> not sure what you mean by "hack" or "abusing the ul/li elements"
HTML 4.01 defines a set of elements, each with its own semantics. Some are meant as generic wrappers or containers in order to support language or style information (that's the DIV and SPAN elements). Others have a more precise meaning and are meant for a rather specific kind of content (the HN elements, P, UL, EM, etc.). I'm saying using a UL with a unique LI (like in your example) when what you actually need (semantic-wise) is a neutral wrapper like a DIV is abusing HTML 4's semantics. It's not a big deal (the worse it could cause is a bit of confusion for users who rely on the semantic information in some way), but having to use a UL element even when it's not appropriate is not a good thing. > only interpretation can think of for "abusing" is invalidation I was thinking of HTML semantics. You can write perfectly valid code that makes absolutely no semantic sense, and as such won't degrade gracefully when styles are not applied, will not be accessible with a screen reader, etc. For instance you could code a website's content with DIV elements only, content images as CSS backgrounds, everything absolutely positioned, etc. It would be valid, but it would be awful code nonetheless. Validity is a tool, not a token of quality.