[agi] Bayesian surprise attracts human attention
Bayesian surprise attracts human attention http://tinyurl.com/77p9xo --- agi Archives: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/303/=now RSS Feed: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/rss/303/ Modify Your Subscription: https://www.listbox.com/member/?member_id=8660244&id_secret=126863270-d7b0b0 Powered by Listbox: http://www.listbox.com
[agi] Synaptic depression enables neuronal gain control
Nature advance online publication 14 January 2009 | doi:10.1038/nature07604; Received 18 July 2008; Accepted 30 October 2008; Published online 14 January 2009 Synaptic depression enables neuronal gain control Jason S. Rothman 1, Laurence Cathala 1,2, Volker Steuber 1,2 & R. Angus Silver 1 1.. Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK 2.. These authors contributed equally to this work. Correspondence to: R. Angus Silver 1 Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to R.A.S. (Email: a.sil...@ucl.ac.uk). To act as computational devices, neurons must perform mathematical operations as they transform synaptic and modulatory input into output firing rate. Experiments and theory indicate that neuronal firing typically represents the sum of synaptic inputs, an additive operation, but multiplication of inputs is essential for many computations. Multiplication by a constant produces a change in the slope, or gain, of the input-output relationship, amplifying or scaling down the sensitivity of the neuron to changes in its input. Such gain modulation occurs in vivo, during contrast invariance of orientation tuning, attentional scaling, translation-invariant object recognition, auditory processing and coordinate transformations. Moreover, theoretical studies highlight the necessity of gain modulation in several of these tasks. Although potential cellular mechanisms for gain modulation have been identified, they often rely on membrane noise and require restrictive conditions to work. Because nonlinear components are used to scale signals in electronics, we examined whether synaptic nonlinearities are involved in neuronal gain modulation. We used synaptic stimulation and the dynamic-clamp technique to investigate gain modulation in granule cells in acute slices of rat cerebellum. Here we show that when excitation is mediated by synapses with short-term depression (STD), neuronal gain is controlled by an inhibitory conductance in a noise-independent manner, allowing driving and modulatory inputs to be multiplied together. The nonlinearity introduced by STD transforms inhibition-mediated additive shifts in the input-output relationship into multiplicative gain changes. When granule cells were driven with bursts of high-frequency mossy fibre input, as observed in vivo, larger inhibition-mediated gain changes were observed, as expected with greater STD. Simulations of synaptic integration in more complex neocortical neurons suggest that STD-based gain modulation can also operate in neurons with large dendritic trees. Our results establish that neurons receiving depressing excitatory inputs can act as powerful multiplicative devices even when integration of postsynaptic conductances is linear.' Source: Nature http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/nature07604.html?lang=en --- agi Archives: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/303/=now RSS Feed: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/rss/303/ Modify Your Subscription: https://www.listbox.com/member/?member_id=8660244&id_secret=126863270-d7b0b0 Powered by Listbox: http://www.listbox.com
Re: [agi] Doubts raised over brain scan findings
So what? The paper points out a methodological problem that in itself has little to do with neuroscience. The field as a whole is hardly mortally afflicted with that problem (whether it's even real or not). If you look at any field large enough, there will be bad science. How is it relevant to study of AGI? Your child comes home and says they make a zero on the big test. A child says they made 80 on the test and failed , The reason they missed 80 questions out of 100. A child says they had a grade of 98 right and the teacher gave them a B. The reason there were 110 questions on the test. The value of data is not the data it self but the meaning in the global/local system. The question then do you focus on data production in an AGI system or to focus your attention on the relativitistic meaning of the information and can that be created in an electronic, sound, light, liquid or wavelet system. Which system will give you the best performance? --- agi Archives: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/303/=now RSS Feed: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/rss/303/ Modify Your Subscription: https://www.listbox.com/member/?member_id=8660244&id_secret=126863270-d7b0b0 Powered by Listbox: http://www.listbox.com
Re: [agi] Doubts raised over brain scan findings
The whole point about the paper referenced above is that they are collecting (in a large number of cases) data that is just random noise. Agreed that they could be random noise, but it could also be related to protein production which is related to nerve cell firings and increase oxygen consumption. I am of the opinion that a high activity area does not mean this is where a particular signal is being processed or created. Example: http://vsg.quasihome.com/interfer.htm Notice the interference pattern projected on the back of the wall. The pattern is a holographic reading. Nerve cells are not like photo graphic plates were a positive picture generates a negative picture. They are more like a saxophone. The resonance from a vibrating reed causes sound to reverberate in chambers. So if you did a "brain scan" of a saxophone you may miss the importance of the reed and air flow in making the resonance sounds. In my opinion the areas of the brain that are not firing are more important than those that are. How else can you explain low brain activity for a master chess player and massive brain firings for a novice chess player. To know means less neurological work. Ron --- agi Archives: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/303/=now RSS Feed: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/rss/303/ Modify Your Subscription: https://www.listbox.com/member/?member_id=8660244&id_secret=126863270-d7b0b0 Powered by Listbox: http://www.listbox.com
Re: [agi] just a thought
On Wed, Jan 14, 2009 at 4:40 AM, Matt Mahoney wrote: --- On Tue, 1/13/09, Valentina Poletti wrote: Anyways my point is, the reason why we have achieved so much technology, so much knowledge in this time is precisely the "we", it's the union of several individuals together with their ability to communicate with one-other that has made us advance so much. I agree. A machine that is 10 times as smart as a human in every way could not achieve much more than hiring 10 more people. In order to automate the economy, we have to replicate the capabilities of not one human mind, but a system of 10^10 minds. That is why my AGI proposal is so hideously expensive. http://www.mattmahoney.net/agi2.html Now really expensive if quantum entanglement is in fact present in a hybrid of quantum circuits stored in carbon tetrachloride functioning as a capacitor. In principle 420 billion human minds or about 84 octillion qubits can be stored entangled in 8 Mayonnaise jars of carbon tetrachloride. Carbon tetrachloride causes cancer and requires a government permit to use. --- agi Archives: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/303/=now RSS Feed: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/rss/303/ Modify Your Subscription: https://www.listbox.com/member/?member_id=8660244&id_secret=126863270-d7b0b0 Powered by Listbox: http://www.listbox.com
[agi] The fuzzy creative calculator.
Creative suggest novel or unexpected output. Creative output is usually related to errors. A person that knows the truth is rarely creative. This brings me to the creatve calculator I used to own. When the battery got low it would start drifting around numbers and creating new number symbols. It was very interesing to watch. Unfortunate I threw it a way not knowing that it would be an important observation. -Original Message- From: "Mike Tintner" To: agi@v2.listbox.com Sent: 1/13/09 4:40 PM Subject: Re: [agi] [WAS The Smushaby] The Logic of Creativity Hi Jim Yes you have misunderstood the nature of a creative problem, but no criticism - I clearly need to spell this out v carefully - because I get that particular misunderstanding over and over from programmers. [I'll just answer briefly BTW because as I said, I want to do a much fuller, systematic argument.another time] The central part [though not the only part of this and every creative] problem for you and your computer and almost anyone is this: you have *no domain knowledge* of, and no rules for, "flying houses". oh yes, you know about the domain of "flying creatures" say like birds, or "flying planes", and rules that apply to them, and you know a lot about the domain of "houses".and rules that apply to them But you have no domain knowledge - no semantic network - no rules about how to put the two together (or whether they do go together, or aren't a contradiction in terms] - or what the result should look like, or how it should function. Overall you have a v. *incomplete domain set.* And just to make life multiply difficult you don't have criteria of what a "good" flying house is. What IS a good flying house, Jim? And what makes one flying house better than another, because you're going to have to make such judgments, as you consider alternative possiblities - flat roof, sloped --- agi Archives: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/303/=now RSS Feed: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/rss/303/ Modify Your Subscription: https://www.listbox.com/member/?member_id=8660244&id_secret=126863270-d7b0b0 Powered by Listbox: http://www.listbox.com
[agi] Identity in an Ouchi illusion...
Check out the Ouchi illusion at http://u2ai.us/Art_files/Ouchi.gif Under standard florscent lighting for best effect notice the middle part of the picture appears to move. The observation of movement is called subjective movement. The observation of color is called subjective color. If you switch which language you are thinking in it could cause you to see colors you previously did not see. The obseration of pain is called subjective pain. Technically speaking pain is discrepancies on two or more channel of information. AGI based on opponent process circuits will experience pain and pleasure. Pleasure is the observation of the stored average for information. An average woman is a beautiful woman. --- agi Archives: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/303/=now RSS Feed: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/rss/303/ Modify Your Subscription: https://www.listbox.com/member/?member_id=8660244&id_secret=126863270-d7b0b0 Powered by Listbox: http://www.listbox.com
Re: [agi] Identity & abstraction
Richard Loosemore: no pictures request University of Warwick M.Sc,, Psychology, 1986 - 1987 University College London, U. of London B.Sc., Physics Astronomy, 1976 - 1979 >>> The picture of an oscillion made of brass balls created in a global-local memory system in vibrating brass balls trapped by two different sounds came from research of an Astronomer. The pictures of illusions came from psychology. For 150 years the Academy of Science in Britian stopped the stupid idea of a steam engine. Working models of steam engines had existed for 3000 years something the Academy of Science did not know. It was England that through John Locke that gave the world the idea of Freedom of Speech. Open free communication is viewed as critically necessary to approch the truth. It would be easier for you to allow me the dignity of freedom of speech created by John Locke and simple automatically deleting all messages that I might post. Connectionism was started by Edmond Spencer, another great mind produced by England. The pictures are quick easy ways of sharing the connection between extremely difficult to understand ideas. The necessity of developing pictures to communicate these ideas caused me to become an artist. In college I avoided art because it was stupid and not useful. Music was also stupid. But I had to take one of them to graduate from college. So I went with music. It turns out the young do not always do know what is good for them. Today I love classical music, theater, and art. Check out my art at http://art137.deviantart.com - 1925 works. AGI will be able to produce high qualty art. We know that computers can be programmed to do this. Superior AGI is dangerous to our future unless we interface with AGI becoming a superior hybrid, Pictures will be allowed in communication between AGI systems, Ron Blue --- agi Archives: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/303/=now RSS Feed: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/rss/303/ Modify Your Subscription: https://www.listbox.com/member/?member_id=8660244&id_secret=126863270-d7b0b0 Powered by Listbox: http://www.listbox.com
Re: [agi] Identity & abstraction
I would agree that the ABC example is an analogy. Generally speaking I am quickly successful in explaining how you can model the brain in electronic to people with backgrounds in analog electronics. The historical efforts in this direction of associationism and opponent process go all the way back to Aristole. Interesting observations reveal the opponent process nature of color. Example stare at the picture of the American flag http://www.brainviews.com/abFiles/IntOpponent.htm in a dimly lighted room for 45 seconds then look at at any gray area in the room and you will see the colors switch. The opponent process for color are blue-yellow, red-green, and black-white. People who played with an opponent-process model of leaning reads like a list of who's who in psychology including Pavlov. They all dropped the model because it was not simple. Einstein said make your theories as simple as necessary to explain the data. Simple doe not mean so the average American can understand it. Illusion are clues on what the brain is doing. What the brain is doing can be model in an AGI machine, Even computers can be programed to experience illusions or violations of the programmed expectatons. Example: Marshall, J.A. & Alley, R.K. (1993, October). A Self-Organizing Neural Network that Learns to Detect and Represent Visual Depth from Occlusion Events. [In Bowyer K.W. & Hall L. (Eds.)] Proceedings of the AAAI Fall Symposium on Machine Learning and Computer Vision, Research Triangle, N.C. p70-74. Your stated goal is the development of an AGI machine. I am telling you in my opinion that it can not be done in a programming environment but it can be done using opponent process circuits. We can not stop a child open his head and list his programs for our review and simple understanding. Sadly this is also true for analogy phase state opponent processing machines. Children are not controlable and neither are analogy phase state opponent processing machines. The current goal is developing a programming control system to interface with an analogy phase state opponent processing machine. After spending $200,000 we have been stuck at this problem level for 18 years. We had the AGI but no interface to traditional computations. At this time the current progress is promising that the two procedures can be made to cooperate with each other. You now have enough information to start your thinking. Ron http://u2ai.us --- agi Archives: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/303/=now RSS Feed: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/rss/303/ Modify Your Subscription: https://www.listbox.com/member/?member_id=8660244&id_secret=126863270-d7b0b0 Powered by Listbox: http://www.listbox.com
Re: [agi] What Must a World Be That a Humanlike Intelligence May Develop In It?
It turns out that nerve cells require physical vibrations to work correctly. An odd discovery to say the least. But movement of an electrostatic charge in a standing electromagnetic polarization field may be useful for measuring the vibrations of odor molecules for the odor system. Part of an odor molecule moves in an out of the pore of a nerve cell. An odor signal then would be a summation of averages of the different parts being stored on a standing wave pattern of about 30 hertz. You can duplicate any odor if you can get the same ratio of the small parts of the original molecule. - Original Message - From: Nathan Cook To: agi@v2.listbox.com Sent: Saturday, January 10, 2009 4:27 PM Subject: Re: [agi] What Must a World Be That a Humanlike Intelligence May Develop In It? What about vibration? We have specialized mechanoreceptors to detect vibration (actually vibration and pressure - presumably there's processing to separate the two). It's vibration that lets us feel fine texture, via the stick-slip friction between fingertip and object. On a related note, even a very fine powder of very low friction feels different to water - how can you capture the sensation of water using beads and blocks of a reasonably large size? -- Nathan Cook -- agi | Archives | Modify Your Subscription --- agi Archives: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/303/=now RSS Feed: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/rss/303/ Modify Your Subscription: https://www.listbox.com/member/?member_id=8660244&id_secret=126863270-d7b0b0 Powered by Listbox: http://www.listbox.com
Re: [agi] What Must a World Be That a Humanlike Intelligence May Develop In It?
Not really related to your topic, but it sort of isMany years ago Disney made a movie about an alien cat that was telepathic and came to earth in a Flying saucer. A stupid movie because cats can not develop the technology to do this. Recently I realized that while cat can not do this a species like us can transplant computer interface chips into cats to allow them to communicate to our robots, computers, and manufacturing robot factory. We die out as a species for unknown reasons but the cat continues our civilization. In other words a cat can pilot a UFO and land on earth to investigate the life on earth. Ron Blue Assistant Professor of Psychology Lehigh Carbon Community College rb...@lccc.edu --- agi Archives: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/303/=now RSS Feed: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/rss/303/ Modify Your Subscription: https://www.listbox.com/member/?member_id=8660244&id_secret=123753653-47f84b Powered by Listbox: http://www.listbox.com
Re: [agi] Identity & abstraction
"object perception" Identity is the abstraction that you are focusing your attention on. Habituation is stimulus specific and does not reduce the responsiveness for stimuli you are currently ignoring. As such after habituation or eye movement new abstract interpretations to NAME an identity from previous learning is possible. Consider the problem of figure/background. The figure is the identity and the background provides a relativistic anchor to judge the figure. After habituation it is possible to see the background as the figure or identity and the old figure becomes a relativity background anchor. Example: opponent process illusions... Meteor Crater Arizona flip upside down to become the Knob Arizona The vase with a picture of King William and Queen Mary in it. This vase plus pointillism art movement leads to TV. The opponent image illustrate how the mind is handling data. It forms gaussian reciprocal identities which we call habituation which it uses for as wavelet filters for new incoming stimuli. Technically speaking the brain is a holographic stimuli storing immune system. To illustrate what can duplicated in a zero informational computational system lets add the two vases together but in reverse with a 1 % error. Notice that information almost cancelled out completely and created a base zero or gray reference system. Information that does not cancel out is called novel and attracts our attention. Ron Blue Assistant Professor of Psychology Lehigh Carbon Community College rb...@lccc.edu --- agi Archives: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/303/=now RSS Feed: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/rss/303/ Modify Your Subscription: https://www.listbox.com/member/?member_id=8660244&id_secret=123753653-47f84b Powered by Listbox: http://www.listbox.com <> <> <>
RE: [agi] The Smushaby of Flatway.
In outlook express change format to html and insert picture. Generally this safer than an attachment. -Original Message- From: "Eric Burton" To: agi@v2.listbox.com Sent: 1/9/09 8:03 AM Subject: Re: [agi] The Smushaby of Flatway. Ronald: I didn't have to choose 'Display images' to see your attached picture again. What are you doing? It's fun, but scary. On 1/9/09, Ronald C. Blue wrote: >> But how can it dequark the tachyon antimatter containment field? >> Richard Loosemore >>>>>>>>>>>>>> > A model that can answer all questions is defective precisely because it can > do so. > > But in your case matter does not exist except at certain time phases as a > standing opponent process informational system from a zero point energy > point of view. An example is the negative phase oscillon in the matter > picture surrounded by electrons oscilating in and out of existence. > > Oscillon pairs with opposite waves form bonding are very stable. This is > like the Pauli exculsion principle. Only electron pairs with opposite spins > can be in orbit together. This is also true for shaddow matter or the > nucleus of an atom. > > > Emotionally I like the idea that anti-matter is matter moving into the past. > But due to vortex > of energy it looks like negative time but it is just like as an old wagon > wheel in a black and white movie looking like it is > colorized and going backwards. 3D is an illusion. --- agi Archives: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/303/=now RSS Feed: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/rss/303/ Modify Your Subscription: https://www.listbox.com/member/?member_id=8660244&id_secret=123753653-47f84b Powered by Listbox: http://www.listbox.com
RE: [agi] The Smushaby of Flatway.
A picture is like an instant 1000 words and you will remind a picture almost 70 years but not 1000 words. -Original Message- From: "J. Andrew Rogers" To: agi@v2.listbox.com Sent: 1/8/09 1:59 PM Subject: Re: [agi] The Smushaby of Flatway. On Jan 8, 2009, at 10:29 AM, Ronald C. Blue wrote: > ...Noise is not noise... Speaking of noise, was that ghastly HTML formatting really necessary? It made the email nearly unreadable. J. Andrew Rogers --- agi Archives: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/303/=now RSS Feed: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/rss/303/ Modify Your Subscription: https://www.listbox.com/member/?&; Powered by Listbox: http://www.listbox.com --- agi Archives: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/303/=now RSS Feed: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/rss/303/ Modify Your Subscription: https://www.listbox.com/member/?member_id=8660244&id_secret=123753653-47f84b Powered by Listbox: http://www.listbox.com
Re: [agi] The Smushaby of Flatway.
IFrom: Jim Bromer [mailto:jimbro...@gmail.com] Sent: Wednesday, January 07, 2009 8:24 PM All of the major AI paradigms, including those that are capable of learning, are flat according to my definition. What makes them flat is that the method of decision making is minimally-structured and they funnel all reasoning through a single narrowly focused process that smushes different inputs to produce output that can appear reasonable in some cases but is really flat and lacks any structure for complex reasoning. Consider a wave machine made of oil and color water. Technically speaking the information is flat even under chaos stimulation because the sum of the top oil and the bottom water remains constant within the limits of the power parameters of the system. This is a pure 3D correlational wavelet opponent processing machine. The system is globally entangled to new information but the response time is globally slow. Now insert floating needles locked into a mao location that go up and down from the modulations. Let the needles make contact with a parallel processor. The on and off switching is read with a constant Paul rf trap and protected in parallel modulating string pulses. The information is sent to another wave machine and the flowing needles electromagnetically can be make to move up and down duplicating the pure gaussian memory of the first wave machine with some lost of noise. Noise is not noise, it is the declining value of previous information. The system makes calculations in a relative zero energy value or opponent process. Noise is important for creative thought and intelligent behavior. Now let see this process phase locked or a snap shot picture. The information is globally flat because it is a parallel opponent process but contains reciprocal Eigenfunction to produce the opponent process summation interference if the picture was reversed and both added together. The new picture would be a flat gray. The brain and a good AGI would have trouble keeping up with the data flow at a particular location just like the wave machine but over a slow gaussian reference rf trap the summation would approach zero. A good AGI machine would have a slow integration time or oscillon output picture or http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hvTzeWXCqXQ . Now consider a self programming electronic wave machine with two systems - a object map system and an action map system. Example http://oolong.co.uk/resonata.htm locked into the forth harmonic. The two systems are Eigenfunction. Example a child says loudly MILK!. Milk as a stimulus means at the same time when it hits the dual memory map the object milk and it is entangled with its Eigenfunction for action map - get MILK now. The program get milk now is turned on. Because the action program is turned on it does a data input into the gaussian data base for milk. That is what entangled memory means. --- agi Archives: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/303/=now RSS Feed: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/rss/303/ Modify Your Subscription: https://www.listbox.com/member/?member_id=8660244&id_secret=123753653-47f84b Powered by Listbox: http://www.listbox.com <> <>
[agi] 2 D holographic wavelet interference opponent processing
The approach I propose is using phase state 2 D holographic wavelet interference opponent processing in entangled transistors. A quick example of an Eigenfunction opponent processing machine for shape without using math is illustrated with the enclosed movie of a pin machine. http://he3.us/Movies/pin machine.wmv Another example is phase state analog interference oscillon movie. Slinky as a Neuron Model http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hvTzeWXCqXQ and Resonance Phenomena in 2D on a Plane http://tinyurl.com/6xbmgb Information in all examples are phase referenced, self organizing, redundant, and intelligent. Current efforts are directed at developing a dual physical structure that allows a 4 qubit quantum computer to interface with a standard memory system or possibly a quantum string memory system. By dual I mean analog and digital at the same time from the same hardware. This approach is similar to the beginning of the Apple computer except it is concurrently analog and digital using quantum computation and traditional computation in the same physical structure. My website http://u2ai.us may interest you but the information is not current and does not reflect the current approach but some of the old ideas may be used in the new approach. Most people are not interested in the effort because it is Artificial General or Global Intelligence and not directed at solving specific problems. The road block has been in a way to discover how to interface the AGI device to standard computer system. We are hopeful the new direction is the correct path. --- agi Archives: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/303/=now RSS Feed: https://www.listbox.com/member/archive/rss/303/ Modify Your Subscription: https://www.listbox.com/member/?member_id=8660244&id_secret=123753653-47f84b Powered by Listbox: http://www.listbox.com
