mikemccand commented on code in PR #15979:
URL: https://github.com/apache/lucene/pull/15979#discussion_r3682355199


##########
lucene/sandbox/src/java/org/apache/lucene/sandbox/codecs/dedup/DedupUtil.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,695 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
+ * contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file distributed with
+ * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
+ * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+ * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
+ * the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.lucene.sandbox.codecs.dedup;
+
+import static org.apache.lucene.index.VectorEncoding.BYTE;
+import static org.apache.lucene.index.VectorEncoding.FLOAT16;
+import static org.apache.lucene.index.VectorEncoding.FLOAT32;
+import static org.apache.lucene.search.VectorScorer.Bulk.fromRandomScorerDense;
+import static 
org.apache.lucene.search.VectorScorer.Bulk.fromRandomScorerSparse;
+import static org.apache.lucene.util.StringHelper.GOOD_FAST_HASH_SEED;
+import static org.apache.lucene.util.StringHelper.murmurhash3_x64_128;
+
+import java.io.IOException;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.hnsw.FlatVectorsScorer;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.OffHeapByteVectorValues;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.OffHeapFloat16VectorValues;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.OffHeapFloatVectorValues;
+import org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene95.OrdToDocDISIReaderConfiguration;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.ByteVectorValues;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.DocsWithFieldSet;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.FieldInfo;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.Float16VectorValues;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.FloatVectorValues;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.KnnVectorValues;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.VectorEncoding;
+import org.apache.lucene.index.VectorSimilarityFunction;
+import org.apache.lucene.internal.hppc.IntArrayList;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.DocIdSetIterator;
+import org.apache.lucene.search.VectorScorer;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.IndexInput;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.IndexOutput;
+import org.apache.lucene.store.RandomAccessInput;
+import org.apache.lucene.util.ArrayUtil;
+import org.apache.lucene.util.LongValues;
+import org.apache.lucene.util.hnsw.RandomVectorScorer;
+import org.apache.lucene.util.packed.DirectReader;
+import org.apache.lucene.util.packed.DirectWriter;
+
+/**
+ * Shared helpers for the de-duplicating flat format: reading / writing field 
and group metadata,
+ * vector hashing and alignment, and the {@link DedupVectorValues} views used 
on the read path.
+ *
+ * @lucene.experimental
+ */
+final class DedupUtil {
+
+  private static final int ORD_TO_DOC_DIRECT_MONOTONIC_BLOCK_SHIFT = 16;
+
+  private static final int END_MARKER = -1;
+
+  private static final int FIELD_ORD_TO_GROUP_ORD_ALIGN_BYTES = 4;
+
+  // TODO: This is the number of bits used to write each group ordinal in the 
index-backed per-field
+  //  FieldOrdToGroupOrd mapping. Evaluate using fewer bits to reduce index 
size, at the expense of
+  //  costlier lookups.
+  private static final int FIELD_ORD_TO_GROUP_ORD_BITS_PER_VALUE = 32;
+
+  /** Initial allocation size for internal re-used int[] scratch buffers. */
+  static final int SCRATCH_INITIAL_SIZE = 16;
+
+  /** Key used to group vectors (dimension + encoding). */
+  record GroupKey(int dimension, VectorEncoding encoding) {
+    GroupKey(FieldInfo fieldInfo) {
+      this(fieldInfo.getVectorDimension(), fieldInfo.getVectorEncoding());
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Vector values that share a single copy of each distinct vector across the 
documents and fields
+   * that reference it.
+   *
+   * <p>Every instance is backed by two views: the {@code fieldView} maps 
ordinals to docs and
+   * drives iteration (one entry per document), while the {@code groupView} 
holds the de-duplicated
+   * vectors (one entry per distinct vector). {@code fieldOrdToGroupOrd} 
translates a document
+   * ordinal in the field into its group ordinal.
+   */
+  sealed interface DedupVectorValues {
+    /** The dense view over distinct vectors, indexed by group ordinal. */
+    KnnVectorValues getGroupView();
+
+    /** Maps a per-document ordinal to its group ordinal in {@link 
#getGroupView()}. */
+    FieldOrdToGroupOrd getFieldOrdToGroupOrd();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Maps a field's per-document ordinal to the ordinal of its (shared) vector 
within the group.
+   * Backed on-heap while writing and off-heap while reading.
+   */
+  sealed interface FieldOrdToGroupOrd {
+    int get(int ord);
+
+    FieldOrdToGroupOrd copy() throws IOException;
+  }
+
+  record GroupInfo(
+      int groupOrd,
+      int dimension,
+      VectorEncoding encoding,
+      int groupSize,
+      long vectorDataOffset,
+      long vectorDataSize) {}
+
+  static void writeGroupInfo(IndexOutput meta, GroupInfo groupInfo) throws 
IOException {
+    meta.writeInt(groupInfo.groupOrd);
+    meta.writeInt(groupInfo.dimension);
+    meta.writeInt(groupInfo.encoding.ordinal());
+    meta.writeInt(groupInfo.groupSize);
+    meta.writeLong(groupInfo.vectorDataOffset);
+    meta.writeLong(groupInfo.vectorDataSize);
+  }
+
+  static void writeEndOfGroups(IndexOutput meta) throws IOException {
+    meta.writeInt(END_MARKER);
+  }
+
+  static GroupInfo readGroupInfo(IndexInput meta) throws IOException {
+    int groupOrd = meta.readInt();
+    if (groupOrd == END_MARKER) {
+      return null;
+    }
+
+    int dimension = meta.readInt();
+    VectorEncoding encoding = VectorEncoding.values()[meta.readInt()];
+    int groupSize = meta.readInt();

Review Comment:
   Oh!  `groupNumVector`?



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