphore;
+
+  public SegmentPreprocessThrottler(int maxPreprocessConcurrency, boolean 
relaxThrottling) {
+    LOGGER.info("Initializing SegmentPreprocessThrottler, 
maxPreprocessConcurrency: {}, relaxThrottling: {}",
+        maxPreprocessConcurrency, relaxThrottling);
+    if (maxPreprocessConcurrency <= 0) {
+      int defaultSegmentPreprocessParallelism =
+          
Integer.parseInt(CommonConstants.Helix.DEFAULT_MAX_SEGMENT_PREPROCESS_PARALLELISM);
+      LOGGER.warn("Max preprocess concurrency is negative: {}, resetting to 
{}", maxPreprocessConcurrency,
+          defaultSegmentPreprocessParallelism);
+      maxPreprocessConcurrency = defaultSegmentPreprocessParallelism;
+    }
+    _maxPreprocessConcurrency = maxPreprocessConcurrency;
+    _relaxThrottling = relaxThrottling;
+
+    int relaxThrottlingThreshold = Math.max(_maxPreprocessConcurrency,
+        
CommonConstants.Helix.DEFAULT_MAX_SEGMENT_PREPROCESS_PARALLELISM_BEFORE_SERVING_QUERIES);

Review Comment:
   We might want a even higher number so that it doesn't throttle. Also 
consider making it configurable in case we really need to throttle during 
server restart



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