These upward-running bolts, first noted by the shuttle and
orbiter crews are also known as "sprites". There is a school
of thought that the ionization of the ionosphere by these
upward-running bolts of lightening may ... at least in part ...
account for the somewhat unexplained sporadic-E propag
http://www.rdmag.com/News/2009/08/Lightning-s-mirror-image,-but-much-bigger/
This article mentions an electrical field effect which can reach into the
ionosphere. Maybe a good thunderstorm is enough to excite the ionosphere, at
least locally. Since the excitation is from below instead of above
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