URGENT ACTION APPEAL
        - From Amnesty International USA

        12 February 2008

        UA 38/08      Death sentence/Unfair trial/Torture

        IRAN           Ya'qub Mehrnehad (m), aged 28, member of Iran's
Baluchi minority

        Baluchi cultural and civil rights activist Ya'qub Mehrnehad
        was sentenced to death in early February, for an unknown
        offense, after an unfair trial conducted behind closed
        doors. He has allegedly been tortured. His appeal before the
        Supreme Court has been scheduled for 17 February, denying
        him the minimum 20 days normally given in Iran for him to
        prepare his appeal.

        His trial began on 25 December 2007 before a court in
        Zahedan, the capital of Sistan-Baluchistan province. This
        may have been a special court set up in the city in May
        2006, and it is unclear if it operates as a branch of the
        Revolutionary Court it would be governed by the General and
        Revolutionary Court procedures, but it may be operating
        outside that framework. Furthermore, in June 2006 it was
        announced that a "special judicial complex for security
        affairs" had begun work and that a recommendation had been
        made to the Judiciary to establish a branch of the Supreme
        Court in the complex in order to expedite the implementation
        of sentences and to reduce the time between the commission
        of crimes and the implementation of sentences. Amnesty
        International is concerned that Ya'qub Mehrnehad may be in
        imminent danger of execution.

        Ya'qub Mehrnehad is the head of a government-registered NGO,
        "The Voice of Justice Young People's Society", which
        specializes in organizing events such as concerts and
        educational courses for young Baluchi people. He was
        arrested in early May 2007 along with six other members of
        the association after they attended a meeting in the
        Provincial Office of Culture and Islamic Guidance, which the
        Governor of Zahedan reportedly attended. The six other men
        were later released. The exact reasons for his arrest are
        not known although some newspaper reports in July
        2007mentionned that a man identified as Ya'qub M. was being
        detained on suspicion of "aiding Abdolmalek Rigi", the
        head of a Baluchi armed group, Jondallah, also known as the
        Iranian Peoples' Resistance Movement.

        Five months after his arrest, Ya'qub Mehrnehad was allowed
        visits from his lawyer and his family, who said afterwards
        that he had been tortured, had lost about 15kg and was
        unable to keep his balance.

        BACKGROUND INFORMATION
        Iran's Baluchi minority live mainly in the south-east of the
        country, and are believed to make up between one and three
        percent of the total population of around 70 million. Mainly
        Sunni Muslims, they have for many years complained of
        discrimination by the authorities.

        Jondallah has carried out a number of armed attacks on
        Iranian officials and has sometimes taken hostages and
        killed them. It reportedly seeks to defend the rights of the
        Baluchi people, though government officials have claimed
        that it is involved in drug smuggling and terrorist
        activities and has ties to foreign governments.

        Attacks by Jondallah have been followed by widespread
        arrests of members of the Baluchi minority. According to a
        15 March 2007 BBC report, Sistan-Baluchistan television said
        that at least two people had been hanged in connection with
        a 14 February 2007 attack on a bus carrying Revolutionary
        Guards. At least 17 other people are reported to have been
        either sentenced to death or executed in connection with a
        March 2006 attack in Tasuki, in which up to 22 people were
        reportedly killed. In an interview with the Iranian
        newspaper 'Ayyaran on 17 March 2007, parliamentarian Hossein
        Ali Shahryari said prisons in Sistan-Baluchistan province
        held more than 700 people under sentence of death. In 2007,
        at least 312 people were executed in Iran, and the true
        figure may be considerably higher. There was a marked rise
        in the number of Baluchis executed.

        For further information please see: Iran: Human Rights
        Abuses against the Baluchi Minority, September 2007:
        http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE13/104/2007.

         RECOMMENDED ACTION: Please send appeals to arrive as quickly as
possible:
        - calling on the authorities not to carry out the death
        sentence against Ya'qub Mehrnehad;
        - asking for details of the charges against Ya'qub Mehrnehad
        and his trial;
        - expressing concern at reports that Ya'qub Mehrnehad has
        been tortured, and has lost 15kg and cannot keep his balance
        as a result, and reminding the authorities of their
        responsibility to ensure that he has access to adequate
        medical treatment;
        - stating that Amnesty International recognizes the right
        and responsibility of governments to bring to justice those
        suspected of criminal offenses, but opposes the death
        penalty as the ultimate cruel, inhuman and degrading
        punishment.

        APPEALS TO:
        Leader of the Islamic Republic
        His Excellency Ayatollah Sayed 'Ali Khamenei
        The Office of the Supreme Leader,
        Islamic Republic Street - Shahid Keshvar Doust Street
        Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
        Email: info at leader.ir
        Salutation: Your Excellency

        Head of the Judiciary
        Ayatollah Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi
        Howzeh Riyasat-e Qoveh Qazaiyeh / Office of the Head of the
        Judiciary
        Pasteur St., Vali Asr Ave., south of Serah-e Jomhouri,
        Tehran 1316814737, Islamic Republic of Iran
         Email: info at dadgostary-tehran.ir (In the subject line write: FAO
Ayatollah Shahroudi)
        Salutation: Your Excellency

        Minister of Intelligence
        Gholam Hossein Mohseni Ejeie
        Ministry of Intelligence, Second Negarestan Street, Pasdaran
        Avenue,
        Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
        Salutation: Your Excellency

        COPIES TO:
        President
        His Excellency Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
        The Presidency, Palestine Avenue, Azerbaijan Intersection,
        Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
         Email: dr-ahmadinejad at president.ir via website:
www.president.ir/email/

        Speaker of Parliament
        His Excellency Gholamali Haddad Adel
        Majles-e Shoura-ye Eslami, Baharestan Square, Tehran,
        Islamic Republic of Iran
        Fax: 011 98 21 3355 6408
         Email: hadadadel at majlis.ir (Ask for your message to be passed to
the Article 90 Commission)

        Iran does not presently have an embassy in the United
        States. Instead, please send copies to:

        Iranian Interests Section
        Embassy of Pakistan
        2209 Wisconsin Ave NW
        Washington DC 20007
        Fax: 1 202 965 1073
        Email: requests at daftar.org

        PLEASE SEND APPEALS IMMEDIATELY.
         Check with the AIUSA Urgent Action office if sending appeals
after 25 March 2008.

        ----------------------------------
        Tip of the Month:
        Use shortcuts: Do whatever is necessary to make your
        letter writing as quick and easy as possible. This way,
        letters will not be put off and they can be sent out sooner.
        Start by making a generic file for each type of concern;
        paragraphs on torture, the death penalty, disappearances,
        denial of medical care and so on, can be copied into your
        working file and edited as needed.

        ** POSTAGE RATES **
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        Amnesty International is a worldwide grassroots movement
        that promotes and defends human rights.

        This Urgent Action may be reposted if kept intact, including
        contact information and stop action date (if applicable).
        Thank you for your help with this appeal.

        Urgent Action Network
        Amnesty International USA
        600 Pennsylvania Ave SE 5th fl
        Washington DC 20003
        Email: uan at aiusa.org
        http://www.amnestyusa.org/urgent/
        Phone: 202.544.0200
        Fax: 202.675.8566
        ----------------------------------
        END OF URGENT ACTION APPEAL
        ----------------------------------



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  URGENT ACTION APPEAL
        - From Amnesty International USA

        12 February 2008

        UA 39/08                  Death Penalty

        AFGHANISTAN        Sayed Perwiz Kambakhsh (m), student and
journalist

        University student and journalist Perwiz Kambakhsh was
        sentenced to death on a charge of blasphemy on 22 January in
        the northern city of Mazar-e-Sharif in Balkh province.
        Before the trial began, local religious leaders had called
        for him to be executed for causing offense to Islam. His
        trial took place in a closed session of the provincial lower
        court and he had no legal representation.

        Perwiz Kambakhsh was convicted under the blasphemy laws for
        allegedly downloading material from the internet that
        examined the role of women in Islam and distributing it at
        Balkh University. His brother Yaqub Ibrahimi has filed an
        appeal on his behalf. If the appeal is rejected by both the
        Appeal Court and the Supreme Court, his sentence will be
        passed for review to President Karzai, who under the
        Constitution is authorized to approve it, commute the
        sentence or pardon Perwiz Kambakhsh altogether.

        Perwiz Kambakhsh reportedly said that the court consisted of
        three judges and an attorney. He was handed the written
        death sentence before he had a chance to defend himself and
        then escorted from the room by armed guards and returned to
        prison.

        Perwiz Kambakhsh, who also works for a local newspaper in
        Mazar-e-Sharif, has denied all charges against him saying
        that his confession was coerced.

        The case against Perwiz Kambakhsh appears to be politically
        motivated, aimed at stopping his brother Yaqub Ibrahimi -
        also a journalist who works for the Institute for War and
        Peace Reporting (IWPR) a charity providing training and
        capacity building for local media - from publishing articles
        critical of local power holders. Perwiz was arrested in
        November 2007 after Yaqui published a series of articles
        voicing concerns about local leaders.

        BACKGROUND INFORMATION
        Fifteen people were executed in October 2007, the first
        executions in Afghanistan for three years. The 15 were
        gunned down as they attempted to flee the execution and one
        person sentenced to death allegedly bribed his way out of
        the execution. The executions were immediately followed by a
        10-day hunger strike by some prisoners in Pul-e-Charkhi
        prison. The prisoners said that the executions were not
        based on fair and transparent trials, that some were
        politically motivated and that at least one person escaped
        execution by paying bribes. Between 70 and 110 people are
        believed to remain on death row.

        The death sentence against Perwiz Kambakhsh comes despite
        the UN General Assembly's adoption of a resolution (18
        December 2007) calling for a worldwide moratorium on the use
        of the death penalty and at a time when a total of 135
        countries have abolished the death penalty in law or
        practice.

        Amnesty International opposes the death penalty in all
        cases. The death penalty is a symptom of a culture of
        violence, and not a solution to it. It has not been shown to
        have any greater deterrent effect than other punishments,
        and is known to have been carried out on the innocent. The
        death penalty is the ultimate form of cruel, inhuman and
        degrading treatment, and a violation of the right to life, a
        right proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human
        Rights and other international human rights instruments.

        RECOMMENDED ACTION: Please send appeals to arrive as quickly as
possible:
        - calling on President Karzai to use his powers to pardon
        Perwiz Kambakhsh;
        - expressing concern that the court proceedings fell far
        below international fair trial standards;
        - expressing concern that the charges against Perwiz
        Kambakhsh appear to have been brought for political reasons;
        - calling on President Karzai to re-introduce an immediate
        moratorium on all executions in Afghanistan, as called for
        in the recent UN General Assembly resolution that was
        passed, with a view to an eventual abolition of the death
        penalty in line with the worldwide trend.

        APPEALS TO:

        Please Note:
        It is difficult to get letters and emails to Afghanistan.
        Please send appeals to the Ambassador of Afghanistan, and
        ask that they be forwarded to President Karzai, Attorney
        General Abdul Jabar Sabit and Minister of Justice Sarwar
        Danish.

        Ambassador Said Tayeb Jawad
        Embassy of Afghanistan
        2341 Wyoming Avenue NW
        Washington DC 20008
        Fax: 1 202 483 6488
        Email: info at embassyofafghanistan.org

        PLEASE SEND APPEALS IMMEDIATELY.
        Check with the AIUSA Urgent Action office if sending appeals
after 25 March 2008.
        ----------------------------------
        Tip of the Month:
        Use shortcuts: Do whatever is necessary to make your
        letter writing as quick and easy as possible. This way,
        letters will not be put off and they can be sent out sooner.
        Start by making a generic file for each type of concern;
        paragraphs on torture, the death penalty, disappearances,
        denial of medical care and so on, can be copied into your
        working file and edited as needed.

        ** POSTAGE RATES **
        Within the United States:
        $0.26 - Postcards
        $0.41 - Letters and Cards (up to 1 oz.)
        To Mexico and Canada:
        $0.69 - Postcards
        $0.69 - Airmail Letters and Cards (up to 1 oz.)
        To all other destination countries:
        $0.90 - Postcards
        $0.90 - Airmail Letters and Cards (up to 1 oz.)

        Amnesty International is a worldwide grassroots movement
        that promotes and defends human rights.

        This Urgent Action may be reposted if kept intact, including
        contact information and stop action date (if applicable).
        Thank you for your help with this appeal.

        Urgent Action Network
        Amnesty International USA
        600 Pennsylvania Ave SE 5th fl
        Washington DC 20003
        Email: uan at aiusa.org
        http://www.amnestyusa.org/urgent/
        Phone: 202.544.0200
        Fax: 202.675.8566
        ----------------------------------
        END OF URGENT ACTION APPEAL
        ----------------------------------





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