On 11Apr2013 09:55, Nikos <nagia.rets...@gmail.com> wrote: | Τη Πέμπτη, 11 Απριλίου 2013 1:45:22 μ.μ. UTC+3, ο χρήστης Cameron Simpson έγραψε: | > On 10Apr2013 21:50, nagia.rets...@gmail.com <nagia.rets...@gmail.com> wrote: | > | the doctype is coming form the attempt of script metrites.py to open and read the 'index.html' file. | > | But i don't know how to try to open it as a byte file instead of an tetxt file.
Lele Gaifax showed one way: from codecs import open with open('index.html', encoding='utf-8') as f: content = f.read() But a plain open() should also do: with open('index.html') as f: content = f.read() if you're not taking tight control of the file encoding. The point here is to get _text_ (i.e. str) data from the file, not bytes. If the text turns out to be incorrectly decoded (i.e. incorrectly reading the file bytes and assembling them into text strings) because the default encoding is wrong, then you may need to read for Lele's more verbose open() example to select the correct encoding. But first ignore that and get text (str) instead of bytes. If you're already getting text from the file, something later is making bytes and handing it to print(). Another approach to try is to use sys.stdout.write() instead of print() The print() function will take _anything_ and write text of some form. The write() function will throw an exception if it gets the wrong type of data. If sys.stdout is opened in binary mode then write() will require bytes as data; strings will need to be explicitly turned into bytes via .encode() in order to not raise an exception. If sys.stdout is open in text mode, write() will require str data. The sys.stdout file itself will transcribe to bytes for you. If you take that route, at least you will not have confusion about str versus bytes. For an HTML output page I would advocate arranging that sys.stdout is in text mode; that way you can do the natural thing and .write() str data and lovely UTF-8 bytes will come out the other end. If the above test (using .write() instead of print()) shows it to be in binary mode we can fix that. But you need to find out. You will want access to the error messages from the CGI environment; do you have access to the web servers error_log? You can tail that in a terminal while you reload the page to see what's going on. | This works in the shell, but doesn't work on my website: | | $ cat utf8.txt | υλικό!Πρόκειται γ Ok, so your terminal is using UTF-8 as its output coding. (And so is your mail posting program, since we see it unmangled on my screen here.) | $ python3 | Python 3.2.3 (default, Oct 19 2012, 20:10:41) | [GCC 4.6.3] on linux2 | Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. | >>> data = open('utf8.txt').read() | >>> print(data) | υλικό!Πρόκειται γ Likewise. However, in an exciting twist, I seem to recall that Python invoked interactively with aterminal as output will have the default terminal encoding in place on sys.stdout. Producing what you expect. _However_, python invoked in a batch environment where stdout is not a terminal (such as in the CGI environment producing your web page), that is _not_ necessarily the case. | >>> print(data.encode('utf-8')) | b'\xcf\x85\xce\xbb\xce\xb9\xce\xba\xcf\x8c!\xce\xa0\xcf\x81\xcf\x8c\xce\xba\xce\xb5\xce\xb9\xcf\x84\xce\xb1\xce\xb9 \xce\xb3\n' | | See, the last line is what i'am getting on my website. The above line takes your Unicode text in "data" and transcribed it to bytes using UTF-8 as the encoding. And print() is then receiving that bytes object and printing its str() representation as "b'....'". That str is itself unicode, and when print passes it to sys.stdout, _that_ transcribed the unicode "b'...'" string as bytes to your terminal. Using UTF-8 based on the previous examples above, but since all those characters are in the bottom 127 code range the byte sequence will be the same if it uses ASCII or ISO8859-1 or almost anything else:-) As you can see, there's a lot of encoding/decoding going on behind the scenes even in this superficially simple example. | If i remove | the encode('utf-8') part in metrites.py, the webpage will not show | anything at all... Ah, but data will be being output. The print() function _will_ be writing "data" out in some form. I suggest you remove the .encode() and then examine the _source_ text of the web page, not its visible form. So: remove .encode(), reload the web page, "view page source" (depends on your browser, it is ctrl-U in Firefox ((Cmd-U in firefox on a Mac))). I think a lot of the issue you have in this thread is that your page is too complex. Make another page to do the same thing, and start with nothing. Add stuff to it a single item at a time until the page behaves incorrectly. Then you will know the exact item of code that introduced the issue. And then that single item can be examined in detail for the decode/encode issues. The other issue in the thread is that people losing patience get snarky. Respond only to the technical content. If a message is only snarky, _ignore_ it. People like the last word; let them have it and you won't get sidetracked into arguments. Cheers, -- Cameron Simpson <c...@zip.com.au> PCs are like a submarine, it will work fine till you open Windows. - zollie101 -- http://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-list