RE: stopping spam from inside server?

2010-01-22 Thread Campbell, Rob
What Exchange version are you running?

From: Boggis, Josh [mailto:josh.bog...@uconn.edu]
Sent: Friday, January 22, 2010 7:16 AM
To: MS-Exchange Admin Issues
Subject: stopping spam from inside server?

Anyone have any suggestions on anything for stopping what I call internal spam. 
 Users who reply to phishing emails, who's account is then used to send out 
massive amounts of spam to the world.   Because of this massive blast of spam, 
our mail server gets placed on many block lists, and then I have to spend the 
day getting us off block lists because of one users who thinks it's a good idea 
to give out login id, password, home address, favorite ice cream flavor and 
blood type just because an email asked them to.

Any ideas on solutions?  User education has proven fruitless, we still get 
people who reply.




**
Note: 
The information contained in this message may be privileged and confidential 
and 
protected from disclosure.  If the reader of this message is not the intended  
recipient, or an employee or agent responsible for delivering this message to  
the intended recipient, you are hereby notified that any dissemination,   
distribution or copying of this communication is strictly prohibited. If you  
have received this communication in error, please notify us immediately by  
replying to the message and deleting it from your computer. 
**


RE: stopping spam from inside server?

2010-01-22 Thread Ellis, John P.
Deploy some kind of Email hygiene solution to cut out the Spam ?
 
 
John

 


From: Boggis, Josh [mailto:josh.bog...@uconn.edu] 
Sent: 22 January 2010 13:16
To: MS-Exchange Admin Issues
Subject: stopping spam from inside server?



Anyone have any suggestions on anything for stopping what I call
internal spam.  Users who reply to phishing emails, who's account is
then used to send out massive amounts of spam to the world.   Because of
this massive blast of spam, our mail server gets placed on many block
lists, and then I have to spend the day getting us off block lists
because of one users who thinks it's a good idea to give out login id,
password, home address, favorite ice cream flavor and blood type just
because an email asked them to.

 

Any ideas on solutions?  User education has proven fruitless, we still
get people who reply.

 

 

 

 


**
This email and any files transmitted with it are confidential and
intended solely for the use of the individual or entity to whom they
are addressed. If you have received this email in error please notify
the system manager.

This footnote also confirms that this email message has been swept by
MIMEsweeper for the presence of computer viruses.

www.clearswift.com
**




Re: stopping spam from inside server?

2010-01-22 Thread Sherry Abercrombie
Get a good spam filtering program for your exchange server, Sunbelt's
product comes to mind.  Get a good anti-virus/anti-malware program that
scans your servers and workstations and prevents them from becoming
infected.  Again, Sunbelt's product comes to mind.

Do something a little more proactive than just relying on user education.
(Yes sarcasm tags are heavily on for this response).

On Fri, Jan 22, 2010 at 7:15 AM, Boggis, Josh josh.bog...@uconn.edu wrote:

  Anyone have any suggestions on anything for stopping what I call internal
 spam.  Users who reply to phishing emails, who’s account is then used to
 send out massive amounts of spam to the world.   Because of this massive
 blast of spam, our mail server gets placed on many block lists, and then I
 have to spend the day getting us off block lists because of one users who
 thinks it’s a good idea to give out login id, password, home address,
 favorite ice cream flavor and blood type just because an email asked them
 to.



 Any ideas on solutions?  User education has proven fruitless, we still get
 people who reply.












-- 
Sherry Abercrombie

Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.
Arthur C. Clarke


Re: stopping spam from inside server?

2010-01-22 Thread Roger Wright
Have you verified you're not configured as an open relay?
Is your firewall only allowing SMTP traffic to/from your Exchange box?

Die dulci fruere!

Roger Wright
___


Marie von 
Ebner-Eschenbachhttp://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/m/marie_von_ebnereschenbac.html
- Even a stopped clock is right twice a day.

On Fri, Jan 22, 2010 at 8:15 AM, Boggis, Josh josh.bog...@uconn.edu wrote:

  Anyone have any suggestions on anything for stopping what I call internal
 spam.  Users who reply to phishing emails, who’s account is then used to
 send out massive amounts of spam to the world.   Because of this massive
 blast of spam, our mail server gets placed on many block lists, and then I
 have to spend the day getting us off block lists because of one users who
 thinks it’s a good idea to give out login id, password, home address,
 favorite ice cream flavor and blood type just because an email asked them
 to.



 Any ideas on solutions?  User education has proven fruitless, we still get
 people who reply.











RE: stopping spam from inside server?

2010-01-22 Thread Miller Bonnie L .
Our web gateway filtering appliances have helped a lot with this, using Trusted 
Source-our network admin does all the work on these.  Doesn't stop everything, 
but if they are known bad sites, they get blocked when the user clicks on the 
link(s).

-Bonnie


From: Boggis, Josh [mailto:josh.bog...@uconn.edu]
Sent: 22 January 2010 13:16
To: MS-Exchange Admin Issues
Subject: stopping spam from inside server?
Anyone have any suggestions on anything for stopping what I call internal spam. 
 Users who reply to phishing emails, who's account is then used to send out 
massive amounts of spam to the world.   Because of this massive blast of spam, 
our mail server gets placed on many block lists, and then I have to spend the 
day getting us off block lists because of one users who thinks it's a good idea 
to give out login id, password, home address, favorite ice cream flavor and 
blood type just because an email asked them to.

Any ideas on solutions?  User education has proven fruitless, we still get 
people who reply.





**

This email and any files transmitted with it are confidential and

intended solely for the use of the individual or entity to whom they

are addressed. If you have received this email in error please notify

the system manager.

This footnote also confirms that this email message has been swept by

MIMEsweeper for the presence of computer viruses.

www.clearswift.com

**


RE: stopping spam from inside server?

2010-01-22 Thread Carl Houseman
+1.  No port 25 traffic should be allowed out except from the known mail
servers.  Then all you have to secure is those servers.
 
Carl

  _  

From: Roger Wright [mailto:rhw...@gmail.com] 
Sent: Friday, January 22, 2010 9:35 AM
To: MS-Exchange Admin Issues
Subject: Re: stopping spam from inside server?


Have you verified you're not configured as an open relay? 
Is your firewall only allowing SMTP traffic to/from your Exchange box?

Die dulci fruere!

Roger Wright
___


Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/m/marie_von_ebnereschenbac.html
- Even a stopped clock is right twice a day. 


On Fri, Jan 22, 2010 at 8:15 AM, Boggis, Josh josh.bog...@uconn.edu wrote:


Anyone have any suggestions on anything for stopping what I call internal
spam.  Users who reply to phishing emails, who's account is then used to
send out massive amounts of spam to the world.   Because of this massive
blast of spam, our mail server gets placed on many block lists, and then I
have to spend the day getting us off block lists because of one users who
thinks it's a good idea to give out login id, password, home address,
favorite ice cream flavor and blood type just because an email asked them
to.

 

Any ideas on solutions?  User education has proven fruitless, we still get
people who reply.

 

 

 

 




RE: stopping spam from inside server?

2010-01-22 Thread Boggis, Josh
To be clear, this is the same as normal traffic.  This is not being done on an 
open relay, a user has given out their ID/Password to a phishing scheme, and 
they are logging in remotely over OWA to send out large amounts of spam.  It 
the same as a professor sending out 5000 mails to an academic group they run.  
This is where things get tough for me.  I am looking for something to 
distinguish a user who has been compromised and is sending out spam vs a user 
sending out valid large amounts of email.

Oh and I forgot to put in, we are running Exchange 2007.  Do have Forefront 
installed to handle antivirus, and have a few barracuda boxes for spam 
filtering incoming.



From: Carl Houseman [mailto:c.house...@gmail.com]
Sent: Friday, January 22, 2010 10:26 AM
To: MS-Exchange Admin Issues
Subject: RE: stopping spam from inside server?

+1.  No port 25 traffic should be allowed out except from the known mail 
servers.  Then all you have to secure is those servers.

Carl


From: Roger Wright [mailto:rhw...@gmail.com]
Sent: Friday, January 22, 2010 9:35 AM
To: MS-Exchange Admin Issues
Subject: Re: stopping spam from inside server?
Have you verified you're not configured as an open relay?
Is your firewall only allowing SMTP traffic to/from your Exchange box?

Die dulci fruere!

Roger Wright
___


Marie von 
Ebner-Eschenbachhttp://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/m/marie_von_ebnereschenbac.html
  - Even a stopped clock is right twice a day.
On Fri, Jan 22, 2010 at 8:15 AM, Boggis, Josh 
josh.bog...@uconn.edumailto:josh.bog...@uconn.edu wrote:
Anyone have any suggestions on anything for stopping what I call internal spam. 
 Users who reply to phishing emails, who's account is then used to send out 
massive amounts of spam to the world.   Because of this massive blast of spam, 
our mail server gets placed on many block lists, and then I have to spend the 
day getting us off block lists because of one users who thinks it's a good idea 
to give out login id, password, home address, favorite ice cream flavor and 
blood type just because an email asked them to.

Any ideas on solutions?  User education has proven fruitless, we still get 
people who reply.







RE: stopping spam from inside server?

2010-01-22 Thread John Cook
After hours unusual activity??

John W. Cook
Systems Administrator
Partnership For Strong Families
315 SE 2nd Ave
Gainesville, Fl 32601
Office (352) 393-2741 x320
Cell (352) 215-6944
Fax (352) 393-2746
MCSE, MCTS, MCP+I, A+, N+, VSP4, VTSP4

From: Boggis, Josh [mailto:josh.bog...@uconn.edu]
Sent: Friday, January 22, 2010 11:23 AM
To: MS-Exchange Admin Issues
Subject: RE: stopping spam from inside server?

To be clear, this is the same as normal traffic.  This is not being done on an 
open relay, a user has given out their ID/Password to a phishing scheme, and 
they are logging in remotely over OWA to send out large amounts of spam.  It 
the same as a professor sending out 5000 mails to an academic group they run.  
This is where things get tough for me.  I am looking for something to 
distinguish a user who has been compromised and is sending out spam vs a user 
sending out valid large amounts of email.

Oh and I forgot to put in, we are running Exchange 2007.  Do have Forefront 
installed to handle antivirus, and have a few barracuda boxes for spam 
filtering incoming.



From: Carl Houseman [mailto:c.house...@gmail.com]
Sent: Friday, January 22, 2010 10:26 AM
To: MS-Exchange Admin Issues
Subject: RE: stopping spam from inside server?

+1.  No port 25 traffic should be allowed out except from the known mail 
servers.  Then all you have to secure is those servers.

Carl


From: Roger Wright [mailto:rhw...@gmail.com]
Sent: Friday, January 22, 2010 9:35 AM
To: MS-Exchange Admin Issues
Subject: Re: stopping spam from inside server?
Have you verified you're not configured as an open relay?
Is your firewall only allowing SMTP traffic to/from your Exchange box?

Die dulci fruere!

Roger Wright
___


Marie von 
Ebner-Eschenbachhttp://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/m/marie_von_ebnereschenbac.html
  - Even a stopped clock is right twice a day.
On Fri, Jan 22, 2010 at 8:15 AM, Boggis, Josh 
josh.bog...@uconn.edumailto:josh.bog...@uconn.edu wrote:
Anyone have any suggestions on anything for stopping what I call internal spam. 
 Users who reply to phishing emails, who's account is then used to send out 
massive amounts of spam to the world.   Because of this massive blast of spam, 
our mail server gets placed on many block lists, and then I have to spend the 
day getting us off block lists because of one users who thinks it's a good idea 
to give out login id, password, home address, favorite ice cream flavor and 
blood type just because an email asked them to.

Any ideas on solutions?  User education has proven fruitless, we still get 
people who reply.







CONFIDENTIALITY STATEMENT: The information transmitted, or contained or 
attached to or with this Notice is intended only for the person or entity to 
which it is addressed and may contain Protected Health Information (PHI), 
confidential and/or privileged material. Any review, transmission, 
dissemination, or other use of, and taking any action in reliance upon this 
information by persons or entities other than the intended recipient without 
the express written consent of the sender are prohibited. This information may 
be protected by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 
(HIPAA), and other Federal and Florida laws. Improper or unauthorized use or 
disclosure of this information could result in civil and/or criminal penalties.
Consider the environment. Please don't print this e-mail unless you really need 
to.

This email and any attached files are confidential and intended solely for the 
intended recipient(s). If you are not the named recipient you should not read, 
distribute, copy or alter this email. Any views or opinions expressed in this 
email are those of the author and do not represent those of the company. 
Warning: Although precautions have been taken to make sure no viruses are 
present in this email, the company cannot accept responsibility for any loss or 
damage that arise from the use of this email or attachments.


RE: stopping spam from inside server?

2010-01-22 Thread Eric Wittersheim
Change the professors password.

 

From: Boggis, Josh [mailto:josh.bog...@uconn.edu] 
Sent: Friday, January 22, 2010 10:23 AM
To: MS-Exchange Admin Issues
Subject: RE: stopping spam from inside server?

 

To be clear, this is the same as normal traffic.  This is not being done
on an open relay, a user has given out their ID/Password to a phishing
scheme, and they are logging in remotely over OWA to send out large
amounts of spam.  It the same as a professor sending out 5000 mails to
an academic group they run.  This is where things get tough for me.  I
am looking for something to distinguish a user who has been compromised
and is sending out spam vs a user sending out valid large amounts of
email.

 

Oh and I forgot to put in, we are running Exchange 2007.  Do have
Forefront installed to handle antivirus, and have a few barracuda boxes
for spam filtering incoming.

 

 

 

From: Carl Houseman [mailto:c.house...@gmail.com] 
Sent: Friday, January 22, 2010 10:26 AM
To: MS-Exchange Admin Issues
Subject: RE: stopping spam from inside server?

 

+1.  No port 25 traffic should be allowed out except from the known mail
servers.  Then all you have to secure is those servers.

 

Carl

 



From: Roger Wright [mailto:rhw...@gmail.com] 
Sent: Friday, January 22, 2010 9:35 AM
To: MS-Exchange Admin Issues
Subject: Re: stopping spam from inside server?

Have you verified you're not configured as an open relay? 

Is your firewall only allowing SMTP traffic to/from your Exchange box?

Die dulci fruere!

Roger Wright
___


Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/m/marie_von_ebnereschenbac.ht
ml   - Even a stopped clock is right twice a day. 

On Fri, Jan 22, 2010 at 8:15 AM, Boggis, Josh josh.bog...@uconn.edu
wrote:

Anyone have any suggestions on anything for stopping what I call
internal spam.  Users who reply to phishing emails, who's account is
then used to send out massive amounts of spam to the world.   Because of
this massive blast of spam, our mail server gets placed on many block
lists, and then I have to spend the day getting us off block lists
because of one users who thinks it's a good idea to give out login id,
password, home address, favorite ice cream flavor and blood type just
because an email asked them to.

 

Any ideas on solutions?  User education has proven fruitless, we still
get people who reply.

 

 

 

 

 



RE: stopping spam from inside server?

2010-01-22 Thread Randal, Phil
You need to spam filter in both directions, then...
 
Phil
-- 
Phil Randal | Networks Engineer 
NHS Herefordshire  Herefordshire Council  | Deputy Chief Executive's
Office | I.C.T. Services Division 
Thorn Office Centre, Rotherwas, Hereford, HR2 6JT 
Tel: 01432 260160 
email: pran...@herefordshire.gov.uk 

Any opinion expressed in this e-mail or any attached files are those of
the individual and not necessarily those of Herefordshire Council.

This e-mail and any attached files are confidential and intended solely
for the use of the addressee. This communication may contain material
protected by law from being passed on. If you are not the intended
recipient and have received this e-mail in error, you are advised that
any use, dissemination, forwarding, printing or copying of this e-mail
is strictly prohibited. If you have received this e-mail in error please
contact the sender immediately and destroy all copies of it.

 



From: Boggis, Josh [mailto:josh.bog...@uconn.edu] 
Sent: 22 January 2010 16:23
To: MS-Exchange Admin Issues
Subject: RE: stopping spam from inside server?



To be clear, this is the same as normal traffic.  This is not being done
on an open relay, a user has given out their ID/Password to a phishing
scheme, and they are logging in remotely over OWA to send out large
amounts of spam.  It the same as a professor sending out 5000 mails to
an academic group they run.  This is where things get tough for me.  I
am looking for something to distinguish a user who has been compromised
and is sending out spam vs a user sending out valid large amounts of
email.

 

Oh and I forgot to put in, we are running Exchange 2007.  Do have
Forefront installed to handle antivirus, and have a few barracuda boxes
for spam filtering incoming.

 

 

 

From: Carl Houseman [mailto:c.house...@gmail.com] 
Sent: Friday, January 22, 2010 10:26 AM
To: MS-Exchange Admin Issues
Subject: RE: stopping spam from inside server?

 

+1.  No port 25 traffic should be allowed out except from the known mail
servers.  Then all you have to secure is those servers.

 

Carl

 



From: Roger Wright [mailto:rhw...@gmail.com] 
Sent: Friday, January 22, 2010 9:35 AM
To: MS-Exchange Admin Issues
Subject: Re: stopping spam from inside server?

Have you verified you're not configured as an open relay? 

Is your firewall only allowing SMTP traffic to/from your Exchange box?

Die dulci fruere!

Roger Wright
___


Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/m/marie_von_ebnereschenbac.ht
ml   - Even a stopped clock is right twice a day. 

On Fri, Jan 22, 2010 at 8:15 AM, Boggis, Josh josh.bog...@uconn.edu
wrote:

Anyone have any suggestions on anything for stopping what I call
internal spam.  Users who reply to phishing emails, who's account is
then used to send out massive amounts of spam to the world.   Because of
this massive blast of spam, our mail server gets placed on many block
lists, and then I have to spend the day getting us off block lists
because of one users who thinks it's a good idea to give out login id,
password, home address, favorite ice cream flavor and blood type just
because an email asked them to.

 

Any ideas on solutions?  User education has proven fruitless, we still
get people who reply.

 

 

 

 

 

Any opinion expressed in this e-mail or any attached files are those of the 
individual and not necessarily those of Herefordshire Council.
You should be aware that Herefordshire Council monitors its email service.
This e-mail and any attached files are confidential and intended solely for the 
use of the addressee. This communication may contain material protected by law 
from being passed on. If you are not the intended recipient and have received 
this e-mail in error, you are advised that any use, dissemination, forwarding, 
printing or copying of this e-mail is strictly prohibited. If you have received 
this e-mail in error please contact the sender immediately and destroy all 
copies of it.


RE: stopping spam from inside server?

2010-01-22 Thread Campbell, Rob
Do you know what do your message tracking logs on the mailbox server look like 
when this is happening?

I'd bet the profs are sending out relatively few messages with lots of 
recipients, and the spammers are sending out lots of messages to one or a few 
recipients.

One will generate a lot of submits, and the other relatively few.

If that's the case, you may be able to script a periodic check of the mailbox 
server message tracking logs, and disable any account that's had too many 
submits in a given time.



From: Boggis, Josh [mailto:josh.bog...@uconn.edu]
Sent: Friday, January 22, 2010 10:23 AM
To: MS-Exchange Admin Issues
Subject: RE: stopping spam from inside server?

To be clear, this is the same as normal traffic.  This is not being done on an 
open relay, a user has given out their ID/Password to a phishing scheme, and 
they are logging in remotely over OWA to send out large amounts of spam.  It 
the same as a professor sending out 5000 mails to an academic group they run.  
This is where things get tough for me.  I am looking for something to 
distinguish a user who has been compromised and is sending out spam vs a user 
sending out valid large amounts of email.

Oh and I forgot to put in, we are running Exchange 2007.  Do have Forefront 
installed to handle antivirus, and have a few barracuda boxes for spam 
filtering incoming.



From: Carl Houseman [mailto:c.house...@gmail.com]
Sent: Friday, January 22, 2010 10:26 AM
To: MS-Exchange Admin Issues
Subject: RE: stopping spam from inside server?

+1.  No port 25 traffic should be allowed out except from the known mail 
servers.  Then all you have to secure is those servers.

Carl


From: Roger Wright [mailto:rhw...@gmail.com]
Sent: Friday, January 22, 2010 9:35 AM
To: MS-Exchange Admin Issues
Subject: Re: stopping spam from inside server?
Have you verified you're not configured as an open relay?
Is your firewall only allowing SMTP traffic to/from your Exchange box?

Die dulci fruere!

Roger Wright
___


Marie von 
Ebner-Eschenbachhttp://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/m/marie_von_ebnereschenbac.html
  - Even a stopped clock is right twice a day.
On Fri, Jan 22, 2010 at 8:15 AM, Boggis, Josh 
josh.bog...@uconn.edumailto:josh.bog...@uconn.edu wrote:
Anyone have any suggestions on anything for stopping what I call internal spam. 
 Users who reply to phishing emails, who's account is then used to send out 
massive amounts of spam to the world.   Because of this massive blast of spam, 
our mail server gets placed on many block lists, and then I have to spend the 
day getting us off block lists because of one users who thinks it's a good idea 
to give out login id, password, home address, favorite ice cream flavor and 
blood type just because an email asked them to.

Any ideas on solutions?  User education has proven fruitless, we still get 
people who reply.





**
Note: 
The information contained in this message may be privileged and confidential 
and 
protected from disclosure.  If the reader of this message is not the intended  
recipient, or an employee or agent responsible for delivering this message to  
the intended recipient, you are hereby notified that any dissemination,   
distribution or copying of this communication is strictly prohibited. If you  
have received this communication in error, please notify us immediately by  
replying to the message and deleting it from your computer. 
**


RE: stopping spam from inside server?

2010-01-22 Thread Glen Johnson
Josh.

I feel your pain.

We had the same problem last summer.  Two faculty members replied to the
phishing email, gave out their userid and password.

I reset their password which stopped the spam.

I went into their account and printed the sent email where they had
replied to the spammer and gave it to their supervisor.

It took a while to find as there were thousands of spam email in their
sent items folder.

I would not give them the new password until they repeated their
required security awareness training.

One other thing to check.

In one case, the spammer, set up a rule to append the spam junk to any
future emails this person sent.

In the other case, the spammer created an out of office reply which
included their spam crap. 

So far it hasn't happened again.  I think word got out that replying
with userid and password was bad.

 

From: Boggis, Josh [mailto:josh.bog...@uconn.edu] 
Sent: Friday, January 22, 2010 11:23 AM
To: MS-Exchange Admin Issues
Subject: RE: stopping spam from inside server?

 

To be clear, this is the same as normal traffic.  This is not being done
on an open relay, a user has given out their ID/Password to a phishing
scheme, and they are logging in remotely over OWA to send out large
amounts of spam.  It the same as a professor sending out 5000 mails to
an academic group they run.  This is where things get tough for me.  I
am looking for something to distinguish a user who has been compromised
and is sending out spam vs a user sending out valid large amounts of
email.

 

Oh and I forgot to put in, we are running Exchange 2007.  Do have
Forefront installed to handle antivirus, and have a few barracuda boxes
for spam filtering incoming.

 

 

 

From: Carl Houseman [mailto:c.house...@gmail.com] 
Sent: Friday, January 22, 2010 10:26 AM
To: MS-Exchange Admin Issues
Subject: RE: stopping spam from inside server?

 

+1.  No port 25 traffic should be allowed out except from the known mail
servers.  Then all you have to secure is those servers.

 

Carl

 



From: Roger Wright [mailto:rhw...@gmail.com] 
Sent: Friday, January 22, 2010 9:35 AM
To: MS-Exchange Admin Issues
Subject: Re: stopping spam from inside server?

Have you verified you're not configured as an open relay? 

Is your firewall only allowing SMTP traffic to/from your Exchange box?

Die dulci fruere!

Roger Wright
___


Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach
http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/m/marie_von_ebnereschenbac.ht
ml   - Even a stopped clock is right twice a day. 

On Fri, Jan 22, 2010 at 8:15 AM, Boggis, Josh josh.bog...@uconn.edu
wrote:

Anyone have any suggestions on anything for stopping what I call
internal spam.  Users who reply to phishing emails, who's account is
then used to send out massive amounts of spam to the world.   Because of
this massive blast of spam, our mail server gets placed on many block
lists, and then I have to spend the day getting us off block lists
because of one users who thinks it's a good idea to give out login id,
password, home address, favorite ice cream flavor and blood type just
because an email asked them to.

 

Any ideas on solutions?  User education has proven fruitless, we still
get people who reply.